Interledger

Due to the success of formal modeling of protocols such as TLS, there is a revival of interest in applying formal modeling to standardized APIs. We argue that formal modeling should happen as the standard is being developed (not afterwards) as it can detect complex or even simple attacks that the standardization group may not otherwise detect. As a case example of this, we discuss in detail the W3C Web Cryptography API. We demonstrate how a formal analysis of the API using the modeling language AVISPA with a SAT solver demonstrates that while the API has no errors in basic API operations and maintains its security properties for the most part, there are nonetheless attacks on secret key material due to how key wrapping and usages are implemented. Furthermore, there were a number of basic problems in terms of algorithm selection and a weakness that led to a padding attack. The results of this study led to the removal of algorithms before its completed standardization and the removal of the padding attack via normalization of error codes, although the key wrapping attack is still open. We expect this sort of formal methodology to be applied to new standardization efforts at the W3C such as the W3C Web Authentication API.

LAURENCE S. Moss (*) Introduction THE TINBERGEN ARCHIVES in Los Angeles, California are a monument comprised of books, lectures, and films--a monument that exists for sole purpose of honoring dead. Established to inform succeeding generations about this century's greatest crime, destruction of most of Europe's Jewish community, it preserv[es] history of Holocaust and blessed memory of Six Million who lost their lives so cruelly and unjustly. Mr. Cal Tinbergen, Director of Archives, has assembled media of all types to fortify the fight against bigotry and (1) In this never-ending battle Tinbergen and others are driven to spread ideas about tolerance and understanding over bigotry and hatred, so that peace and respect for human dignity someday might prevail in world. I admire clarity of Mr. Tinbergen's vision about who he is and what he does. I imagine he is a man who gets up each morning and sets out on a business routine calculated to fight bigotry and hatred and keep memory of victims of Nazi genocide alive. I, myself, get up each morning, but with less clear goals. My college hires me to teach students how economic theory helps to make world intelligible, especially for business decision makers. Along way, I must qualify extreme principles in various ways and then challenge my students with examinations and term paper reports about my lectures. Deep down, however, I want to preach tolerance as well, but economists are not supposed to preach at all (Stigler 1982). Indeed, there is a long tradition in economic theory that promotes tolerance--based not on religious and moral duty, but on value of capturing gains from open trade and exchange. (2) That tradition exalts middleman or entrepreneur, who discovers new and more valued combinations of resources and legal rights and sees nation-states as administrative regions that can provide frameworks for interregional trade, without themselves becoming salespeople for trading groups and firms in their regions. When I get this message across to my students, I do indeed teach my students something worthy of comparison with Mr. Tinbergen's crusade against bigotry and hatred. I teach gospel of free trade. As a member of a discipline that dates back more than 300 years, I manage to advance several steps beyond Mr. Tinbergen's call for mere tolerance of other peoples, races, and regional cultures. I use a variety of arguments to encourage government officials, politicians, business leaders, trade unionists, and even spiritual leaders to appreciate importance of commercial exchange and to stop punishing people for engaging in trade and exchange. The Nazi round-up of Jewish merchants and shop owners for supposedly profiting at expense of German people, slaughter of Armenian merchants during first World War for their middleman activities, which had long aroused suspicion among Turks, and current tensions in Indonesia directed against Chinese business community accused of causing Asian currency crisis--all are examples of merchant hatred. (3) As a student of market process, I have kind words for middleman trader who pioneers new trade routes and profits from integrating regions (Block 1976:186-191; Sowell 1998; Lerner 1961:41-48). As an economist, I take work of Tinbergen Institute one important step further: I address what happens to living standards in each respective region when trade and commerce are allowed to emerge and take shape in market settings. To an economist it is not enough that inhabitants of Region A stop slaughtering those of Region B. For people to live dignified lives, they must have comforts. They must have materials to fuel their creative labors so that new shapes can emerge, and they must connect with each other for mutual interest and gain. Because free trade and exchange are so obviously advantageous, officials should tolerate economic activity and not tax, prohibit, or crush improvements it makes possible. …

Managers and citizens are becoming more involved in a collaborative management approach to natural resource decision-making. However, a limited amount of research has examined the profile of collaborative natural resource initiatives (CI) and its participants. The purpose of this study was to examine 30 CIs from across the United States and the “active participants” involved with the CIs. Using a mail survey, 647 stakeholders were queried about the CI including mission, size, membership, duration, motives for participation in the CI, and keys to successful collaboration. Reasons for stakeholder involvement included responsibility, concern over natural resource issues, and developing better partnerships. Keys to successful collaboration included six areas: development, information exchange, organizational support, personal communication, relationships/team building, and accomplishments. Practical information of results for stakeholders as well as resource managers involved in collaboration include: understanding participant motives, agreeing on mission, thorough and accurate communications, and developing support and relationships. Suggestions are given for future research on measuring success and including numerous perspectives on collaboration.

