Intelligent Spectrum Management and Trajectory Design for UAV‐Assisted Cognitive Ambient Backscatter Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) is now serving as a vehicle to a huge number of applications, resulting in innovative and smart solutions in many fields. While providing abundant benefits which improve the quality of our lives, the IoT environment has also created new challenges, especially to users' privacy. Many IoT applications use location-based services (LBS), where service provider (SP) trust cannot be taken for granted. Sensitive information available to SPs could be used to cause considerable loss or damage to users' property or even endanger their lives. There are several methods to preserve the privacy of users' data from SPs but they all suffer from one or more anomalies. This research presents a new method, known as the Swapping of Peers and Fogs (SPF), to protect users' privacy from SPs. By exploiting the features of fogs and smart dummies, the SPF approach offers remarkable improvements to the level of protection of users' identity, which can be used to extract personal information. The SPF method does not compromise accuracy and, by using a pair of caches and fogs, provides greater efficiency for applications as compared to the existing approaches. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, detailed comparisons with current methods are presented via simulations based on different scenarios. Finally, an application of the SPF method to connected street systems in smart cities is also discussed.

Cost-effective, low-power and wireless connectivity are among the key considerations for interconnecting the end-nodes or end-devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. While wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee have been popular choices for last-mile connectivity, they however significantly restrict the distance between the communicating entities. While the use of additional network gear like repeaters or higher signal transmission power would increase the range of these wireless communication interfaces, the consequent increase in the cost has been a critical reason for not readily employing them in WAN based IoT applications such as Smart Cities. The emergence of the LoRa (Long Range) standard and the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology, in recent times, have however widened the scope and also broadened the deployment scenarios of the IoT end-nodes including the viability of the battery-powered and non-stationary ones. Yet another significance of these new long-distance-low-power interconnect standards is the empowerment for broader and independent Machine to Infrastructure (M2I) and Machine to Machine (M2M) communication for the end-nodes. This paper discusses details of the work that was carried out to explore the suitability of LoRa and LoRaWAN to address the short as well as the medium-range connectivity requirements of the IoT applications while also ensuring the flexibility and low-cost benefits with the help of results obtained from the representative experimental setups. The overall study and assessment were performed in steps, each with specific objectives. The first step was aimed at evaluating the performance of LoRa for communication between stationary as well as moving nodes. The next step was directed towards the validation of node-to-gateway and node-to-node communication, and also, with simultaneous use of different channels within LoRaWANs that were configured in star and mesh topologies. The subsequent step was devoted to assessing the viability of LoRa in broader IoT applications such as Smart Cities and Smart Irrigation, with the help of an illustrative setup comprising of nodes with sensors and actuators and, a gateway which was connected to an open-source cloud infrastructure to epitomize aspects of storage and analysis of data of a comprehensive IoT deployment.

The process of extracting and refining contaminants from drainage or wastewater so they can be recycled back into the water supply with the least amount of negative environmental impact is known as wastewater management. The current declining environmental condition necessitates the development of new strategies and tactics to guarantee safe and intelligent wastewater management systems in smart cities. The Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks are potential technologies for treating wastewater. The comprehensive literature review develops a conceptual framework utilizing blockchain technology for an Internet of Things (IoT)- based wastewater management system in smart cities (IoT- WMS). Information is now being stored using blockchain technology to create an incentive scheme that promotes the reuse of waste water. In smart cities, tokens related to the quantity and quality of recovered wastewater are distributed to homes and businesses. However, this frequently promotes manipulating the data used to award these tokens in order to incorporate particular benefits. To determine whether there is evidence of altered IoT sensor data, anomaly detector techniques are employed. In order to facilitate the most efficient distribution of water depending on user usage at the plot holding level, this study suggests a water distribution and integrated management system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics (DA). In addition to preventing water waste, the suggested approach would assist in gathering consumption statistics for macro-level research and town planning

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are generally developed in a vertical manner, i.e., each IoT application is developed for a certain scenario which generally does not share data with IoT applications for recommendation services. This leads to an inefficient exploitation of other IoT service applications. In fact, such recommendation services can be achieved with the help of Social IoT (SIoT) by using data generated by various IoT applications. SIoT builds a profile of objects based on IoT applications data that can be exchanged with SIoT network for accessible to other IoT applications. In this manner, the SIoT network provides recommendation services for reusability of IoT applications' data among various IoT applications, as well as adapting IoT services according to users' needs which improve user experience. Additionally, the profiles built by a SIoT network can also help a single IoT application by looking for similar conditions that have been addressed in the past for the same IoT application. We propose a concept for exploiting the SIoT for recommendation services among various IoT applications with the help of a sample application scenario that highlights how the SIoT can help by providing recommendations. We also provide some implementation challenges for this concept.

