International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances

International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is a system of international nomenclature for pharmaceutical substances that is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Commonly known as generic names, an INN may be used for marketing purposes by any manufacturer of a particular medicine without excluding other manufacturers of the same substance from doing the same. However, to maintain the nonproprietary nature of INNs and to ensure the future development of related INNs, it is necessary that INNs are not appropriated as trademarks. Hence, resolution 46.19 of the World Health Assembly of the WHO exhorts member states to regulate the use of INNs and discourage their use as trademarks. The Trade Marks Act of India specifically prohibits the registration of names that are deceptively similar to INNs. Nevertheless, there are reported incidents of marketing of drugs under names that are similar to INNs. The WHO has brought the same to the attention of the Drug Controller General of India. In this context, this study examines the law and policy relating to the use of INNs in different countries with specific reference to India, identifies deficiencies in the international and domestic institutions responsible for the regulation of INNs and makes some policy recommendations.

ABSTRACTActive pharmaceutical substances require an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) assigned by the World Health Organization (WHO) to obtain market authorization as a medicinal product. INNs are selected to represent a unique, generic name for a drug enabling unambiguous identification by stakeholders worldwide. INNs may be requested after initiating clinical development of an investigational drug. Pharmaceutical classes are indicated by a common stem or suffix. Currently, INNs for monoclonal antibody-based drugs are recognized by the suffix, -mab, preceded by a source infix such as -xi- (chimeric), -zu- (humanized) or -u- (human) designating the species from which the antibody was derived. However, many technological advances have made it increasingly difficult to accurately capture an antibody's source in its name. In 2014, the WHO and the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council approached this challenge by implementing changes to antibody source infix definitions. Unfortunately, gaps and ambiguities in the definitions and procedures resulted in inconsistent source category assignments and widespread confusion. The Antibody Society, extensively supported by academic and industry scientists, voiced concerns leading to constructive dialog during scheduled consultations with WHO and USAN Council representatives. In June 2017, the WHO announced that use of the source infix will be discontinued for new antibody INNs effective immediately. We fully support this change as it better aligns antibody INNs with current and foreseeable future innovations in antibody therapeutics. Here we review the changes implemented. Additionally, we analyzed antibody INNs recently assigned under the previous 2014 definitions and provide recommendations for further alignment.

Summary. The study of reasons for admission to a hospital and the ABC/VEN-analysis of drug provision a pulmonology department of a multi-disciplinary hospital in 2009–2011 has been carried out. Among reasons for admission to a hospital, airway obstructive disease and respiratory infections were the most often (69.8–70.5 %). Yearly, a deal of obstructive airway disease, mainly of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, has been increasing. A list of medications for treatment of these patients according to the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances was extended from 141 in 2009 to 246 items in 2011. The ABC/VEN-analysis has shown that the expenditure of financial resources targeted to the drug provision of the pulmonology department was considered reasonable.

Introduction: In pharmacology lectures, one of the major challenges faced by students is how students can remember an increasing list of a large number of drug names. Although university teachers use the international non-proprietary names (INNs) of drugs in their teaching practice, this is not enough to help students be competent in this area. Programme description: The School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, was invited to join the World Health Organization (WHO) School of INN (SoINN) project as an expert consultant to represent the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Academic Institutional Membership (AIM). A pilot programme in utilising the INN in the pharmacology lecture in an undergraduate pharmacy programme was conducted. Evaluation: To assess how the students perceived this new topic, a short survey was conducted at the end of the term. Of the 32 students, 50% of them completed the survey. Most of them provided high value on the use of stems in their learning. Future plan: The current course was extended to other degrees of the pharmacy programme.

ABSTRACTIn the context of a possible revision of the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) system of recombinant monoclonal antibodies, which is saturated, we propose several avenues of reflection driven by the primary goal of the INN, information of health-care professionals. Clinical considerations argue for an abandon of the substems A (target category) and B (origin category), which lengthen the INN without real added-value. On the contrary, new substems or suffixes are required to alert on the absence/presence of an Fc portion and/or multispecificity, which are essential from a pharmacological point of view. Moreover, we think it necessary to explicitly mention Fc variations since they could influence the pharmacology of these biopharmaceuticals, and hence their efficacy and side-effects. Besides indicating the subclass/isotype in the documents easily accessible to health care professionals, we propose to systematically describe both the natural variations (allotypes) by using the Gm (G marker) system, and the artificial variations by using a Ge (G engineering) system that is discussed here and could apply to all IgG constant domains (tentatively called the Fy portion).