This paper provides preliminary econometric evidence suggesting that the traditional trade-based business cycle linkages between the North and the South have changed. Many countries in the South, in particular in Asia, appear to have become more resilient to cyclical movements in the North, and to have come to play a more significant role in sustaining global activity, in particular during the 1991-93 slowdown. A number of factors may have contributed to these changes: improved domestic policies and more open trade and exchange regimes; closer financial linkages with the North and a substantial increase in capital flows; a marked rise in inter-regional trade; and greater diversification of the exports of the South.

A resolution adopted by the World Meteorological Organization reinforcing the free and open international exchange of weather data is being lauded by the U.S. research community. The resolution, which was adopted on June 25 at the WMO's Twelfth Congress in Geneva, settled a divisive debate—at least for now—that strikes at the heart of international cooperation in scientific research.“The resolution protects the whole scientific community from having an international body adopt a restrictive practice that could eventually spread to other data sets,” according to Richard S. Greenfield, Director of the NSF's Division of Atmospheric Sciences. In particular, the resolution ensures free and unrestricted access to all data and products exchanged under WMO auspices for non‐commercial use by the research and education communities.

Trust is a core component of collaboration. Trust is a local phenomenon, and scientific research is a global collaborative, its impact multiplied through open exchange, communication and mobility of people and information. Given the diversity of participants, local policies and cultures, how can trust be established in and between research communities? You need transparent governance processes, thoughtful engagement of stakeholder groups, and open and durable information sharing to build the “stickiness” needed. In this paper we illustrate these concepts through three trust building use cases: ORCID, Global Alliance for Genomics and Health, and SeamlessAccess, platforms sharing an identity and access technical service core, painstaking community building, and transparent governance frameworks.

최근 설계 협업 시스템의 점차 발전됨과 함께, BIM 기반의 정보교환이 차세대 건설 프로젝트의 성공적 수행에 주요 요소로써 작용하고 있다. BIM 협업 중 발생하는 데이터 호환 문제에 대한 해결책을 제시하고 있는 많은 연구들이 수행되고 있지만, 여전히 다양한 BIM 저작도구로부터 생산되는 BIM 데이터의 교환은 디자인과 엔지니어링 분석 단계에서 발생하고 있다. 그리하여 본 논문은 현업 설계 프로세스 내에서 발생하는 데이터 정보 교환에 대한 문제점의 발생 원인을 분석하고 BIM 기반의 설계 협업 환경의 개선을 위한 BIM 정보 교환 프레임워크를 제안하였다. Open-BIM 기반의 정보 교환 환경의 정착을 저해하는 요소를 발견하기 위해서는 현재와 앞으로 수행될 BIM 기반 설계 협업 프로세스 환경변화에 대한 분석이 우선적으로 수행되어야 한다. 협업 설계 프로세스 내 원활한 정보 교환의 저해 요인 분석을 통해 본 연구는 Open-API와 IFC기반의 BIM 협업 지원 시스템을 제안한다. BIM 무결성 피드백 시스템이라 명명된 API 솔루션은 IFC 기반의 데이터 교환에서 발생하는 상호 불일치성을 판별하고 report를 작성해 주는 기능을 수행한다. 또한, 본 연구는 IFC기반의 정보 교환 프레임워크 시스템을 제안하였으며, 앞서 언급한 API를 탑재하고 있으며 BCF 플러그 인을 지원하는 시스템을 통해 BIM 설계 협업 단계 내에서 정보 교환의 유연성을 도모하고 있다.

Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery has been developed as an opportunity for the free and open international exchange of information regarding the progress in the clinical and neurosciences. OAJNN publishes original research, reviews, mini reviews, case reports

Getting a community to take charge of its own development is not easy. For the State, the challenge is to overcome its tendency to consider people as only passive recipients of State actions, rather than as active participants in the process as well. One major impediment to achieving this is the asymmetry of power in most societies. Strengthening communities requires devolving political power to them through a process of decentralization. But, over time, in the evolution of the nation state, and more lately as markets have globalized, power has devolved up the chain from the community to the top. Decentralization would seek to reverse this trend, adopting the principle of subsidiarity: powers and corresponding accountability should be vested at the lowest level, where it is best put to effective use, in a process aptly described as inclusive localism. Often a community is weakened by the State’s simply ignoring it. This can be corrected by transparently sharing as much information as possible with the community. Inclusive localism demands more than just exchange of information. It would involve active participation by the community in the design and implementation of public services, and ultimately have control over planning decisions and investment resources. But decentralization of responsibilities would require the simultaneous devolution of financial resources to the community too. Inclusive localism also calls for the State to hold the community accountable for the tasks and resources devolved to it. However, this needs to be done with a soft touch, not a heavy hand.

