Internal Colonialism and the British Novel

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Cook P & C Kirkpatrick (eds), Privatisation in Developing Countries. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics. Cheltenham: Elgar Reference Collection, 2000. 120pp. ISBN: 1–85898–358–4 (Two volume set). Entman RM & A Rojecki, The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.305pp. US$26.00. ISBN: 0–26–21075–8. Jalilian H, Tribe M & J Weiss (eds), Industrial Development and Policy in Africa. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2000. 292pp. ISBN: 1–84064–120–7 Jing J (ed.), Feeding China's Little Emperors: Food, Children and Social Change. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. 279pp. ISBN: 0–8047–3134–9. US$17.95. http: //www. sup. org Kleinen J, Facing the Future Reviving the Past: A Study of Social Change in a Northern Vietnamese Village. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999. 239pp. ISBN: 981–230–039–2. US$29.90. http: //www.iseas.edu.sg/pub.html Kebede JA, The Changing Face of Rural Policy in Tanzania: From Collectivism to Capitalism. London: Minerva Press, 2000. 86pp. ISBN: 07–5410–828–7. £8.99 Lane RE, The Loss of Happiness in Market Democracies . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. 465pp. ISBN: 0–300–07801–3. £22.50 Madsen W, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa : 1993–1999. Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press, 1999. 568pp. ISBN 0–7734–8002–1. Mankekar P, Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood and Nation in Postcolonial India. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 429pp. 1999. ISBN: 0–8223–2390–7. Mathoma P, Mills G & J Stremlau (eds), Putting People First: African Priorities for the UN Millennium Assembly. Johannesburg, SANA, 2000. 129pp. ISBN: 1–919819–14–5 Nurnberger K, Prosperity, Poverty and Pollution: Managing the Approaching Crisis. Cluster Publications, 1999.487pp. ISBN: 1–875053–15–8. Harvey D, Limits to Capital , Verso, 1999. 478pp. ISBN: 1–85984–714–5 O'Conner JS, Orloff AS & S Shaver, States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism, and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 280pp. ISBN: 0–521–63881‐X. £15.95. h ttp: //www. cup. cam.ac.uk Oi J & A Walder (eds), Property Rights and Economic Reform in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. 354pp. ISBN: 08047–3788–6. £13.95. http: //www.sup.org Parenti C, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis. London: Verso, 1999. 244pp. ISBN: 1–85984–3034. £15.00 Townsend RF, Agricultural Incentives in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Policy Challenges , World Bank Technical Paper no.444. Washington DC: World Bank, August 1999. ISBN: 0–8213–4528–1. Available from World Bank offices and Oxford University Press. Verdery K, The Political Lives of Dead Bodies, Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. 185pp. ISBN: 0–231–11230–0. US$25.00. http: //www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup Zouev A (ed.) Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. New York: Unicef, 1999. 206pp. ISBN: 0–7656–0290–3. US$19.95. http: //www.unicef.org

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Kesper-Biermann, Sylvia, Staat und Schule in Kurhessen 1813-1866 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001). Lehning, James, To Be a Citizen. The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic (Cornell University Press, 2001). Reddy, William, The Navigation of Feeling (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Romani, Roberto, National Character and Public Spirit in Britain and France, 1750-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Rose, James, Duquesne and the Rise of Steel Unionism (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Rosenfeld, Sophia, A Revolution in Language. The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-Century France (Stanford University Press, 2001). Ruble, Blair, Second Metropolis. Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Ruff, Julius, Violence in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Rumbaut, Ruben and Portes, Alejandro (eds), Ethnicities. 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Waldinger, Roger (ed.), Strangers at the Gates. New Immigrants in Urban America (University of California Press, 2001). Worobec, Christine, Possessed. Women, Witches and Demons in Imperial Russia (Northern Illinois University Press, 2001). Xu, Xiaoqun, Chinese Professionals and the Republican State. The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai 1912-1937 (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Aron, Cindy, Working at Play. A History of Vacations in the United States (Oxford University Press, 2001). Baron, Samuel, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union. Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Bielenberg, Andy (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (Longman, 2000). Blok, Anton, Honour and Violence (Polity Press, 2001). Braddick, Michael, State Formation in Early Modem England, c. 1550-1700 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Brading,D. A.,Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe:Image andTradition across Five Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Carney, Judith, Black Rice. 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Johansen, Shawn, Family Men. Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America (Routledge, 2001). Johnson, Patricia, Hidden Hands. Working-Class Women and Victorian Social-Problem Fiction (University of Ohio Press, 2001).

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(1976). Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 135-135.

