Internal Evaluation in Non-Profit Organisations

In order to realize optimal education in madrasa needs professional management. It can happen if supported by adequate funding sources because education without funding will not work. The provision of BOS funds by the government is a breakthrough program to help finance schools. However, in the implementation process, it experiences many obstacles. As experienced by MI Ma’arif Panjeng Jenangan Ponorogo, such as delays in distributing BOS funds. Of course, this can hinder the learning process. However, even so, MI still exists and takes part in the world of education. The increasing number of students each year is proof of the importance of good Human Resources financing management at MI Ma’arif Panjang. This issue cannot be overlooked. The aims of this study were (1) to find out the planning, (2) to find out the implementation, and (3) to find out the evaluation of education management financing in MI Ma’arif Panjeng. This study uses a type of qualitative research. Data collection used in this study were semi-structured interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique uses an interactive model from Milles and Huberman to analyze the research data by collecting, condensation, drawing conclusions and presenting. The results of this study are (1) On the planning aspect, preparation of the budget plan begins with holding the institution’s annual work meeting, (2) On the implementation aspect of education financing includes two activities, namely receiving funds and disbursing funds, (3) On the evaluation aspect of education financing, it is accountable, namely following planning and can be accounted. There are two forms of evaluation, namely internal and external evaluation. The foundation carries out internal evaluations, which are monthly, annual, and committee evaluations. At the same time, the external evaluation is carried out by the government (BOS funds).

The nonprofit organizations rely on volunteers as key human resources. Recent literature emphasizes effective volunteer management to enhance the utilization of volunteers. At present, empirical knowledge on the subject exists in fragments causing difficulties in analyzing its growth. There is a need to evaluate its vast literature using a statistically rigorous method. The study aims to identify the internal structures and hidden inferences on volunteer management in nonprofit organizations using bibliometric data. The study collected 1,605 related journal articles indexed by Scopus from 1956 to 2022. The VOSviewer software was utilized to analyze the data. The results revealed diachronic growth in the area and identified its leading contributors. International collaboration and high-frequency keywords are also illustrated. The results are discussed in terms of article representations, area maturity, impacts of external environment, and emerging opportunities. The study provides insights into the state of knowledge surrounding volunteer management in nonprofit organizations.

Background: Intragroup evaluation is a process through which faculty members, students, and university officials examine the strengths and weaknesses of their department by assessing the educational unit to clarify the status of the department. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the internal evaluations (IEs) of the departments conducted at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Iran. Methods: In this descriptive study, IEs were performed at KUMS during 2012-2018. A summary of the documented information was collected by a checklist, and 22 IEs of the university departments during this period were reviewed. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 21. Results: Most of the IEs were evaluated within six months. In 100% of the cases, the educational goals of a specific department, cases of the evaluation areas, and assessment criteria were determined and scored, and the lesson plans for the existing theory units were delivered to the students. In addition, documents of faculty members’ research activities, along with specific and codified programs for conferences, were reported. However, only 27.3% of the educational experts and 54.5% of the student representatives were involved in the group evaluation committee, and in 68.2% of the cases, there were lesson plans for skill units and clinical wards. On the other hand, 40% of the cases had a specific documentary program to assess the students’ academic decline/achievement in the groups. Conclusions: Formally, the IEs were performed correctly, and the obtained results briefly showed that they could achieve multiple academic goals. Due to the differences between the results and the observed state of the university, external evaluations are recommended as well.

The designer of a system on a chip (SoC) that connects IP cores through a network on chip (NoC) needs methods to support application performance evaluation. Two key aspects these methods have to address are the generation and evaluation of network traffic. Traffic generation allows injecting packets in the network according to application constraint specifications such as transmission rate and end-to-end latency. Performance evaluation helps in computing latency and throughput at network channels/interfaces, as well as to identify congestion and hot-spots. This paper reviews related works in traffic generation and performance evaluation for mesh topology NoCs, and proposes general methods for both aspects. Three parameters are used here to define traffic generation: packet spatial distribution, packet injection rate and packet size. Two types of methods to evaluate performance in NoCs are discussed: (i) external evaluation, a common strategy found in related works, where the network is considered as a black box and traffic results are obtained only from the external network interfaces; (ii) internal evaluation, where performance is computed in each network channel. The paper presents the result of experiments conducted in an 8times8 mesh network, varying the routing algorithms and the number of virtual channels. The main contribution of this work is the set of methods for internal NoC evaluation, which help designers to optimize the network under different traffic scenarios

For the past two decades, the number of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in Japan has notably increased. As competition for funding is tougher than ever before, marketing plays a crucial role for NPOs to seek financial and human resources and deliver social services. Previous research regarding Japanese nonprofit marketing identifies that NPOs that are oriented more toward marketing face fewer issues and perform better than those who do not invest in marketing activities. As the existing literature suggests, however, many nonprofit managers do not understand the rationale of marketing and are often biased in believing that it is a business activity for making profit that is irrelevant to NPOs. The situation may be similar or even worse in Japan as some Japanese nonprofit managers appear biased against business and may regard marketing as a means of manipulating customers and selling products. In this context, the present study examines how nonprofit managers in Japan view marketing, as their views on marketing may affect their organizations’ marketing activities.