<p>Digital water and energy maps allow fast information retrieval, big data analysis and resources demand prediction for real time responses in 5-G networks. A regulatory systems framework is needed to enable and promote integrated actions grounded on map-based feedback information, to facilitate resources movements and knowledge transfer for water and energy security. At the same time, the proposed regulatory system needs to safeguard national security and personal privacy when general public and the private sectors have access to big databases.</p><p>The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China is an initiative on regional economic development involving nine mainland cities and two Special Administrative Regions (SARs). As central policies cannot be efficiently executed in the whole regions, institutional fragmentation could be a prominent barrier to achieve regional water and energy optimum rather than individual city maxima for the water and energy nexus.</p><p>In this study, we propose a systems regulatory framework that integrates natural, urban and social systems across multiple scales in which the relevant laws, policies, decisions and actions are supported by digital maps. On a planning scale, our new regulatory system based on spatial map information promotes optimum uses of natural capitals and ecosystem services (ES). For linking different urban spatial processes on different scales, satellite images and Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps are used to describe natural environment and urban characteristics from 200km to 10km resolutions for supporting land-use planning laws and estimating regional development carrying capacity to mitigate water and energy insecurity.</p><p>On an operational scale, smart meters and remote sensor systems provide real time water and energy information from a fast developing 5-G network for the proposed digital maps. Forecasted energy and water demands from the digital maps can be used for regional or local environment regulation reinforcement. Proposed spatial maps also improve transboundary collaboration by providing visualisation of legal targets and emission limits. Through digital maps, key agencies and sectors will have a capacity to share transboundary knowledge, information and responsibility, to foster smooth system flows in terms of culture, economy, policy and technology, by active participations and decentralized actions.</p><p>On an evaluation scale, open map information increases the transparency of legal targets and pollution limits. By rapid information retrieval and big data analysis from digital maps, regulators can assess the performance of water and energy security practices.</p><p>In summary, the proposed framework based on LCZ maps for the GBA can be applied to other rapidly developing regions with emerging 5-G networks. The integrated regulatory framework also guides water and energy security practices and transfer central policies to local actions by rapid information retrieval, big data analysis and prediction of demand for real time responses based on digital water and energy maps.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>

The article analyzes the rights of personal data subjects in terms of the possibility of commercial use of their personal data. The relevance of such a study is caused by the increasing importance of the information component of personal data, generating income through the use of data by professional participants in information exchange. The author draws attention to the fact that the existing norms of legislation on the protection of personal data and civil legislation do not fully enable personal data subjects to be an active participant in the commercial use of their personal data and therefore require updating.

The article examines the transformation of communication strategies of theosophical communities in the context of the evolution of the information environment from the late 19th century to the present day. The theosophical movement is viewed as a phenomenon that combines spiritual-philosophical, cultural, and communicative dimensions and acts as a mediator between Eastern and Western traditions. An analysis of the communicative forms of popularising theosophical knowledge allows us to trace how the ideas of universal unity, self-knowledge and spiritual improvement were adapted in the Ukrainian cultural environment, in particular how they were perceived, reinterpreted and integrated into the philosophical, artistic and educational space. The Theosophical movement has been constantly adapting its communication strategies to changes in the information space – from handwritten and printed publications to digital platforms and social media, from the activities of intellectual circles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to contemporary cultural and educational initiatives. In the Ukrainian context, the continuity of theosophical ideas can be traced from the first centres in Odessa and Kyiv to contemporary forms of cultural and educational activity. This process demonstrates how the spiritual heritage of theosophy has become an integral part of Ukrainian humanistic culture and contributes to the formation of a dialogue between the past and the present, between the local and global dimensions of spiritual experience. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of communication strategies of theosophical communities as part of the history of spiritual culture in Ukraine in the context of global integration processes. For the first time, an attempt has been made to reveal the role of the Ukrainian theosophical environment as an active participant in global cultural and information exchange and to combine historical, cultural, philosophical and communicative approaches in order to understand theosophy as a synergistic phenomenon of spiritual culture. The author’s priority is to formulate his own interpretation of theosophy as an open communicative system capable of ensuring intercultural and interreligious dialogue, as well as to highlight Ukraine's contribution to the development of the global theosophical movement and its contemporary transformation. The results of the study can be used for further analysis of spiritual and cultural movements in the context of the latest information technologies.

Chapter Twelve Building a Community Modelling and Information Sharing Culture

Endothelial cell production of platelet-derived growth factor.

The comprador classes of the 19th- and early 20th-centuries were critical agents of global capitalism. As ‘middle men’ in the colonial enterprise, they enabled the development of imperial trade networks, negotiated the supply of labor that extracted profit from the local landscape, established new patterns of consumption and taste, and facilitated cultural as well as economic exchanges that were critical to the growth of Asian cities. In diverse treaty ports and colonial entrepots like Singapore, Batavia, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, compradors drew on a diverse vocabulary of intra- and trans-regional architectural forms, labor, materials, and construction techniques to build homes, offices, godowns, factories, and infrastructural networks that were legible to both European corporations and local populations. The travelling, sojourning perspective of the comprador allows historians to critically examine the fractured, multi-scaled geographies at play across global networks as well as what Raymond Williams has described as ‘the metropolitan interpretation of its own processes as universals’. This special collection examines the role of comprador patrons and architects as active participants in the production of the global modern built environment in the 19th and 20th centuries. The articles aim to create an understanding of treaty ports, colonial cities, and free trade zones not only as sites of local and foreign interactions but as incubators of new ideas about architecture and modernity in the global capitalist economy.