International Migration and Child labour in Developing Countries

The Impact of Migration on Child Labor: Theory and Evidence from Brazil

The paper deals with the statistical study of the structural changes in the local labour market. It has been pointed out that one of the basic statistical study of the complex socio-economic systems, which is considered the local labour market are structural dynamic changes. It is caused by the structure which always has a certain mobility and ability to change under the influence of the internal and external factors. Therefore, in the study the analysis was carried out to identify the trends of local labour market functioning, as well as to assess the summary characteristics of the structural differences in the dynamics. It has been grounded that the functioning of the local labour market in the whole is characterized by certain structural and dynamic changes which can be estimated on the bases of measurements of total and current local labour market by using indicators of labour market statistics. The most common indicators include linear coefficient of absolute structural changes, the average coefficient of absolute structural changes, the average coefficient of relative structural changes, the integral coefficient of structural changes of Gateva, a general indicator of structural changes of Salai. Despite the complexity and diversity of the processes the most relevant study is that one that analyze the dynamics of economically active population number by gender, number of employed population by gender, number of vacancies by type of economic activity. The constant monitoring of indicators of labour market statistics makes it possible to optimize the activity of local governments involved in planning and monitoring the implementation of the decisions taken to promote employment, reduce unemployment, to balance and improve the effectiveness of management decisions

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

Although there is an extensive literature on the determinants of child labor and many initiatives aimed at combating it, there is limited evidence on the consequences of child labor on socioeconomic outcomes such as education, wages, and health. We evaluate the causal effect of child labor participation on these outcomes using panel data from Vietnam and an instrumental variables strategy. Five years subsequent to the child labor experience, we find significant negative impacts on school participation and educational attainment, but also find substantially higher earnings for those (young) adults who worked as children. We find no significant effects on health. Over a longer horizon, we estimate that from age 30 onward the forgone earnings attributable to lost schooling exceed any earnings gain associated with child labor and that the net present discounted value of child labor is positive for discount rates of 11.5 percent or higher. We show that child labor is prevalent among households likely to have higher borrowing costs, that are farther from schools, and whose adult members experienced negative returns to their own education. This evidence suggests that reducing child labor will require facilitating access to credit and will also require households to be forward looking.

tractor and the use of mechanical irrigation is increasing in the countryside. The significant policy issue is the role of government in encouraging or discouraging continued labor-saving mechanization. Present policy substantially encourages mechanization; diesel oil is available at prices considerably lower than those in many other countries; village banks provide farmers with equipment loans at rates below commercial levels; machinery is imported at favorable foreign exchange rates and is exempted from import duties. The most telling impact of these policies has been on the rapidly growing use of tractors and irrigation pumps, both of which are believed to displace labor, especially that of children. This article addresses the question of whether such changes have indeed had the desired effect on child employment and family size. Recent developments in the Egyptian agricultural sector also reveal significant changes in crop patterns. These favor fruit and vegeta

Child labour remains a persistent socio-economic challenge in Bihar despite various legislative measures and welfare initiatives introduced by the Government of India and the Government of Bihar. This study examines the effectiveness of government policies and welfare schemes in reducing child labour in the state. It critically analyzes key interventions such as the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, the Right to Education Act, the National Child Labour Project (NCLP), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, and poverty alleviation programs. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, combining secondary data analysis from government reports, census records, and NSSO surveys with qualitative insights from field observations and stakeholder interviews. Findings indicate that while enrollment in schools has significantly increased due to educational incentives and awareness campaigns, economic vulnerability, migration, lack of strict enforcement, and socio-cultural factors continue to contribute to child labour, particularly in rural and marginalized communities. Welfare schemes have positively influenced school attendance and reduced hazardous child labour, yet informal sector employment remains a concern. The study concludes that although government initiatives have contributed to measurable progress, their impact is uneven across districts. Strengthening monitoring mechanisms, ensuring effective implementation at the grassroots level, enhancing livelihood opportunities for families, and promoting community awareness are essential for sustainable eradication of child labour in Bihar.

A robust body of research finds that incarceration jeopardizes post-release employment and earnings, and that these challenges are magnified for formerly incarcerated Black and Hispanic Americans relative to White Americans. Life course theory is often used to conceptualize the impact of a spell of incarceration, but the theory’s contextual component has been overlooked despite geographic variation in labor market opportunities. Place is also stratified by race and ethnicity, and Black and Hispanic Americans with a history of incarceration are more likely to reside in distressed communities than their White counterparts. Taken together, and extending prior research, we ask two questions: (1) To what extent does the local unemployment rate compound labor market challenges for individuals with a history of incarceration, and (2) are Black and Hispanic Americans with a history of incarceration disproportionately impacted by conditions of the local labor market? To do so, we draw on individual and county level data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) and employ an analytic strategy that treats individuals as their own control. Results indicate that labor market outcomes for formerly incarcerated persons are worse in higher unemployment areas than in areas with lower rates, and that the local labor market impact is more detrimental for Black Americans with a history of incarceration than for White Americans.

This paper focuses on the effects of domestic and international remittances on child labor and schooling. Using data from the 1992–1993 and 1997–1998 Vietnam Living Standards Surveys, we investigate school attendance and child labor in remittance recipient and non-recipient households. The results of our binomial logit and two-sided censored regression panel analysis indicate that remittances increase schooling and reduce child labor. Although international remittances are found to have a stronger beneficial impact than domestic remittances in the cross-section, the panel analysis, taking account of fixed effects, reverses this result, showing that the only significant impact stems from domestic remittances.