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The transformation of spiritual and educational practices in contemporary culture is analyzed. Spirituality is considered as the basis of modern Ukrainian identity. It is proved that Ukrainian post-colonial discourse is not possible without the interaction of the modern and postmodern identity type. This is a critique of the modern and postmodern way of seeing the problem. Cultural and social consequences of the first stage of the information society, the first stage of globalization are: internal fragmentation of the workforce of information producers and the rest; social exclusion of many individuals and entire segments of society. A new stage in the development of identities should consolidate society. It turns out that the dialogic nature of communication forms identity as knowledge of the nature of its own Self, ready to respond to the challenges of the Other, thus not only my identity is formed, but my place in the world, my spirituality, the limits of my values. The modern type of identity is associated with a nation-state, which tries to maximize its influence, the modern type of identity produces a colonial world, where there is a clear division into metropolis and colony, a special type of colonies are internal colonies. In the case of Ukraine, we can see the complex combination of external and internal colonialism, and the particular danger of internal colonialism lies in the fact that it remains unclear to the end who conqueror, but who is subdued. The postmodern identity type in the Slobozhanschyna culture is connected with the rethinking of modernity, it is not so critical, but unifying. Human beings in a globalized world must rely on the renewal of humanistic ideals, a sense of home and security. A new ethics is proposed based on the principles of freedom, democracy and respect for every individuality that extends a new understanding of spirituality in connection with national culture and national outlook.

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Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments Earlier versions of this article were presented at Tobin Project meetings on Sustainable National Security Strategy. Notes 1. Explained further in Jonathan Kirshner, American Power After the Financial Crisis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming.) 2. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Financial Derivatives: Actions Needed to Protect the Financial System,” GAO/GGD-94-133, May 1994, pp. 11, 14–15, 39, 124, 126–7, www.gao.gov/assets/160/154342.pdf; Alan Greenspan, “The Regulation of OTC Derivatives,” testimony before the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, July 24, 1998, www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/1998/19980724.htm; Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence (New York: Penguin Press, 2007): pp. 373–4. 3. Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York, Pantheon, 2010), pp. 89, 91. 4. Greta R. Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): pp. 28, 29, 39, 51; Johnson and Kwak, 13 Bankers. 5. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). 6. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). p. 155. 7. Nicholas D. Kristof and David Sanger, “How U.S. Wooed Asia to Let Cash Flow In,” The New York Times, February 16, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/world/how-us-wooed-asia-to-let-cash-flow-in.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 8. “International Capital Markets Charting a Steadier Course,” IMF Survey, September 23, 1996, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/pdf/092396a.pdf. 9. Alan Greenspan, “The Current Asian Crisis,” testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, March 3, 1998; U.S. Treasury, “Deputy Secretary Summers Remarks Before the International Monetary Fund,” press release, March 9, 1998. 10. Sidney Weintraub, “Lessons from the Chile and Singapore Free Trade Agreements,” in Jeffrey Schott, ed., Free Trade Agreements: U.S. Strategies and Priorities, (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 2004): p. 87. 11. G. John Ikenberry and Charles Kupchan, “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,” International Organization 44, no. 3 (June 1990): 283–315. 12. Carl E. Walter and Fraser J. T. Howie, Red Capitalism: The Fragile Foundation of China's Extraordinary Rise, (Singapore: Wiley, 2011): pp. ix–x, 3; Rosemary Foot and Andrew Walter, China, The United States, and Global Order, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011): pp. 117, 120, 123, 265–270; Gregory Chin and Eric Helleiner, “China as a Creditor: A Rising Financial Power?” Journal of International Affairs 62, no. 1 (Fall/Winter 2008): pp. 87 (quote), 92, 97–8, 99. 13. Li Ruogu, “The Financial Crisis and International Monetary System Reform,” China Finance 5, (2010); Li Daokui and Yin Xingzhong, “New Structure of the International Monetary System: Research on the Post-Financial Crisis Era,” Journal of Financial Research 2, (2010). 14. Zhou Xiaochuan, “Reform of the International Monetary System,” People's Bank of China, March 23, 2009; David Barboza, “China Urges New Money Reserve to Replace Dollar,” New York Times, March 24, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/world/asia/24china.html?_r=0; Gregory Chin and Wang Yong “Debating the International Currency System: What's in a Speech?” China Security 6, no. 1 (2010): pp 4, 5, 11, 12, p. 14 (quote); Zhang Yuyan, “Internationalization of the RMB: Endorse or Oppose,” International Economic Review 1, (2010); Zhang Ming, “Reform of the International Monetary System”; Zhang Yuyan and Zhang Jingchun, “International Currency's Costs and Benefits,” World Affairs 21, (2008). 15. Sebsatian Mallaby and Olin Wethington, “The Future of the Yuan: China's Struggle to Internationalize Its Currency,” Foreign Affairs 91, no. 1 (January/February 2012): pp. 136, 137; Jeffrey Frankel, “Historical Precedents for Internationalization of the RMB,” (Council on Foreign Relations, November 2011): p. 13. 16. Ming Zhang, “China's New International Financial Strategy amid the Global Financial Crisis,” China & World Economy 17, no. 5 (2009): pp. 23, 24, 27, 29, 31; Pieter Bottelier, “Future of the Renminbi as an International Currency,” ChinaUsfocus.com, April 29, 2011, http://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/future-of-the-renminbi-as-an-international-currency/. 17. Chen Siqing, “Deeper-level Analysis of the Reasons for the U.S. Financial Crisis and Its Lessons for China's Banking Industry,” Studies of International Finance 12, (2008); Nancy Birdsall and Francis Fukuyama, “The Post-Washington Consensus: Development After the Crisis,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (March/April 2011): p. 3. 18. Edward Wong and Natasha Singer, “Currency Agreement for Japan and China,” New York Times December 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/business/global/china-and-japan-in-currency-agreement.html; “China and Australia in $31bn Currency Swap,” Financial Times, May 22, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4b6c4ab6-7404-11e1-bcec-00144feab49a.html#axzz2QeB9zdmx; “China and Brazil in $30bn Currency Swap Agreement,” BBC News, June 22 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21949615. 19. Kosuke Takahashi, “Japan and China Bypass US in Direct Currency Trade,” The Asia–Pacific Journal 24, no. 3 (June 11 2012); Chin and Wang, “Debating the International Currency System,” p. 13. 20. The word “relative” is crucial. The most likely scenario is that the dollar will remain the world's most widely used international currency, with its use eroding to something like a “first among equals” status. But even that relative contraction in its international use will have consequences. 21. See Benjamin Cohen, “The Macrofoundations of Monetary Power,” in David M. Andrews, ed., International Monetary Power (Cornell University Press, 2006). 22. Susan Strange, “Finance, Information and Power,” Review of International Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1990): 259–74. 23. In theory, with floating rates, the “hangover” can be ignored and excess currency “mopped up” by depreciation. But in practice, states are very sensitive to sustained depreciations of their currencies, which threaten to snowball out of control. 24. Lewis Johnman, “Defending the Pound: The Economics of the Suez Crisis, 1956”, in Anthony Gorst, Lewis Johnman and W. Scott Lewis (eds.) Post-war Britain, 1945–64: Themes and Perspectives (London: Pinter Publishers, 1989); Howard J. Dooley, “Great Britain's ‘Last Battle’ in the Middle East: Notes on Cabinet Planning during the Suez Crisis of 1956,” International History Review 11, no. 3 (August 1989). 25. Jonathan Kirshner, Appeasing Bankers: Financial Caution on the Road to War, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007). 26. H. Clark Johnson, Gold, France and the Great Depression, 1919–1932, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Kenneth Moure, The Gold Standard Illusion: France, The Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Martin Wolfe, The French Franc Between the Wars 1919–1939, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951): pp. 35, 83. 27. Kenneth Moure, Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991): pp. 17–18; 22, 27, 121; Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany Between the World Wars, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984): p. 20; Robert Murray Haig, “The National Budgets of France, 1928–1937,” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 17, no. 4 (1938): pp. 26, 29; Talbot Imlay, Facing the Second World War: Strategy, Politics and Economics in Britain and France 1938–1940, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003): p. 25; Bradford Lee, “Strategy, Arms, and the Collapse of France 1930–40”, in Richard Langhorne (ed.) Diplomacy and Intelligence during the Second World War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985): pp. 59, 63, 64, 65. 28. James Thomas Emmerson, The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy, (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977), p. 78; Stephen Schuker, “France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936,” French Historical Studies 14, no. 3 (Spring 1936), pp. 304, 330, 334, 335. 29. Daniel Drezner, “Bad Debts: Assessing China's Financial Influence in Great Power Politics,” International Security 34, no. 2 (2009). Additional informationNotes on contributorsJonathan KirshnerJonathan Kirshner is Stephen and Barbara Friedman Professor of International Political Economy at Cornell University, 2012–2013 World Politics Visiting Fellow at Princeton University, and author of American Power After the Financial Crisis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming)