The names of many drugs are confounded by a multiplicity of formal and informal naming systems. Although the formal nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is unambiguous, it is often too unwieldy for use in legislation. Pharmaceutical entities have long been described by International Non-proprietary Names (INNs), although for many years UK legislation preferred to use British Approved Names (BANs) which sometimes differed from their INN. Neither INNs nor BANs exist for substances that have no history of medicinal use; a situation that is particularly true of nearly all designer drugs now known as new psychoactive substances. The latter are widely known by trivial names or code names, some of which are only loosely related to the chemical structure. Variations in English spelling between the UK and the US lead to further confusion. In the UK, generic definitions have generated other nomenclatural issues some of which have been resolved by legal processes while others remain in contention.

This review article presents the spectrum of pharmacological action and aspects of clinical application of the original domestic drug Dimephosphon (international nonproprietary name - dimethyl oxobutylphosphonyl dimethylate) based on a significant number of sources. The article reflects the results of experimental and clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of Dimephosphon, indicating its multimodal action and the possibility of using the drug as a means for normalizing autonomic homeostasis.

The increasing incidence of cerebrovascular and cognitive disorders in Uzbekistan, driven by a growing information load and an aging population, has led to a heightened demand for effective nootropic medications. The pharmaceutical market is adapting to this demand through a diversified range of drugs, including both imported and domestically produced products. Aim. This study aims to evaluate the dynamics of the nootropic drug market in the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2015 to 2024 in both physical and monetary terms, including the analysis of import volumes, domestic production, key market players, dosage forms, and trends in international nonproprietary names. Materials and methods. The study utilized aggregated data on the registration, import, and production of nootropic drugs classified under ATC group N06BX. Marketing analysis methods and qualimetric tools were applied to identify quantitative trends, structural shifts over the study period. Results and discussion. The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the nootropic drug market in the Republic of Uzbekistan over the period 2015–2024. It examines quantitative changes in both physical and monetary terms, as well as the structure of imports and domestic production. Key trends are identified, including an increase in nootropic consumption up to 2022 followed by a subsequent decline, the strengthening of domestic manufacturers' positions, and changes in the assortment and consumption structure by international nonproprietary names. A comparative analysis of supplies from CIS and non-CIS countries is provided, along with an evaluation of the activity of leading domestic companies. Particular attention is given to dosage forms. The findings of the study may be used to assess the current state of the pharmaceutical market and to inform strategic planning for the development of the nootropic drug sector in Uzbekistan. Conclusions The nootropic drug market in Uzbekistan shows cyclical dynamics with strong domestic development potential. Market fluctuations reflect clinical guideline revisions and increased emphasis on evidence-based prescribing. The study highlights the growing role of local manufacturers and the shift toward more complex and effective nootropic formulations.

Journal Article The Role of Immune Complexes in Disease Get access The Role of Immune Complexes in Disease—Report of a WHO Scientific Group, World Health Organization Technical Report Series, No. 606. Published by the World Health Organization, WHO Publications Centre, 9 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. 58 p. Price $3.20. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Volume 34, Issue 10, 1 October 1977, Page 1153, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/34.10.1153 Published: 01 October 1977

The World Health Organization assigns international nonproprietary names (INN), also known as common names, to compounds upon request from drug developers. Structures of INNs are publicly available and represent a source, albeit underused, to understand trends in drug research and development. Here, we explain how a common drug name is composed and analyze chemical entities from 2000 to 2021. In the analysis, we describe some changes that intertwine chemical structure, newer therapeutic targets (e.g., kinases), including a significant increase in the use of fluorine and of heterocycles, and some other evolutionary modifications, such as the progressive increase in molecular weight. Alongside these, small signs of change can be spotted, such as the rise in spirocyclic scaffolds and small rings and the emergence of unconventional structural moieties that might forecast the future to come.

