Integrating Quantum Mechanics and the Advanced Observer Model: A New Paradigm for Reality Construction

In cosmological special relativity theory, we study Maxwell equations, electromagnetic wave equations and functions. In the cosmological special theory of relativity, we study energy-momentum relations, the Klein-Gordon equation and wave functions. If we solve the Klein-Gordon equation, we obtain the Yukawa potential in the cosmological inertial frame. We derive the Schrodinger equation from Klein-Gordon free particle’s wave function in the cosmological special theory of relativity. We derive the uncertainty principle in cosmological quantum mechanics in cosmological special relativity theory. The Dirac equation is a one order wave equation. The wave function is used as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We derive the Dirac equation from the wave function, Type A in the cosmological inertial frame. The Dirac equation satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation in the cosmological inertial frame. We found equations of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields on the interaction of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields in Klein-Gordon-Maxwell theory from Type A of the wave function and Type B of the expanded distance in the cosmological inertial frame. In the cosmological special theory of relativity, we quantized the Klein-Gordon scalar field. We treat the Lagrangian density and Hamiltonian in a quantized Klein-Gordon scalar field. We address the particle’s force and kinetic energy in the cosmological special theory of relativity. In the expanded universe, we found the gravity field equation and solution. We found the Schwarzschild solution and Kerr-Newman solution in an expanded universe. Hence, we found a new general relativity theory-the Cosmological General Theory of Relativity (CGTR).

Quantum information technology mainly includes quantum communication, quantum radar, quantum computer these three aspects, in recent years, rapid development, many countries invested heavily in development. The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2022 to three scientists for their work in quantum informatics has further stimulated people's interest in quantum theory, which has been studied and discussed. This paper not only reviews the historical situation, but also thinks and innovates in theory. The main contents of this paper are as follows: It is pointed out that there are fundamental contradictions between relativity and quantum mechanics; The wave function, quantum statistics and uncertainty principle are discussed in detail. The hidden variable theory is reviewed and the Bell inequality is discussed. The Aspect two-photon experiment was analyzed. The rationality of Bohm experiment scheme is discussed. The development of Bell type experiment is discussed. It is pointed out that the entangled state is not acting at a distance but propagating faster than the speed of light. Reviews the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics; Quantum communication and Wootters theorem are discussed. etc. This paper holds that quantum mechanics has been finalized from 1926 to 1928, and its basic content has not changed much. But for some of the accusations, it is necessary to answer them theoretically. For example, we believe that the Copenhagen interpretation fundamentally changes our understanding of nature and marks a profound revolution in physics. And no other theory has since emerged that has such a profound understanding and wide application of microscopic phenomena as this interpretation. Another example is Bohm's two-particle correlation spin scheme in quantum entanglement experiments, which has been proved to be effective in a series of experiments, which is an important contribution in Bohm's life. This paper holds that the so-called quantum field theory is a failure, and the original quantum mechanics should still be advocated today. Current theoretical research should pay great attention to quantum entangled states, because its nature is still unclear. Understanding this "first mystery of the physical world" not only has scientific significance, but also has great philosophical significance for understanding the universe.

In this paper, the physical explanation of all quantum phenomena such as wave function, wave function collapse, wave-particle duality, single-electron double-slit interference, uncertainty relation, tunneling effect and quantum entanglement is given by using the new etheric theory, and a new uncertainty relation which is consistent with the latest experimental results is given.