MotivationChild labour persists in the global South. After ratifying the International Labour Organization's Convention No. 138, on “the minimum age for admission to employment and work,” many southern countries have legislated minimum age criteria to fulfil their International Labour Organizations obligations. Often, however, making law has neither significantly reduced child labour nor boosted school attendance—largely because of states' inability to ensure compliance.PurposeWe investigate, using the case of Nepal, whether legal knowledge about minimum age standards among parents supplying, and employers demanding, child labour makes a difference to child labour.Methods and approachDrawing on data from communities in the Terai of Nepal, we use mixed methods to find correlations between legal knowledge, compliance with child labour laws, and prevalence of child labour. We draw on two novel data sets: a large household survey of parents and children, and a small census of owners of brick kilns, where child labour is often seen. We also make use of qualitative interviews with citizens in one community in the Terai.FindingsWe show that when parents and employers know the law on child labour, they are more likely to comply with it. Perceptions of the law also matter, independently of legal knowledge. When individuals know the legal working age and believe it is appropriate, we see even more compliance.Policy implicationsThese findings suggest that, even when enforcing the law may be difficult and costly, informing and educating parents and employers may be a less costly way to reduce child labour. Such measures would be even more effective if paired with efforts to change perceptions of the law.

A hard knock life

We analyse the geographic incidence of child labour in small manufacturing firms in Indonesia at the village level. Our unique data set covers virtually all Indonesian villages and urban neighbourhoods; it allows us to distinguish between demand and supply side determinants of child labour. We show by correcting for sample selection that a number of counterintuitive results – child labour being unaffected by credit access and school proximity – are the result of an interplay between supply and demand side determinants. Credit access and school proximity reduce child labour supply, but simultaneously constitute positive location factors for firms thereby increasing the demand for child labourers. To effectively reduce child labour, growth oriented policies, such as enhancing school and credit facilities, should be complemented by policies specifically geared towards increasing school attendance.

Child labor continues to exist as a problem specific to childhood worldwide. Children, considered disadvantaged groups, today face a wide range of risks. While sensitivity to child protection has increased, particularly after World War II, it is not yet at the desired level. States and international organizations continue their efforts to protect children. While these efforts have been effective to some extent, they have not met expectations, particularly in terms of reducing child labor. In this respect, the importance of sociological factors in reducing child labor comes to the fore. Sociology recommends examining childhood within the framework of social, cultural, economic, familial, and many other variables. When considered from this perspective, considering child labor within the framework of socioeconomic causes will facilitate understanding of the issue. The focus of this study is the family and the child. From birth, the child grows up within the family, and their identity is shaped by the values of that society. The society in which the child lives and the family’s perspective on the child have a shaping effect on all processes related to the child, especially child labor. This study conducted a socioeconomic analysis of child labor in Turkey, focusing on various social variables, particularly the family. A qualitative method was used in the study, and the dataset was developed using data from ILO, UNICEF, and TÜİK. Family, education, migration, economic, and regional variables were found to be influential in the emergence, perception, and resolution of child labor in Turkey.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the theory, policy and practice of child labour in Latin America. Interventions to reduce child labour are more likely to be successful if they are locally‐driven, supported by legislation and based on theoretical understandings of childhood that reflect the realities and needs of the children, families and communities whose lives they aim to improve.Design/methodology/approachSociological and anthropological discourses on children's life worlds are reviewed to situate changes in our understanding of child labour. These theoretical developments are then discussed in the light of changing international legislation, such as ILO's convention 182. Recent statistics suggest a trend for declining child labour and we study the link between statistics, theoretical and legislative positions.FindingsThe ILO's 2006 child labour statistics and examples of policies in Latin America support the hypothesis that theoretical developments in the concept of childhood have influenced successful interventions aimed at its reduction. This theory‐policy‐practice partnership appears to have been a catalyst for the development of successful “government–private‐enterprise – civil society” programmes to reduce child labour.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough these multi‐sectorial strategies have been successful in Latin America, further research is needed to see whether similar policies and interventions can be repeated in other regions.Originality/valueThe paper is original in its linking of theory, policy and practice in the context of recent statistics and programmes at reducing child labour in Latin America.

The article focuses on the issues of professional training systems for future specialists during the digitalization of the labor market and the educational process itself. The relevance of the current study lies in the fact that the dynamics of the traditional methodological approach towards the educational process, given the global world trends, determines the priority of focusing on the competence approach. This article aims to determine the peculiarities of professional training of future specialists and its structure in the context of digital changes in the modern labor market. During the study, the following general research methods were applied: synthesis, analysis, specification, generalization, comparison, systematization, and abstraction. The author has substantiated the structure of professional training of future specialists, which combines professional and personal components. Also, there were identified vectors for improving the educational process aimed at forming future specialists' information, digital, communication, and intercultural competence as essential components of their overall professionalism. The author has established that the need to improve the process of professional training at the current stage of development is stipulated by specific requirements for professionally significant qualities resulting from the particular content and focus of professional activities in line with digital changes in the labor market. The study has found that one of the promising areas of the educational process today involves the formation of personal qualities of future specialists, including their digital literacy, logical thinking, and international communication skills.In addition, the author has outlined the basic principles of implementing and developing the interdisciplinary integration of the professional training process to meet the requirements of the digitalized labor market.

This paper aims to investigate empirically how international migration and remittances in Indonesia, particularly female migration, affect child outcomes and labor supply behavior in sending households. The authors analyze the Indonesia Family Life Survey data set and apply an instrumental variable estimation method, using historical migration networks as instruments for migration and remittance receipts. The study finds that, in Indonesia, the impacts of international migration on sending households are likely to vary depending on the gender of the migrants. On average, migration reduces the working hours of remaining household members, but this effect is not observed in households with female migrants. At the same time, female migration and their remittances tend to reduce child labor. The estimated impacts of migration and remittances on school enrollment are not statistically significant, but this result is interesting in that the directions of the effects can be opposite when the migrant is male or female