International collaboration in EU 6th Framework Programme: the case of India and China

Objective. The objective of the article is the analysis of the EU framework programs for the development of research and technology as the main financial tool of EU innovation policy. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition are used in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping. Results. According to the results of the study, it is substantiated that innovation has always been considered by the EU as a dominant determinant of socio-economic development and ensuring competitiveness. EU innovation policy has been closely linked to scientific, technical, industrial, environmental, regional and other EU policies. It is determined that the main goals of the EU innovation policy are: open innovation, open science and openness to the world. It is determined that since 1984 - until now: 8 framework programs have been implemented, the implementation of the 9th program is planned for 2021-2027; Framework programs are constantly evolving, which is reflected in the change: the duration of the framework programs, their objectives, thematic areas, horizontal activities, budget, etc. It is argued that the most ambitious of the EU Framework Programs is the 9th Framework Program, with a total budget of € 96899 million, divided between 4 horizontal programs (Widening Participation & Strengthening The European Research Area, Innovative Europe, Excellent Science, Global Challenges And European Industrial Competitiveness) and 15 components (Widening participation and spreading excellence, reforming and enhancing the European R&I System, European Innovation Council (EIC), European innovation ecosystems, European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), The European Research Council (ERC), Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), Research infrastructures, Health, Culture, creativity and inclusive society, Civil Security for Society, Digital, Industry and Space, Climate, Energy and Mobility, Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment, Non-nuclear direct actions of the Joint Research Centre (JRC)).

BackgroundNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs) contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality, accounting for 74% of all deaths worldwide. Many of these chronic diseases can be prevented or their onset mitigated through lifestyle interventions. Complementing these efforts, robust biomarkers enable early diagnosis (secondary prevention), while tertiary prevention can reduce long-term complications and improve disease management. Moreover, the importance of prevention extends beyond NCDs to infectious diseases, where lifestyle-related factors can also play a pivotal role. Innovative human-based research methods have shown suitable for modeling several diseases and advancing drug discovery. These approaches are particularly relevant in prevention research, given the inherently human nature of the lifestyle and environmental factors associated with disease risk and progression.MethodsHere we conducted a retrospective evaluation of biomedical research projects funded under the 7th Framework Programme (FP7), Horizon 2020, and currently ongoing Horizon Europe (HE). We developed and refined a computer-based approach based on the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to examine three key aspects: (i) the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in these projects, (ii) the biomedical research areas which most frequently incorporate prevention, and (iii) the use of animal-based research versus human-centric approaches.ResultsOur findings reveal a persistent gap in the percentage of prevention-focused biomedical research projects, with only 4.4%, 4.5%, and 1.9% of FP7, H2020, and HE projects, respectively, addressing prevention. This gap was particularly pronounced in certain biomedical research areas, such as age-related diseases and diabetes and metabolic syndrome research, which showed a decrease in the percentage of prevention-related projects especially under most recent framework programme (HE). While the reliance on animal-based methods has been generally modest, averaging around 26% of all prevention-related projects, tertiary prevention research, and prevention projects focused on some biomedical areas (i.e., age-related diseases, personalized medicine, antimicrobial resistance, bone disorders, and respiratory diseases) showed increased percentages in projects using animals under more recent FPs. Analysis of funding distribution revealed progressively less funding allocated to prevention-related projects focused on diabetes and metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, age-related disorders, and AMR. In addition, the proportion of funding allocated to both secondary and tertiary prevention decreased under HE.ConclusionsA shift toward human-centric approaches, particularly in prevention-focused research, is essential to enhance the translatability of findings. As policymakers prepare for the next EU funding framework, these insights offer critical guidance for developing targeted funding strategies that prioritize human-centric prevention research as a cornerstone of public health.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-025-07019-8.

Technology and market orientation in company participation in the EU framework programme

The Saudi Arabia’s “Fundamentalists” the position runs counter in the basic religious doctrine with, and People's Republic of China ’s “Communist” and “Socialism” the idea, also can affect the Saudi Arabian imperial family’s benefit and the stability. However the Saudi Arabia actually purchases the missile to the People’s Republic of China, and established diplomatic relations in 1990 . The Transformation in Diplomatic Relations between Saudi-Arabia and China was really worth studying and the discussion truly. Because in 1973 the petroleum crisis took Saudi Arabia the huge economic interest, enable Saudi Arabia’s government to have the abundant financial resource to foster the talent, but caused in this border to have the social structure change, because the group accepted the higher education or overseas abroad study return to homeland, dominated the political power to Saudi Arabian’s Government and the traditional royal court to be discontented, finally urged Saudi Arabian’s King to implement the reform as well as the cabinet carries on the reorganization, in addition, also enabled the sand country tradition political power abandonment passing the country to have to “the communism” first impressions ares most lasting the hostility, and after suffered US ‘s Parliament to go back a promise to sell the Saudi Arabian F-15 fighter plane, originated the policy using the disperser arms sale to purchase missiles form People’s Republic of China. In the international environment aspect, the Saudi Arabia after the excavating petroleum, is admires the US military force to protect its petroleum benefit, but because US's Israel's policy, causes the Saudi Arabia to the American confidence vacillation, however, this time People’s Republic of China actually unceasingly (the People’s Republic of China using the United Nations Security Council), the economy (purchases petrified industry and wheat), the military (sells the missiles), the psychology (using religious relations), at that time Saudi Arabia is in order to maintain the Saudi Arabian leader regime stably, strengthens own national defense military force, by the consolidated this country in under the Islam world leading positions consideration, urges Saudi Arabia choose People’s Republic of China to purchases missiles, and establishes both sides official foreign relations.