Wastewater management is a mechanism that is used to extract and refine pollutants from wastewater or drainage that can be recycled to the water supply with minimal environmental effects. New methods and techniques are required to ensure safe and smart wastewater management systems in smart cities because of the present deteriorating environmental state. Wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) represent promising wastewater treatment technologies. The elaborated literature survey formulates a conceptual framework with an Internet of Things (IoT)-based wastewater management system in smart cities (IoT-WMS) using blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is now being used to store information to develop an incentive model for encouraging the reuse of wastewater. Concerning the quality and quantity of recycled wastewater, tokens are issued to households/industries in smart cities. Nevertheless, this often encourages tampering with the information from which these tokens are awarded to include certain rewards. Anomaly detector algorithms are used to identify the possible IoT sensor data which has been tampered with by intruders. The model employs IoT sensors together with quality metrics to measure the amount of wastewater produced and reused. The simulation analysis shows that the proposed method achieves a high wastewater recycling rate of 96.3%, an efficiency ratio of 88.7%, a low moisture content ratio of 32.4%, an increased wastewater reuse of 90.8%, and a prediction ratio of 92.5%.

The correct implementation and behavior of Internet of Things (IoT) applications are seldom investigated in the literature. This paper shows how the simulation mechanism can be integrated well into an IoT application development platform for correct implementation and behavior investigation. We use an IoT application development platform called IoTtalk as an example to describe how the simulation mechanism called SimTalk can be built into this IoT platform. We first elaborate on how to implement the simulator for an input IoT device (a sensor). Then we describe how an output IoT device (an actuator) can be simulated by an animated simulator. We use a smart farm application to show how the simulated sensors are used for correct implementation. We use applications including interactive art (skeleton art and water dance) and the pendulum physics experiment as examples to illustrate how IoT application behavior investigation can be achieved in SimTalk. As the main outcome of this paper, the SimTalk simulation codes can be directly reused for real IoT applications. Furthermore, SimTalk is integrated well with an IoT application verification tool in order to formally verify the IoT application configuration. Such features have not been found in any IoT simulators in the world.

As a major agricultural province in China, Shandong Province has always played an important role. At the same time, it is also closely related to the strong support of science and technology. As a new technology, the Internet of things (IoT) has made positive contributions. Agricultural IoT is a mode that uses information technology, wireless communication technology and radio frequency automatic identification technology to share the identified agricultural information to the network. The application of agricultural IoT is a major change in agricultural development, which provides convenient conditions for the development of agriculture, provides a favorable environment for the agricultural products, promotes the transformation of agricultural technology, realizes the informatization of agricultural production, improves the efficiency of rural land, integrates agricultural resources and provides a foundation for food safety. In this paper, the application of IoT in the field of agriculture in Shandong Province is described from two practical cases. One is about how to use wireless sensor network technology to transmit data in the big data platform based on the Bohai granary project. The other describes how to use IoT for food quality and safety traceability. It takes pigs as the research object, runs through all links of the whole industrial chain of pig breeding, breeding, slaughtering, processing, logistics and sales, collects the data of the whole industrial chain with the help of IoT, and realizes the information tracking and traceability of the whole industrial chain. At the end of the paper, it discusses the countermeasures.

Sensors and actuators play a vital role in realizing the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The data transmission capability from edge devices to servers and vice-versa enables IoT applications to be more realistic and effective. However, one of the major challenges to IoT applications is power management at the edge devices. The power consumption of the edge devices depends on the amount of data transferred through the network in a defined interval. Data size and its applicability to the receiving device are controllable parameters, and consequently, energy efficiency can be improved. This work aims to establish an IoT architecture using a message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol that effectively handles the data transmission in the network. It also provides a solution for the elimination of data redundancy; hence, the network was effectively utilized, and the energy consumption was reduced in the edge devices. The proposed architecture was demonstrated with a potentiometer as a data generator and MQTT as a message broker. Further, the transmitted data was received at the edge devices and its performance was analyzed. Based on the results, it was verified that the client was able to receive the data without any loss in terms of precision. Data redundancy was avoided by disabling the data transmission whenever the nodeMCU identifies the constant sensor value. This retains the power at the edge devices and data transmission devices.

The internet of things (IoT) is focused in offering new technologies which is changing the business environment by showing the potential in different sectors like retail, transportation, healthcare etc. Through IoT, the managers can gather and process data and information in an effective manner, also they can use them to automate in order to enhance productivity and efficiency. With the usage of such technologies, human resource managers can access information for possible candidates which can be accessed through IoT. The overall behaviour of potential candidate tends to help them in shortlisting and choosing the desirable ones. The application of IoT has emerged in enhancing the recruitment of candidates in search of candidates based on large volume of information, assist in screening the candidates, selecting the most suitable ones. The application of IoT technology can modify the HR roles, enable in changing the company perspective in enhancing recruitment process, source the candidates effectively and select them so as to meet the organisational requirements. The implementation of IoT driven technologies support in removing the biases in screening the candidates and aids in candidate selection with the support of other technologies like artificial intelligence, predictive analytics etc. Furthermore, IoT is also involved in better inventory management as it supports the organisation in converting the data which are sourced through RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) into more insights related to inventory data, location of the products, tracking the movement of goods until it reaches the hands of the customers. With the application of IoT inventory managers possess better control in managing the inventory through automated ordering request and thereby reduce manual time and cost for the business. This paper is focused in presenting a conceptual understanding on the application of environmental IoT in recruitment process and also the overall impact created by the technology in managing the inventory efficiently.KeywordsInternet of thingsRecruitment processInventory managementPredictive analytics