PurposeDespite the unprecedented challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, nonprofit organizations (NPOs) continued providing services, thereby contributing to overcoming the pandemic. What enabled NPOs to sustain their service provision during this global emergency? This study attempts to answer this question by focusing on one of the essential pillars supporting the operation of NPOs: volunteers. More specifically, we aim to investigate how person–organization (P–O) fit and generation, particularly the Millennial generation, are related to engagement in voluntary activities during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe collected data through an online survey conducted in March 2021. This US national survey was completed by 2307 respondents, yielding the US Census balanced data regarding gender, age, race, education, and income. To analyze the data, we employed the two-stage Heckman selection model.ResultsRelying on P-O fit theory and generational theory, the study identifies what led existing volunteers to continue engaging in volunteer activities at their NPO during the COVID-19 pandemic despite the risks. We found that P-O fit mattered in volunteers’ decision to continue engaging. In addition, our study uncovered that when existing volunteers were Millennials, the relationship between P-O fit and engagement in voluntary activities strengthened during the pandemic.ConclusionThis study contributes to expanding the explanatory power of the P–O fit theory by testing it in an emergency and extends the generational theory by clarifying under what conditions Millennials (aka Generation Me) transform themselves into Generation We. In addition, linking NPO management and emergency management, this study provides NPO managers with practical implications for securing reliable volunteers who will sustain the capacity of the NPO in a crisis.

The three essays of this dissertation explore the experience of nonprofit organizations after the September 11 attacks to gain a better understanding of one specific type of risk nonprofit organizations face— “event risk” — which I broadly define as the risk of a negative impact on the operations of a nonprofit organization as a result of unexpected events. Essay One finds that overall nonprofit sector revenues were not reduced after the September 11 attacks and identifies characteristics of the revenue mix that make nonprofit organizations less susceptible to event risk. Essay Two identifies characteristics of nonprofit organizations’ financial conditions that can mitigate the impact of event risk on program/service delivery. Essay Three finds that few nonprofit organizations in New York State opted to merge following the attacks and were unsuccessful realizing the potential financial benefits of merging. The overall findings provide support to the nonprofit financial vulnerability theory and the benefits theory of nonprofit finance—two theories the nonprofit finance literature can call its own—and suggest that the nonprofit sector as a whole is resilient to unexpected events. The results also suggest that, depending on the subsector in which the nonprofit organization operates, nonprofit managers can benefit from different strategies to face event risk.

Nonprofit organizations take important roles and functions in our modern society. However, because of the fierce competitions in market and the rapid social changes, nonprofit organizations are facing the same management issues with profit making organizations, such as financial difficulties or lack of resources. In this qualitative research, in order to discuss the issue about nonprofit organization transformation from the prospective of nonprofit management and organization transformation, we interviewed a large nonprofit organization in Taiwan, analyzed the results and provided case studies. We also considered about the social enterprise model to explain the concept between nonprofit organization and social enterprise. In our conclusion, we found that when nonprofit organization transformation took a place and changed the service model into the social enterprise model, the reasons are not limited to the management needs but included to provide the more appropriate services and working approaches. Therefore, the difference between the nonprofit organization and the social enterprise is clarified through this research.

“Resilience and the Management of Nonprofit Organizations” is a book that explores the concept of resilience management for nonprofit organizations. The authors, Dennis Young and Elizabeth Searing, argue that the current paradigm of nonprofit management, which focuses on trustworthiness and efficiency, needs to be revised to adequately address the challenges facing nonprofit organizations. They propose a new paradigm based on resilience, which they define as the ability of organizations to adapt to changing circumstances and continue serving their missions effectively. The book provides strategies for anticipating and preparing for crises, explores the various dimensions of organizational resilience, and offers management strategies for achieving organizational resilience. It also discusses the need for “organizational slack” in order to be flexible and adaptable in the face of challenges.

This article is a guide to over a hundred journal articles on strategic management in nonprofit organizations, published from 1977 to 1992 in nineteen leading general management or nonprofit journals. The guide provides brief summaries of articles, organized into widely accepted strategic management topic areas and research categories. The article indicates areas where substantial foundations of knowledge exist and where such bases are lacking. It distinguishes between works on general nonprofit management and those on empirical research.

