Intelligent Task Offloading for Heterogeneous V2X Communications

Predict and prevent from misbehaving intruders in heterogeneous vehicular networks

The heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET), which consists of multiple radio access networks (RANs), is a promising paradigm to provide a variety of services on the road. However, with the diverse quality of experience (QoE) requirements for vehicles, how to choose the optimal network for the vehicles pose great challenges. In this paper, we investigate the network selection problem in a HetVNET, which includes LTE-vehicle-to-anything (LTE-V2X), dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), WiFi. The network selection problem is formulated as a stable matching between the vehicles and different RANs. A two-sided one-to-many matching algorithm is presented based on the preference lists of both vehicles and RANs. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the total throughput of the system and reduce the total network switch time compared to some existing algorithms.

This brief examines recent developments in the Heterogeneous Vehicular NETworks (HETVNETs), integrating cellular networks with Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) for meeting the communications requirements of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS)services. Along with a review of recent literature, a unified framework of the HetVNET is presented. The brief focuses on introducing efficient MAC mechanisms for vehicular communications, including channel access protocols, broadcast/multicast protocols, the location-based channel congestion control scheme and the content-based resource allocation scheme. The cooperative communication between vehicles is discussed. This brief concludes with a discussion on future research directions, and provides the readers with useful insights into the future designs in the HetVNETs, to motivate new ideas for performance improvements in vehicular networks.

The exploration is built upon Delphi’s, Nissan’s, Cohda Wireless’ and Savari’s experiences in Asia, Europe and U.S.A. It describes and derives lessons from all four companies’ contributions in projects such as SMARTWAY in Japan, Drive C2X and in Europe, as well as the Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot in the U.S.A. All the above programs were implemented by means of the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology in the SHF spectrum based on the IEEE 802.11p/Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) standard. The study is supplemented with insights regarding complementary technologies such DSRC in the lower UHF frequency band (i.e. 700 MHz) as well as a V2X implementation through the 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular telecommunication technology. This paper addresses issues regarding the physical layer (PHY) of the DSRC system. The combination of the delay profile caused by multipath propagation along with the motion-based Doppler spread leads to time and frequency dispersion. This limits the number of bytes acceptable for reliable communication or requires a solution at the receiver end. The analysis of the Doppler spread shows that DSRC implemented at 700 MHz is more immune from data packet length issues as opposed to 5 GHz DSRC. On the other hand, 700 MHz DSRC exhibits a much longer delay spread. Thus, guard time interval specified in ASTM E2213-03 cannot be applied as is to 700 MHz DSRC. This paper refers to the German project CoCarX and the Japanese SKY for pedestrian for studying the feasibility a V2X system built on the 4G/LTE technology and its infrastructure. It provides on a vision for an accelerated V2X deployment based on a heterogeneous system. Last, we recommend the ITS stakeholders to carry out extensive research and validation works on DSRC capacity for ensuring a large scale deployment.

In this paper, we provide the specification of a cloud-initiated Point-of-Interest (PoI) application, and illustrate its requirements for a convergence between IPv6 mobility management and Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) geographic services. We propose to extend a flat IPv6 mobility management architecture with a new functional block, namely LIMME (Location & Infrastructure Mobility Management Entity), composed of three key functions: a Location Manager (LM) acting as location anchor point for cloud-based services, a Geographic Mobility Management (GMM) function acting as location proxy for the LM and handling IPv6 mobility, and an Infrastructure Node selector, which selects a route based on geographical data and local infrastructure node conditions. As a proof-of-concept, we implemented these extensions on the iTETRIS ITS simulation platform and illustrated their benefits in enhanced IPv6 mobility management and traffic offloading.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications have become a key enabler for future autonomous driving by providing sensing and cooperation abilities beyond traditional on-board sensors. The main candidate technologies for V2X communications are dedicated short range communication (DSRC)/IEEE 802.11p and long-term evolution (LTE), each of which has its own strengths and weaknesses. DSRC provides low-latency direct connectivity, but suffers from serious link degradation and reliability issues. On the other hand, LTE is able to provide high capacity data transmission, while its latency remains an issue due to the long transmission time interval. Integrating these two radio technologies as a heterogeneous solution is promising to complement each other and support V2X applications with differentiated service requirements. This paper proposes a service-aware radio access technology (RAT) selection algorithm that enables a heterogeneous LTE/DSRC solution, where LTE and/or DSRC are selected according to services. Each vehicle is assumed to be equipped with both LTE and DSRC interfaces. The heterogeneous solution selects RAT based on the services requirements with consideration of the networks performance. The solution is implemented with integration of the C-ITS standard and validated through the OMNet++ and SUMO based network simulator. A see-through scenario, where a fleet of vehicles require real-time video data sharing to assist efficient driving, is considered. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the purely DSRC approach significantly and is able to simultaneously support safety message transmission with low latency, video streaming with high bandwidth requirements, and other applications with different service requirements.

