Integration of Emergency Services into the Command and Control System to Support Crisis Response

With the rapid application and development of artificial intelligence technology in the civilian field, the research on intelligent combat and command systems in the military field is also intensifying. In order to improve the cognition and decision-making ability of international command and control system, this paper elaborates the overall technical framework of the system, and brings forth intelligent solutions and development suggestions in situation cognition, planning, decision making, and action control.

With the continuous improvement of people's demand for interactive experience,gesture interaction technology, as a natural and intuitive way of human-computer interaction, has attracted more and more attention and research. However, the research and application of gesture interaction in command and control system is still lacking. Firstly, the characteristics of command and control system and the key technologies of gesture interaction are investigated in this study.Then a series of operating gestures that meet the application scenarios of the command and control system are designed,and a gesture recognition algorithm based on the fusion of image data and skeletal data is proposed.By integrating with the command and control system, the function of controlling the command and control system through gestures is realized. Finally, the feasibility and effect of gesture interaction technology in the application scenarios of command and control system are evaluated through experiments.The experimental results show that the application effect of the technology in the command and control system system is good, which can reach 94.89% under typical tasks, improving the interaction efficiency and interaction experience.

Command and control systems centralize information from multiple underlying systems to support operators in the performance of their mission. Beyond the mission itself (that may be complex), operators must also ensure the correct functioning of these systems (often called platform). Platform systems (e.g. engines or electric system) may be very different from each other and exhibit a large number of functional states. When applied to the design of command control systems, User Centered Design methods support understanding and capturing operators’ needs to perform the mission, as well as to propose solutions to design usable mission-related user interfaces. However, user interfaces for platform management need to present and organize information about the underlying complex systems. Understanding those systems and abstracting away information about their behavior (so that operators can manage them) requires deep knowledge beyond UI/UX designers and UCD methods experts. In this paper, we propose a system-centered process that would complement UCD approaches for the design of command and control systems. That process takes as input the detailed functioning of underlying systems and provides abstract and structured information to inform UCD methods. Beyond supporting usability property, the integrated process supports reliability and safety properties that UCD approaches usually overlook. We present how the proposed process has been applied for the design of a large civil commercial aircraft warning system and show generalizability to other domains.

The Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems (JINTACCS) is a program to increase compatibility and interoperability among the command and control (C2) systems of the services and national agencies. The result of this program has been the development of 132 highly structured C2 message text formats (MTF's). The Joint Chiefs of Staff has directed that, beginning in September 1986, these MTF's be implemented by the Service/Agencies for the command and control of joint operations. Because of the complexity and rigidity of the JINTACCS MTF's, automatic data processing (ADP) is being used to assist with the processing of these messages. Up to the present time, ADP has been used primarily for the drafting or writing of the MTF's; however, applications also exist for processing incoming messages. This paper discusses the present and potential application of ADP to handle JINTACCS MTF's and outlines portions of an algorithm to process incoming messages.

The Canadian Army, like most Western armies, spent a lot of time soul-searching about the application of technology to its Command and Control processes during the height of the Cold War in the 70's and 80's. In the late 1980's, these efforts were formalized in a program called the Tactical Command, Control and Communications System (TCCCS). As envisioned, the project would replace in one revolutionary Big Bang all of the tactical communications employed in the Canadian field forces. It would also add significant capabilities such as a long range satellite communications system, a universal tactical e-mail system, and a command and control system for the commander and his staff from division to unit HQ. In 1989, the project was scaled back due to budgetary constraints by removing the divisional trunk communications system and the command and control system. At this point a contract was let to Computing Devices Canada for the core communications functionality. During the next 6 years, the Canadian Army expanded on this digitization effort by amending the contract to add in a trunk system and a situational awareness system. As well, in 1996, Computing Devices received a contract to develop and integrate a C2 system with the communications system thereby restoring the final two Cs of TCCCS. This paper discusses the architecture and implementation of the TCCCS as the revolutionary enabler of the Canadian Army's digitization effort for the early 2000 era. The choice of a hybrid approach of using commercial standards supplemented by appropriate NATO communications standards allowed for an easy addition of the trunk system. As well, conformance to the emerging NATO Communications architecture for Land Tactical Communications in the Post 2000 era will enhance interoperability with Canada's allies. The paper also discusses the pragmatic approach taken by the Canadian Army in inserting C2 functionally into TCCCS, and presents the ultimate architecture and functionality. This paper concludes with a review of some of the areas of concern that will need to be addressed to complete a baseline digitization capability for the Canadian Army.

Some time now I have been previleged to be associated with a project which has been taking a critical, and hopefully, constructive look at the workings of the National Military Command system. Working in the Pentagon one regularly hears the expression Cost-effectiveness. Sooner or later someone had to combine command and control with cost-effectiveness. This paper then addresses the cost-effectiveness of military command and control systems.

Abstract. Multi-criterial analysis is becoming one of the main methods for evaluation of influence of geographic environment on human activity, or human activity on geographic environment, respectively. Analysis results are often used in command and control systems, especially in armed forces and units of rescue systems. For analyses, digital geographic data – whose quality significantly influences the reached results – are used. Visualization of results of analyses in command and control systems are usually thematic layers over raster images of topographic maps. That is why this visualization must correspond to cartographic principles used for the creation of thematic maps. The article presents problems that an analyst encounters within the evaluation of the quality of the used data, performance of the analysis itself as well as preparation of data files for their transfer and publishing in command and control systems.