Focussing on the Republic of Ireland, this chapter begins by providing some information about the context and noting current external and internal evaluation practices. The scene preceding the current state of play is explained, when a claim was made about the decline in quality of education provision in Ireland. The policy response to this claim was, in part, a series of decisions made centrally to expand external evaluation practices and to make internal evaluation obligatory. While analysis elsewhere has charted Ireland’s school evaluation reform historically (Coolahan and O’Donovan, 2009) or connected it to global patterns in education reform movements at the system level (Brown et al., 2016a), less attention has been paid to analysing how individual teachers make sense of the reform and, specifically, linking their sense-making processes to theories of professional agency. In this chapter vignettes constructed from interview data generated with three teachers are presented, offering rich accounts of teachers’ sense-making of external and internal evaluation. Interview data manifested as tangled tales in the process of generating the vignettes, whereby the teachers demonstrated professional agency in both resistance and compliance with new policies of evaluation in their practice. In the discussion that follows, themes recurring in the vignettes are raised, providing an insight into dilemmas of policy and practice in local contexts. Based on their sense-making, where teachers declare themselves or appear as either active subjects or passive objects through local school evaluation practices, implications for contemporary practices of evaluation are highlighted.

A Course Model for Building Evaluation Capacity Through a University–Community Partnership

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to offer a sustainability-based typology for non-profit organizations and corresponding strategies to sustain the mission and/or financial objectives of non-profit organizations. The balance of mission and money, known in the non-profit literature as the double bottom line, is a challenge for professional managers who run non-profits and scholars who study them.Design/methodology/approach– Typologies are often used to classify phenomena to improve understanding and bring about clarity. In this paper, non-profit organizations are viewed from a social and fiscal viability perspective, developed from the long standing challenge of balancing mission and money.Findings– The typology developed in this paper identifies several normative strategies that correspond to the social and fiscal viability of non-profit organizations. In fact, the strategies offered in this paper can help non-profit managers achieve organizational sustainability, thus enabling them to continue what they are meant to do – to provide greater social value to their constituents.Research limitations/implications– The typology presented is a classification system rather than a theoretical typology. Its purpose is to help managers of non-profits to recognize threats to their organizations’ long-term survival and offer strategies that if adopted can move the organizations to less vulnerable positions. However, the recommended strategies are by no means exhaustive. Furthermore, the focus of the paper is on non-profit organizations, not profit-driven or hybrid entities. The sustainability-based typology of non-profit organizations and the corresponding strategies have implications for practitioners and academics. The typology and its contents can help managers assess their non-profits, competitive environment and their current strategies, plan their double bottom line strategies and last but not the least, develop and implement strategies for social and fiscal sustainability. In addition, our paper provides great opportunities for future research to subject our typology and its contents to conceptual and empirical scrutiny.Practical implications– The strategies described here are developed based on scholarly research and examples from successful non-profits. The typology and the related list of strategies provide a manager with the tools to accurately diagnose organizational challenges and adopt plans to improve the organization’s viability.Social implications– Non-profit organizations are an integral part of society that bolsters economic prosperity, environmental integrity and social justice. This paper may provide guidance for a number of non-profit managers to keep their organizations operating and serving important social missions.Originality/value– In the context of organizations for social mission, several typologies exist that looked at firms from the perspectives of ownership versus profit objectives, entrepreneurship conceptualizations of economists and origins and development paths of social enterprises. While these typologies provided foundations for theoretical and empirical work into social enterprises, our typology offers strategies for the sustainability of mission and/or money objectives of non-profits. The value of this research lies in integrating virtuous and pragmatic objectives of non-profit sustainability that, in turn, can ensure the social mission of non-profits.

The recent economic conditions continue to draw significant attention to the multitude of risks organizations face as they pursue strategic goals. Public and non-profit organizations (NPO) are not an exception when it comes to risks that can challenge their service delivery system and growth sustainability. Their unique features and limited resources require them to adopt and adapt different risk management tools and methods as compared to the corporate organizations. Specifically, the risk management approach adopted in public organizations and NPOs has not been significantly addressed. Hence, this paper aims to explore the development of risk management in public organizations and NPOs. By conducting a systematic review of literature, 12 papers published in the Scopus and Web of Science from 2010 until recent year have been selected and analyzed. Findings from the literature analysis found various types of risks occur in these organizations and demonstrate the factors and importance of adopting risk management practices. However, a holistic approach is still not diffused nor sufficiently developed in both public and not-for-profit sectors. Research on the successful delivery of risk management is still dearth, which creates a huge research gap thus still an area worth researching. The findings from this literature analysis suggest that an instrument or tool to evaluate the practices of the risk management system is required. Thus, this paper serves as the basis for further empirical research on risk management practices of public and non-profit organizations.

In dealing with ethical issues, non-profit managers are often faced with dilemmas that defy a simple choice between right and wrong. When there is no obvious way of prioritizing responsibility, and no precedent to emulate, resolution of such dilemmas demands careful consideration of stakeholder expectations when looking at the ethical options, so that decisions satisfy not only the immediate problem but also align with the organization's mission, values and ethical code. This paper follows research that examined the types of ethical dilemmas experienced across thirty-seven non-profit organizations, where it was found that a reliable method for depicting and resolving dilemmas was needed. The paper uses two cases from non-profit organizations in Australia and Taiwan, to illustrate the use of the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS) (Robinson, et. al. 2007)-a technique that allows non-profit organizations to concisely depict a dilemma in order to then resolve it using a step-by-step process known as the Seven Cs.