In this paper, the theoretical as well as experimental results of BER characteristics of three different modulation schemes, ASK, FSK and BPSK, in a multi-path Rician channel are addressed. These BER characteristics are analyzed as a function of E b / N o and the power ratio of the line of sight (LOS) component to the Rayleigh scattered component The theoretical as well as computer simulation results shows the ASK is the most suitable modulation scheme for the dedicated short range communication (DSRC) in terms of implemental cost and system complexity. The decision feedback equalizer is proved to be very effective in canceling the multi-path interference in the DSRC channel environment. The simulation result of the equalized ASK, reveals the performance enhancement achievable with decision feedback (DFE) equalizer for the first generation DSRC system. The multi-ray DSRC channel model is also provided to predict the received carrier power and fluctuation, which are quite dependent on the surroundings of a cell.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in manufacturing. The vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a typical application of IIoT. Benefiting from Dedicated Short‐Range Communication (DSRC) technology, vehicles can communicate with each other through wireless manner. Therefore, road safety is able to be greatly improved by the broadcast of safety messages, which contain vehicle’s real‐time speed, position, direction, etc. In existing DSRC, safety messages are broadcasted at a fixed frequency by default. However, traffic conditions are dynamic. In this way, there are too many transmission collisions when vehicles are too dense and the wireless channel is underused when vehicles are too sparse. In this paper, we address broadcast congestion issue in DSRC and propose lightweight adaptive broadcast (LAB) control for DSRC safety message. The objectives of LAB are to make full use of DSRC channel and avoid congestion. LAB meets two key challenges. First, it is hard to adopt a centralized method to control the communication parameters of distributed vehicles. Furthermore, the vehicle cannot easily acquire the channel conditions of other vehicles. To overcome these challenges, channel condition is attached with safety messages in LAB and broadcast frequency is adapted according to neighboring vehicles’ channel conditions. To evaluate the performance of LAB, we conduct extensive simulations on different roads and different vehicle densities. Performance results demonstrate that LAB effectively adjusts the broadcast frequency and controls the congestion.

Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks (HetVNETs) are an evolution of the traditional Vehicular Networks (VANETs) that integrate long-term and short-term communications technologies to deliver strategic services for roads and smart cities (for example, Intelligent Transport, Safety Notification, Multimedia Content, and others). Despite the recent evolution of HetVNETs, points related to security, data integrity and privacy are still open issues, since there is no standard to achieve trust among the network nodes. A promising approach to achieve trust is the usage of a reputation system, that monitors the behavior of network nodes to determine its trustworthiness. However, this de-termination is complex, because the uncertainty coming from the HetVNETs features, such as fast mobile nodes, self-organization, unstable communication links and frequently changing topology. Within this context, this paper presents a reputation system for HetVNETs, called TrustV, to perform a faster and reliable determination of network nodes trustworthiness based on game theory, as well as the long-term and short-term communication technologies of HetVNETs. The game theory approach allows TrustV to overcome the uncertain issues of HetVNETs, since the modeling of the cooperation as a game can identify selfish and malicious nodes during the time. The results suggest that the TrustV achieves a very high cooperation rate between vehicles at Het VNETs, even as it is capable to detect selfish and malicious nodes as well as black hole and grey hole attacks.

In this paper, probabilistic backlog and delay bound of multi-carrier systems are studied using stochastic network calculus. Firstly, a typical multi-carrier model is established. We assume that the transmitted signals will suffer equal flat Rayleigh fading on each subcarrier. Thereafter, the distribution of system capacity can be derived based on the central limit theorem. According to stochastic network calculus, probabilistic backlog and delay bound are demonstrated under periodic traffic source. Finally, numerical results and simulation results are presented and discussed.