Science in the last few years has become increasingly global and collaborative. The number of internationally coauthored papers has been increasing steadily. We have counted internationally jointly authored papers involving authors from the advanced countries and the Third World countries, usingSCI 1991. We have looked at the number of papers resulting from collaboration among authors residing in the countries of the North (e.g. EC and OECD countries), authors residing in the South (e.g. India and Bangladesh, Mexico and Brazil, China and Pakistan) and papers resulting from collaboration between authors residing in the countries of the South and the North (e.g. India and UK, China and USA). Despite its late start, China has published many more collaborative papers with most Asian countries and the advanced countries of the West except the UK than India — confirming the effectiveness of the open door policy of post-Mao China. Both India and China collaborate with USA much more often in physics than in other areas, followed by clinical medicine. However, India collaborates more with USA in chemistry than China. In Indo-US and Sino-US collaborations, collaborating institutions are mostly universities and institutes of higher learning in India and USA, whereas in China several institutions under the Academies also take part. The percentage of collaborative papers involving authors from India is even smaller than the percentage of journal articles originating from India. In general, papers resulting from international collaboration appear in better journals and are cited more often than papers that are the outcome of local research.

Spatial interaction modelling of cross‐region R&D collaborations: empirical evidence from the 5th EU framework programme

Many regions including Europe, the USA, Australia and Canada are making significant progress in facilitating the discovery, access and long-term stewardship of marine data through the development, implementation and operation of national, regional or international distributed ocean observing and data management infrastructures such as SeaDataNet, EMODnet, IOOS, R2R, and IMOS. The Ocean Data Interoperability Platform (ODIP) project, supported by the EU Framework Programme 7 (FP7), National Science Foundation (USA) and Australian government, was initiated 1st October 2012 and continues as ODIP II for another 3 years with EU HORIZON 2020 funding. ODIP includes many of the major organizations engaged in ocean data management in Europe, US, Australia and Canada. ODIP is also supported by the IOC-IODE, closely linking this activity with its Ocean Data Portal (ODP) and Ocean Data Standards Best Practices (ODSBP) projects.

Recognizing the fact that the support of the public sector of research and innovation lays the foundations for new technologies, industries and markets, this report presents the Market Creation Potential Indicator (MCPI) and applies it to the innovations coming out of the EC-funded FP research projects. This way, it contributes to the creation of a toolset to measure and assess the market creating effects of public R&I policies.

As the The Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine in People's Republic of China has been carried out, the gradual implementation and the development of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education were increasing. This paper described the current situation and development of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education. Based on the The Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine in People's Republic of China, the development and trendency of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education in our country were explored, and the supporting foundation of policy of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education were analyzed, in order to give some relevant suggestion. Key words: The Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine in People's Republic of China; Education, medical (TCM); Apprenticing (TCM); Impact analysis

The authors discuss the need for digital content that represents the basis for multilingual and multi­cul­tural environment enabling multilingual information retrieval and computer-assisted translation. The authors examine the learning process of information sciences at Croatian university level education in correlation with the European context. The problem of multilingualism in the information society has been investigated in the context of the Bologna process and the requirement of the student mobility as well as in the context of different EU standards, action plans, and framework programmes. Further, the authors describe e-learning environment implemented at the university level, give the results of the re­search made among the users of the system, and discuss the potential problems considering the digitisa­tion in the process of preparation of the materials in order to enable the application of language technolo­gies for automatic translation suitable in the student mobility environment.