Several constraints exist that limit the flexibility of employment of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, but these constraints can be alleviated by the prudent application of information‐age technology to the planning process and to the command and control system. The changing strategic environment and the ongoing information revolution combine to argue forcibly for this change and offer an opportunity to bring the nuclear command and control system up‐to‐date to meet both current and emerging nuclear tasks. Continued failure to modernize nuclear command and control will have the effect of severely constraining the effectiveness of U.S. deterrent forces. Improvements in the nuclear command and control communications systems are essential for the effectiveness and credibility of U.S. nuclear policy. The nuclear command and control system must evolve into a dispersed, real‐time planning and dissemination system that provides a true, survivable, redundant, flexible planning capability. Development of such a system would allow tailored, appropriate options to be quickly developed, disseminated, and, if necessary, ordered by transmitting electronically encrypted messages over a myriad of systems in response to any given threat or attack.

: The decentralized command and control system required to execute AirLand Battle Doctrine presents a significant challenge to tactical leaders. Incapable of predicting the critical place on the battlefield or occupying multiple vantage points simultaneously, today's leader depends on the decisions and initiative of his subordinates to win battles. This study examines and compares a successful model of decentralized command and control, Auftragstaktik, with that demanded by FM 100-5 in order to draw conclusions from any significiant differences in regards to the current problem. First this paper uses a historical analysis to identify the principles of Auftragstaktik and how the Germans made their command and control system work. With the principles of Auftragstaktik identified, the principles behind the decentralized command system demanded by FM 100-5. A similar comparison can then be conducted between the application of doctrine in training by the Germans and the U.S. Army. This study concludes that the U.S. Army's problem with decentralized command and control is with application of doctrine, not FM 100-5. In order to be successful, a dynamic decentralized command system must have a cohesive integration of doctrine and training. The U.S. Army has the right doctrine but has yet to make it work. Based on the German experience, recommendations are made on how to train for decentralized command and control.

A speech-responsive command and control system and methodology for use in a signal measurement system, enabling an operator to control certain features and functions of the oscilloscope without using manual or graphical controls. A speech-responsive command and control system includes a speech recognition engine constructed and arranged to validate digital voice signals in accordance with an associated grammar file defining command and control utterances for controlling the signal measurement system. A voice controlled measurement system controller is also included. This controller is constructed and arranged to control the signal measurement system in response to text utterances validated by the speech recognition engine. The grammar may include rules defining acceptable command and control utterances suitable for controlling the signal measurement system. The speech recognition engine generates, for valid utterances, a text utterance representing the recognized utterance to the voice-controlled measurement system controller. The text utterance may be an ASCII string. In one embodiment, the system includes a natural language speech application interface. The NLSAI is constructed and arranged to parse the valid text utterances to generate command parameters included in the valid text utterances based upon a predetermined corpus comprising a list of all valid command an control utterances. A method for controlling a signal measurement system in response to voice commands is also disclosed. The method includes the steps of: 1) receiving a command utterance generated by the operator; 2) digitizing the command utterance; 3) determining whether the digitized command utterance is a valid command and control utterance; and 4) generating a system command to cause the signal measurement system to perform a function in response to the valid command and control utterance. Preferably, the method also includes the step of: 5) displaying the command utterance on a display operatively coupled to the signal measurement system.

This paper describes a design for an innovative command and control system for an intelligent coastal maritime security system. The architecture for this intelligent coastal maritime security system is derived from the forth generation real-time control (RCS) system architecture1 developed by the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) over the past twenty years. This command and control system is a decision support system for real-time monitoring, response and training for security scenarios that can be hosted at various locations along the coast of the United States where homeland security surveillance and response activities are required. Additionally, this paper describes the design for a derivative real-time simulation based environment that can be used as a state-of-art test bed for developing new hardware and software components to be integrated into previous versions of deployed real-time control systems.

Revealing the nature and content of the country’s defence and analysing the core of the terms leadership, command, and control, as well as the purpose and content of the leadership, command, and control system, a definition of the essence of the leadership, command, and control system of country’s defence is proposed.

In common with many other government defence departments, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) has realised that it has a plethora of legacy systems that were procured as domain specific with little emphasis given to integration requirements. In particular, it realised that the lack of integration between a significant number of the legacy air defence command and control (AD-C2) systems meant it could not deliver the increased agility needed for joint force AD and that current approaches to integration were unlikely to resolve the problem. They realised that they needed a new approach that demonstrably worked. This paper describes a programme initiated by the MoD to address this problem through the formulation of a novel solution and its demonstration in the tactical AD-C2 environment using a sample of these existing legacy systems. It describes the ontological solution deployed to resolve the ‘hard’ semantic interoperability challenge. It outlines the physical and semantic architecture that was developed to ...

Research was conducted recently at Naval Postgraduate School focusing on the development of a system architecture for a tactical naval Command and Control (C2) system. The system architecture methodology started with describing an operational concept, moved to the co-development of the functional architecture and the physical architecture, and concluded with the development of a notional operational architecture. A portion of the contact prosecution process for a Surface Action Group (SAG) involved in securing local sea control was modeled in the discrete-event simulation software Arena®, and this effort is the focus of this paper. Simulations for both potential alternative designs were conducted. Finally, a comparison of the simulation results demonstrated the feasibility of the developed architecture framework to compare alternative designs of the C2 system.

According to the fundamental feature of the holistic drilling of shipborne Command and Control(C2) system, this paper proposed a set of appraisal procedure and index system to assess the holistic drilling effectiveness of C2 system. The basic principles and rules should be followed in the assessment process are analyzed, the hierarchy structure of evaluation system is established, the criteria and computing method of each index is provided, and the calculation method of index weights is analyzed. The method could be used to evaluate the holistic drilling effectiveness of C2 system of surface warship, and is helpful to promote the training and combat effectiveness of the warship.