Under the background of prosperity of Internet of things (IoT), in order to accelerate the training of talented persons of China for IoT, we propose to design and develop a new course for Chinese students: Essential Technologies, Applications, and Commercial Patterns of Internet of Things. Aiming at three-dimensional target, which has dimensionalities of attitude and thoughts, knowledge and skills, process and methods, the contents of the course include the following parts: system and application architectures, key technologies of IoT, applications of IoT, commercial patterns of IoT, IoT industry and social significance etc. The course highlights the training of abilities of innovation, creativity, comprehensive analysis and practical operations. The construction of teaching resources, such as textbooks, lecture notes, teaching equipments, practice bases, are also emphasized in the process of development of this course.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an uprising technology. It involves in smart city, smart grid, smart home implementation where it connects all the object with each other to transfer the data and take decision according to the environment. The Internet of Things handle with large amount of data. According to a survey per day in the world 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is produced. Data is a wealth in today's world where upcoming wars between the nations will be cyberwar. Enormous amount of data is producing in the world by IoT and other application. Data Hacking is major menace in IoT application. The encryption technique is one of the cryptographic practices which is used to eliminate the data hacking. The proposed work focusses on implementation of Full parallelism Triple Advanced Encryption Standard to encrypt the data from the end device in IoT application to provide data security. The encrypted data is difficult to decrypted without knowing the appropriate key in proper order. It makes the cryptanalysis difficult in terms provides more security to the IoT data. The full parallelism technique supports parallel processing of data in the encryption process reduce the encryption and decryption time. The Triple AES with Full parallelism renders high security than existing AES technique which is used to provide high security to the data transmitted from the IoT gateway to the servers and the data stored in the database as an encrypted format to eliminate data hacking in smart city implementations. The software implementation of the proposed algorithm is carried out in XILINX 18.1 software and the results are discussed.

Most data nowadays are stored in the cloud; therefore, cloud computing and its extension—fog computing—are the most in-demand services at the present time. Cloud and fog computing platforms are largely used by Internet of Things (IoT) applications where various mobile devices, end users, PCs, and smart objects are connected to each other via the internet. IoT applications are common in several application areas, such as healthcare, smart cities, industries, logistics, agriculture, and many more. Due to this, there is an increasing need for new security and privacy techniques, with attribute-based encryption (ABE) being the most effective among them. ABE provides fine-grained access control, enables secure storage of data on unreliable storage, and is flexible enough to be used in different systems. In this paper, we survey ABE schemes, their features, methodologies, benefits/drawbacks, attacks on ABE, and how ABE can be used with IoT and its applications. This survey reviews ABE models suitable for IoT platforms, taking into account the desired features and characteristics. We also discuss various performance indicators used for ABE and how they affect efficiency. Furthermore, some selected schemes are analyzed through simulation to compare their efficiency in terms of different performance indicators. As a result, we find that some schemes simultaneously perform well in one or two performance indicators, whereas none shines in all of them at once. The work will help researchers identify the characteristics of different ABE schemes quickly and recognize whether they are suitable for specific IoT applications. Future work that may be helpful for ABE is also discussed.

This review paper explores the pivotal role of telecommunications in enabling Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity and applications, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future prospects. The primary objective is to synthesize existing research and industry insights to highlight how advancements in telecommunications infrastructure and technology have catalyzed the adoption and expansion of IoT. The review systematically examines the evolution of telecommunications technologies, including 4G, 5G, and emerging network protocols such as Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M). It assesses how these technologies enhance IoT connectivity by providing the necessary bandwidth, low latency, and reliability for real-time data exchange and device interoperability. Key findings from the literature reveal that the deployment of 5G networks has been a game-changer for IoT, offering unprecedented speeds and connectivity capabilities that support a wide range of applications in smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial automation. Additionally, the paper discusses the role of telecommunications in addressing challenges related to security, scalability, and energy efficiency in IoT deployments. The review concludes that telecommunications are integral to the growth and sustainability of IoT ecosystems. As telecommunications technology continues to advance, its ability to support increasingly complex and ubiquitous IoT applications will drive innovation and enhance efficiency across various sectors. The paper emphasizes the necessity for ongoing investment in telecommunications infrastructure and research to fully exploit the transformative potential of IoT connectivity and applications.

Age of Information minimization in UAV-aided data collection for WSN and IoT applications: A systematic review

Big data and artificial intelligence based early risk warning system of fire hazard for smart cities