Recent years have seen a resurgence of separatist sentiments among national minorities in many industrial societies, including the United Kingdom. In 1997, the Scottish and Welsh both set up their own parliamentary bodies, while the tragic events in Northern Ireland continued to be a reminder of the Irish problem. These phenomena call into question widely accepted social theories which assume that ethnic attachments in a society will wane as industrialization proceeds. This book presents the social basis of ethnic identity, and examines changes in the strength of ethnic solidarity in the United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries. As well as being a case study, the work also has implications, as it suggests that the colonialism of the kind experienced in the British Isles has its analogues in the histories of other industrial societies. Hechter examines the unexpected persistence of ethnicity in the politics of industrial societies by focusing on the British Isles. Why do many of the inhabitants of Wales, Scotland and Ireland continue to maintain an ethnic identity opposed to England? Hechter explains the salience of ethnic identity by analyzing the relationships between England, the national core, and its periphery, the Celtic fringe, in the context of two alternative models of core-periphery relations in the industrial setting. The diffusion model suggests that intergroup contact leads to ethnic homogenization, and the internal model, suggests such contact heightens distinctive ethnic identification. His findings lend support to the colonial model, and show that, although industrialization did contribute to a decline in interregional linguistic differences, it resulted neither in the cultural assimilation of Celtic lands, nor the development of regional economic equality. The study concludes that ethnic solidarity will inevitably emerge among groups which are relegated to inferior positions in a cultural division of labour.

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