Suicide Prevention in an International Context.

Введение. Антибактериальные препараты играют важную роль в лече нии инфекционных заболеваний, и антибактериальные препараты це фалоспоринового ряда являются одной из наиболее широко используемых групп антибиотиков. В условиях роста распространён ности инфекционных болезней, а также увеличения не рационального использования антибиотиков, в том числе цефалоспоринов в Кыргыз ской Республике демонстрирует тенденцию к росту. В данной статье проводится структурный анализ рынка антибактериальных препаратов цефалоспоринового ряда, рассматриваются его номенклатурные и групповые особенности. Цель исследования. Проведение структурного анализа зарегистриро ванных антибактериальных препаратов цефалоспоринового ряда. Материалы и методы. Для проведения исследования использованы методы контент-анализа, сравнения, ранжирования. В качестве основ ного материала для анализа использованы данные Государственного реестра лекарственных средств Кыргызской Республики на 2024 год, содержащие сведения о зарегистрированных антибактериальных пре паратах, включая торговые наименования, лекарственные формы, до зировки, производителей, страны производителей. Результаты. Путем выкопировки данных из официальных источников информации - Государственный реестр лекарственных средств Кыр гызской Республики сформирован список антибиотиков, который включает 55 торговых наименований (ТН), 36 международных непа тентованных наименований (МНН) и 22 препарата в разных лекарст венных формах. По данным Государственного реестра ЛС Кыргызской Республики, на 2024г. зарегистрировано 625 антибиотиков (с учетом торговых наименований лекарственных препаратов, форм выпуска, до зировок, фирм-производителей, стран производства). Среди зареги стрированных 20,6% приходится на группу пенициллинов, 27,7% – цефалоспоринов, 14,5% – хинолонов, 5,3% – аминогликозидов, 12,8% – макролидов, 2,8% – тетрациклинов и 16,3% – на другие группы ан тибактериальных препаратов. В структуре ассортимента зарегистри рованных антибактериальных препаратов цефалоспоринового ряда распределение по поколениям в относительных величинах можно пред ставить следующим образом (с учетом МНН): 1-е поколение – 11% (це фазолин); 2-е поколение – 15% (цефуроксим); 3-е поколение –62% (цефтриаксон, цефотаксим, цефтазидим, цефоперазон); 4-е поколение – 12% (цефипим). Заключение. Проведённый контент-анализ ассортимента антибиотиков, зарегистрированных в Кыргызской Республике по Реестру разрешён ных ЛС на 2024 год, позволяет сделать вывод о структурированной и насыщенной картине фармацевтического рынка антибактериальных препаратов. Чрезмерное разнообразие и количество антибиотиков на рынке страны вызывает обеспокоенность по поводу их нерациональ ного использования в медицинской практике. Всё это приводит к росту устойчивости микроорганизмов к антибиотикам. Introduction. Antibacterial drugs play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases, and cephalosporin-type antibacterial drugs are one of the most widely used groups of antibiotics. In the context of an increase in the prevalence of infectious diseases, as well as an increase in the inefficient use of antibiotics, including cephalosporins, the Kyrgyz Republic is showing an upward trend. This article provides a structural analysis of the cepha losporin-type antibacterial drugs market, examines its nomenclature and group features. The purpose of the study. Conducting a structural analysis of registered an tibacterial drugs of the cephalosporin series. Materials and methods. The methods of content analysis, comparison, and ranking were used to conduct the research. Data from the State Register of Medicines of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2024, containing information on reg istered antibacterial drugs, including trade names, dosage forms, dosages, manufacturers, and countries of origin, were used as the main material for analysis. Results. By copying data from official information sources - the State Reg ister of Medicines of the Kyrgyz