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is an emerging technology, a vital enabler in realizing the concepts of smart cities, which helps in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. This paper focuses on the performance comparison of Wi-Fi, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), and modified DSRC when used in a V2X communication network. The communication scenario considered includes message passing for V2X applications like emergency brake assist, intersection collision warning, lane departure warning, signal status display in-vehicle, school zone warning, and, parking slot status display as per the SAE J2735 standard. The communication network under various operational scenarios is implemented in NetSim, a licensed network simulator. The performance evaluation is done based on metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), MAC layer, and physical layer processing time, link throughput, and delay. Performance analysis based on unicast messages of DSRC and Wi-Fi shows that Wi-Fi gives better performance. A modified version of DSRC using variants of Wi-Fi can improve the performance of DSRC as evident from the performance analysis of modified DSRC.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) services require a communication network to ensure that the power transfer from grid to vehicle is carried out in a precisely controlled manner such that it is fast, safe and most efficient. A comprehensive scalable WPT ecosystem will comprise of not only vehicles and charging controllers but will also include multiple value chain providers such as charge station operators, power generation and grid management companies and vehicle manufacturers etc. So a communication system should not only address the immediate first-hop communication between the vehicle and charging controller but also provide a robust end-to-end communication solution that addresses scalability, real-time response characteristics, in a cyber-secure manner. This paper summarizes the combined efforts of Clemson University and Cisco Systems related to the development of a communication system for stationary, quasi-dynamic and dynamic WPT under DOE FOA 0000667 that addresses these aspects. The implementation used Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology as the wireless technology and applied the Fog computing framework as the base for the overall architecture. This approach provided 1) ultralow latency communication between the vehicle and the infrastructure required by WPT real-time control loop, and 2) edge analytics for vehicles and grid components and interaction with WPT cloud. The design of the communication system includes: 1) Identification of data characteristics for the charging session, 2) Implementation of wireless link based on DSRC, 3) Design of network/transfer protocol over WSMP used by DSRC radios and 4) Design of infrastructure and back end architecture based on Fog computing. In addition, this paper presents a discussion of the characteristics of this network architecture and the lessons learned during this project.

A wide variety of works have been conducted in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications to enable a variety of applications for road safety, traffic efficiency and passenger infotainment. Although dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) based V2X is already in the deployment phase, cellular based V2X is gaining more interest in academia and industry most recently. This article surveys the existing work and challenges on LTE and 5G to support efficient V2X communications. First, we present the motivations for cellular based V2X communications. Second, we summarize the LTE V2X architecture and operating scenarios being considered. Third, we discuss the challenges in existing LTE for supporting V2X communications such as physical layer structure, synchronization, multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS), resource allocation, security and survey the recent solutions to these challenges. We further discuss the challenges and possible solutions for 5G based vehicular communications. Finally, we discuss the open research issues and possible research directions in cellular based vehicular communications.

Vertical handover is one of the key technologies that will enable the connected and autonomous vehicles deployment. The emergence of vehicular networks—V2V, V2I, V2X—communications has enabled new applications, such as cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS), real-time applications. However, these networks are characterized by a high level of mobility and dynamic change in the topology, which generates scattered networks. To address this problem and ensure a high level of performance, a new concept denoted heterogeneous vehicular networks (HVN) emerged, which is a key concept of the internet of vehicles (IoV). It consists in a hybridization the vehicular network (IEEE 802.11p) and cellular networks (3G/LTE/4G). In this chapter, authors introduced this new concept of IOV and its architectures and communication layers. Then they explored the different existing data relaying mechanisms in order to propose a new classification of handover approaches. After that, they presented the support of handover mechanisms in LTE and finally highlighted some handover challenges and issues.

As an important port technology in mobile communication, multiple access can effectively improve the number of user access in the communication system. However, the Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) technology has been unable to meet the higher requirements of spectrum efficiency and system capacity in the future, so it is of great practical significance to study and design a new multiple access technology. Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA), as a new non-orthogonal multiple Access (NOMA) scheme, improves the number of user access and spectrum utilization by superposition of multi-user information on the same time-frequency resource. And it can well adapt to all kinds of new application scenarios in 5G. This paper introduces SCMA technology from four aspects: basic principle, system model, key technology and its combination with other systems.