According to the orthodox interpretation of quantum physics, wave-particle duality (WPD) is the intrinsic property of all massive microscopic particles. All gedanken or realistic experiments based on atom interferometers (AI) have so far upheld the principle of WPD, either by the mechanism of the Heisenberg’s position-momentum uncertainty relation or by quantum entanglement. In this paper, we propose and make a systematic quantum mechanical analysis of several schemes of weak-measurement atom interferometer (WM-AI) and compare them with the historical schemes of strong-measurement atom interferometer (SM-AI), such as Einstein’s recoiling slit and Feynman’s light microscope. As the critical part of these WM-AI setups, a weak-measurement path detector (WM-PD) deliberately interacting with the atomic internal electronic quantum states is designed and used to probe the which-path information of the atom, while only inducing negligible perturbation of the atomic center-of-mass motion. Another instrument that is used to directly interact with the atomic center-of-mass while being insensitive to the internal electronic quantum states is used to monitor the atomic center-of-mass interference pattern. Two typical schemes of WM-PD are considered. The first is the micromaser-cavity path detector, which allows us to probe the spontaneously emitted microwave photon from the incoming Rydberg atom in its excited electronic state and record unanimously the which-path information of the atom. The second is the optical-lattice Bragg-grating path detector, which can split the incoming atom beam into two different directions as determined by the internal electronic state and thus encode the which-path information of the atom into the internal states of the atom. We have used standard quantum mechanics to analyze the evolution of the atomic center-of-mass and internal electronic state wave function by directly solving Schrödinger’s equation for the composite atom-electron-photon system in these WM-AIs . We have also compared our analysis with the theoretical and experimental studies that have been presented in the previous literature. The results show that the two sets of instruments can work separately, collectively, and without mutual exclusion to enable simultaneous observation of both wave and particle nature of the atoms to a much higher level than the historical SM-AIs, while avoiding degradation from Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation and quantum entanglement. We have further investigated the space–time evolution of the internal electronic quantum state, as well as the combined atom–detector system and identified the microscopic origin and role of quantum entanglement, as emphasized in numerous previous studies. Based on these physics insights and theoretical analyses, we have proposed several new WM-AI schemes that can help to elucidate the puzzling physics of the WPD of the atoms. The principle of WM-AI scheme and quantum mechanical analyses made in this work can be directly extended to examine the principle of WPD for other massive particles.

The problem of the wave function collapse (a problem of measurement in quantum mechanics) is considered. It is shown that it can be solved based on quantum mechanics and does not require any additional assumptions or new theories. The particle creation and annihilation processes, which are described based on quantum field theory, play a key role in the measurement processes. Superposition principle is not valid for the system of equations of quantum field theory for particles and fields, because this system is a non-linear. As a result of the creation (annihilation) of a particle, an additional uncertainty arises, which “smears” the interference pattern. The imposition of such a large number of uncertainties in the repetitive measurements leads to the classical behavior of particles. The decoherence theory also implies the creation and annihilation of particles, and this processes are the consequence of non-linearity of quantum mechanics. In this case, the term “collapse of the wave function” becomes a consequence of the other statements of quantum mechanics instead of a separate postulate of quantum mechanics.

The measurement problem in quantum mechanics still appears to be an unresolved issue. Here we present a new quantum theory of measurement that overcomes many of the difficulties previously found. It is based on a consistent use of the linear superposition principle and distinguishes two aspects: recording and observation. A recording elicits the full interaction of the object quantum system with the quantum measuring apparatus. No wavefunction collapse is introduced. Statistics may appear at the observation of the recording only and depends on filtering processes. The theory presented here uses the existing mathematical structure of quantum mechanics but requires no ad hoc measurement postulates. Well-known paradoxical aspects in standard quantum mechanics, for instance, wave-particle duality, Schrodinger's cat, and Zeno effects do not appear in the current formulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 97: 670 - 678, 2004

Secret sharing is a key technology of data confidentiality, where one can distribute a secret among agents, and only the authorized agents can recover the original secret. Quantum information technology, including quantum communication, quantum computing can break through the bottlenecks of classical technology in information security and computing speed, based on quantum mechanics, such as quantum superposition, quantum uncertainty, quantum no-cloning and quantum entanglement. By combining quantum technology with classic secret sharing, the concept of quantum state sharing was presented. In this manuscript, a novel kind of (n,t) threshold quantum state sharing scheme is proposed, where the selected t agents among n agents can cooperate to reconstruct the target secret state. For implementing this scheme, the Chinese reminder theorem is introduced during the processing of the secret key distribution. In addition, to show the proposed scheme clearly, a concrete (5,3) example is given. Furthermore, the proof of the correctness of the scheme is shown. Our scheme will improve the development the quantum secret sharing and open up exploring the application of quantum information technology

We present a tool, one that is both a stand-alone web-based video game and a Python package, designed for students to explore a particle’s wave function on one-dimensional potential surfaces. The tool relies on a basis set formalism and can, therefore, explore any one-dimensional potential surface imaginable. This tool also lets students interact with the wave function and is the first of its kind to explore concepts such as the superposition principle and wave function collapse; its time-dependent nature shows how any wave function evolves over time, allowing for exploration of other concepts such as the uncertainty principle. The video game’s ease of use makes these concepts accessible to anyone, without prior chemistry or programming background─though we expect that it would be most useful for undergraduate physical chemistry students and instructors. Preliminary use of QPiaS in a physical chemistry undergraduate course shows encouraging feedback regarding advancements in learning outcomes.