The study of youth work in People's Republic of China (PRC) is important. More than 20 percent of all human beings are Chinese, and Chinese account for an even larger share of Third World citizens. Any claims to universality of a theory, skill, or occupation must confront Chinese experience. Canton is one of PRC's most important windows on outside world. It has experienced great Western impact. The Cantonese are affluent, at least by Chinese standards, and they enjoy many social and recreational activities. Canton's youth population--over 1.5 million, or about 26 percent of city's total population--has been affected by open door policy of last 14 years. The Guangzhou Qing Nian Wen Hua Gong (referred to as the Program) youth services center is one of oldest youth programs in PRC. Youths' value systems; moral standards; ways of living; political thoughts; and concepts of human relationships, time, and welfare have changed greatly during development of emerging market economy (Cao, 1989). Because PRC appears committed to this open door policy (Wang, 1989), it is likely that Program will provide a model for similar projects in other cities in China. Other youth services centers, particularly those situated in coastal open door cities, inevitably will experience same process of development. Because this type of project is institutionalized by government and Communist Party of China (CPC) as a major vehicle for delivering services to young people, Program provides a picture both of current youth work and of its possible future direction in PRC. Yet Program offers an optimal view of such services in PRC, given that Canton is a wealthy city and a showcase for implementation of government's open door policy. This article is based on my years of direct contact with youth organizations in PRC, site visits to Program, in-depth discussions with local cadres and staff responsible for youth services, and observation of youth activities in Canton. It examines Program's philosophy and goals, administration, and services in light of problems caused by modernization in PRC. The Program The Program was initiated in 1950s. Since establishment of present regime, these types of youth services have provided cultural and leisure activities for youths (Canton Qing Nian Wen Hua Gong, 1989). Youth services expanded after trauma of Cultural Revolution, downfall of Gang of Four, and confirmation of open door policy by CPC in 1978. Philosophy and Goals The avowed goal of Program is to develop a new generation of socialist youths with distinctive qualities of so-called Four Qualities of New Man--ideals, moral virtues, intelligence, and discipline (Chinese Communist Youth League Central Committee, 1986). The Program's purpose is to inspire young people to have ideals; to learn modern knowledge; to develop appropriate socialist values, attitudes, and patriotism; and to obey law (Xie, 1989). Throughout, it is clear that Program's dominant goals are political: to educate young people to be supporters and followers of socialist enterprise. Consequently, Program is politically guided and administratively supervised by CPC. Related to its goals, Program is organized to fulfill four specific programmatic functions: (1) to carry out political education, (2) to promote and enrich cultural activities among young people, (3) to organize Communist Youth League's (CYL) cultural and recreational activities, and (4) to offer training for various types of talents among youths (Y. C. Li, 1990). Youth work in PRC is therefore closely related to ideological identity and national development; it is centered on Marxist thought and is developed throughout Communist Revolution (Huang, 1988; Yang, 1990). The Program's charter defines it as link between CYL and youths. …

In this article, transracial adoption of children from the People's Republic of China (PRC), primarily by European American parents, will be explored using information from professional literature, international adoption agency publications, and papers published by professional organizations with an interest in international adoption. Three areas are addressed: (1) the sociopolitical conditions both in the People's Republic of China and the United States that result in international adoption; (2) the personal process of international adoption both in the United States and in the People's Republic of China; and (3) the possible positive and negative effects of intercountry adoption from the People's Republic of China. Finally, based on an integration of sociopolitical and personal aspects of intercountry adoption, the implications for social work practice are discussed.

How Would a Slowdown in the People's Republic of China Affect its Trading Partners?

Attempts to understand the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in global value chains often note the case study of Apple's supply chain, in particular the fact that the PRC contributes no more than 4% of the value added in the production of the iPhone. However, the PRC's share in total induced value added in exports of final products shipped to the United States was more than 75% in 2005. This leads us to investigate how the PRC's value added is created and distributed not only internationally but also domestically. This chapter focuses on measuring domestic value chains (DVCs) in the PRC and their linkages with global markets. By using interregional input–output tables, we can understand structural changes in domestic trade in value added, as well as the position and degree of participation of different regions within the DVCs. We also use our measurements to discuss the PRC's regional economic performance and policy orientation.

This dissertation examines the motivations, logic, and functions of media control in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Rather than telling the history of media control in modern China, or giving a comprehensive account of the techniques employed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to control the media, it investigates the origins of the CCP’s theoretical approach to the media, as well as the consequences of the resulting concepts for practical media work in the PRC. The first half of the thesis tracks the genesis of the Party’s media concept and reconstructs the conditions that contributed to its rise in the first half of the twentieth century; the chapters in the latter half follow this concept in its implementation through a number of case studies from the early 1950s through the late 1990s. Since the day of its founding, the CCP has placed great emphasis on questions of media and propaganda; after 1949 the party-state has claimed full control of the Chinese print, broadcast, and electronic media. Asking for the reasons behind this claim, I argue that it must be traced back to the Party’s desire to bring about the transformation of human consciousness and to create an environment conducive to this process, a utopian project informed as much by the Leninist version of Marxism as by Neo-Confucian ideas of education and state-society relations prevalent in the late imperial era. This project and its underlying fundamental assumptions have survived – in greatly transmuted form – to the present day and continue to inform the strict control of the Chinese media, even when such controls clash with other political and socio-economic interests of the Party-state. I propose to take the media as a variable to measure changes in the CCP’s approach to governance. The Party’s handling of the media serves as a mirror of state-society relations; consequently, the investigation into the media provides us with information on the CCP’s conceptions of governance under changing circumstances. I argue that over the past twenty years, the CCP has successfully altered and reinterpreted its vision of the state and its position therein; it has adopted a more flexible set of methods to achieve its fundamental political objectives. At the same time, however, the ultimate goals of the Party – originally formulated in Yan’an – have changed remarkably little.