Dirac equation is a first order wave equation. Wave function is interpreted as probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make Dirac Equation from Type A wave function in cosmological inertial frame. The Dirac equation satisfy Klein Gordon equation in cosmological inertial frame.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (HUP) is a central concept in quantum mechanics that reveals inherent limitations in the measurement of microscopic particles and profoundly affects the understanding of the physical world. This paper reviews the physical significance of HUP and its applications and research progress in modern physics. The complexity of measurements in quantum systems is revealed by deriving the uncertainty relation and analysing the wavefunction collapse and the classicalisation of quantum states. This paper summarises the current experimental verification of the principle of measurement uncertainty in different quantum systems and discusses the research progress in improving measurement accuracy through quantum entanglement. Recent studies have shown that controlling quantum entangled states can effectively reduce measurement disturbances and thus improve the measurement accuracy of quantum systems without violating the principle of mismeasurement. Despite the many advances made, there are still challenges to further improve the measurement accuracy in complex quantum systems. Future research will continue to explore the potential for applications in this area.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (HUP) is a central concept in quantum mechanics that reveals inherent limitations in the measurement of microscopic particles and profoundly affects the understanding of the physical world. This paper reviews the physical significance of HUP and its applications and research progress in modern physics. The complexity of measurements in quantum systems is revealed by deriving the uncertainty relation and analysing the wavefunction collapse and the classicalisation of quantum states. This paper summarises the current experimental verification of the principle of measurement uncertainty in different quantum systems and discusses the research progress in improving measurement accuracy through quantum entanglement. Recent studies have shown that controlling quantum entangled states can effectively reduce measurement disturbances and thus improve the measurement accuracy of quantum systems without violating the principle of mismeasurement. Despite the many advances made, there are still challenges to further improve the measurement accuracy in complex quantum systems. Future research will continue to explore the potential for applications in this area.

Is often claimed that Einstein is wrong about quantum mechanics. However, when compared with respect to theoretical foundations rather than experimental results Einstein’s theories are found to be superior. Although quantum mechanics correctly predicts what it is possible to observe (the emissions) it ignores the other half of natural phenomena, what cannot be observed (the absorptions), thereby violating the conservation laws. By describing only one-half of quantum mechanics conceptual difficulties such as wave function collapse, infinite paths, and inscrutable mathematics seem to appear out of nowhere. The deficiencies are corrected by introducing Hamilton’s principle S = ∫ Ldt and applying the methods of quantum field theory to derive relativistic equations of motion. The calculus of variations is used to show that the wave function represents an incomplete equation of motion because it equals twice the allowable action minimum.

Time has always been a fundamental yet enigmatic concept in physics. From the arrow of time in thermodynamics to the timeless nature of quantum mechanics, understanding time's essence has challenged the foundations of modern physics. In this paper, we propose a novel interpretation of time in quantum mechanics, distinguishing between real time as observable events (wave function collapse or address changes) and imaginary time as the continuous evolution of the quantum state. By connecting this framework with the holographic principle, we aim to provide insights into the nature of time, its arrow, and its relationship with quantum mechanics. Keywords Thermodynamics; Wave function; Quantum mechanics; Holographic principle

This paper explores the concept of osmotic momentum within quantum mechanics, offering a novel theoretical framework that integrates stochastic mechanics with generalized electrodynamics. By revisiting Edward Nelson’s interpretation of the Schrodinger equation, we propose that osmotic momentum arises from interactions with gauge wavesan extension to classical field components. Additionally, we outline a method for experimental detection of these waves using a “quantum lens”, a device designed to convert gauge waves into detectable photons. This work bridges gaps between quantum mechanics, gravity, and dark energy, suggesting that gauge waves could unify these phenomena under a common theoretical framework. Experimental validation of this model could redefine our understanding of quantum and relativistic systems. Keywords: Quantum mechanics; Quantum lens; Gravity; Gauge waves.

The basic idea of quantum mechanics is that the property of any system can be in a state of superposition of various possibilities (or eigen states). This state of superposition is also known as wave function and it evolves linearly with time in a deterministic way in accordance with the Schrodinger equation. However, when a measurement is carried out on the system to determine the value of that property (say position), the system instantaneously transforms to one of the eigen states and thus we get only a single value as outcome of the measurement. Quantum measurement problem seeks to find the cause and exact mechanism governing this transformation. In an attempt to solve the above problem, in this paper, we will first define what the wave function represents in real world and will identify the root cause behind the stochastic nature of events. Then, we will develop a model to explain the mechanism of collapse of the quantum mechanical wave function in response to a measurement. In the process of development of model, we will explain Schrodinger cat paradox and will show how Born’s rule for probability becomes a natural consequence of measurement process.