Republic - a list of antibiotics has been formed, which includes 55 trade names (TN), 36 international nonpropri etary names (INN) and 22 drugs in various dosage forms. According to the State Register of Medicinal Products of the Kyrgyz Republic, 625 antibiotics have been registered for 2024 (including trade names of medicines, forms of release, dosages, manufacturing companies, and countries of production). Of those registered, 20.6% are penicillins, 27.7% are cephalosporins, 14.5% are quinolones, 5.3% are aminoglycosides, 12.8% are macrolides, 2.8% are tetracyclines, and 16.3% are other groups of antibacterial drugs. In the struc ture of the range of registered antibacterial drugs of the cephalosporin series, the generational distribution in relative terms can be represented as follows (taking into account INN): 1st generation - 11% (cefazolin); 2nd generation – 15% (cefuroxime); 3rd generation -62% (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cef tazidime, cefoperazone); 4th generation – 12% (cefipime). Conclusion. The conducted content analysis of the range of antibiotics reg istered in the Kyrgyz Republic according to the Register of Permitted Drugs for 2024 allows us to conclude about a structured and rich picture of the pharmaceutical market of antibacterial drugs. The excessive variety and quantity of antibiotics on the country's market raises concerns about their irrational use in medical practice. All this leads to an increase in the resist ance of microorganisms to antibiotics. Киришүү. Антибактериалдык препараттар жугуштуу ооруларды дары лоодо маанилүү ролду ойнойт жана цефалоспорин тибиндеги антибак териалдык препараттар антибиотиктердин эң кеңири колдонулган топторунун бири болуп саналат. Жугуштуу оорулардын таралышынын, ошондой эле Кыргыз Республикасында антибиотиктерди, анын ичинде цефалоспориндерди рационалдуу эмес колдонуунун көбөйүшүнүн шарттарында өсүү тенденциясы байкалууда. Бул макалада цефалоспо рин сериясындагы антибактериалдык препараттар рыногунун струк туралык анализи жүргүзүлүп, анын номенклатуралык жана топтук өзгөчөлүктөрү каралат. Изилдөөнүн максаты. Катталган цефалоспорин тибиндеги антибакте риалдык препараттарга структуралык анализ жүргүзүү. Материалдар жана ыкмалар. Изилдөө жүргүзүү үчүн контент-талдоо, салыштыруу, рейтингдөө ыкмалары колдонулду. Талдоо үчүн негизги материал катары 2024-жылга Кыргыз Республикасынын дары-дармек каражаттарынын мамлекеттик реестринин маалыматтары пайдала нылды, аларда катталган антибактериалдык препараттар, анын ичинде соода аталыштары, дары формалары, дозалары, өндүрүүчүлөр, өндү рүүчү өлкөлөр жөнүндө маалыматтар камтылган. Натыйжалар. Расмий маалымат булактарынан маалыматтарды казып алуу жолу менен-Кыргыз Республикасынын дары-дармек каражатта рынын мамлекеттик реестри антибиотиктердин тизмеси түзүлгөн, ал 55 соода аталышын (СА), 36 эл аралык патенттелбеген аталышты (ЭПА) жана ар кандай дары-дармек формаларындагы 22 препаратты камтыйт. Кыргыз Республикасынын ДК мамлекеттик реестринин маа лыматтары боюнча 2024-жылга карата 625 антибиотик катталган (да рыпрепараттарынын соода аталыштарын, чыгаруу формаларын, доза ларын, өндүрүүчү фирмаларды, өндүрүш өлкөлөрүн эске алуу менен). Катталгандардын ичинен 20,6% пенициллиндер тобуна, 27,7% лоспо риндерге, 14,5% хинолондорго, 5,3% аминогликозиддерге, 12,8% мак ролиддерге, 2,8% тетрациклиндерге жана 16,3% антибактериалдык препараттардын башка топторуна туура келет. Катталган цефалоспо рин сериясындагы бактерияга каршы препараттардын ассортименти нин структурасында муундар боюнча салыштырмалуу чоңдукта бөлүштүрүүнү төмөнкүчө чагылдырууга болот (ЭПАны эске алуу менен): 1-муун – 11% (цефазолин); 2 – муун-15% (цефуроксим); 3-муун -62% (цефтриаксон, цефотаксим, цефтазидим, цефоперезон); 4-муун 12% (цефипим). Жыйынтыгы. 2024-жылга уруксат берилген ДК реестри боюнча Кыр гыз Республикасында катталган антибиотиктердин ассортиментине жүргүзүлгөн контент-талдоо антибактериалдык препараттардын фар мацевтикалык рыногунун структураланган жана толук сүрөтү жөнүндө тыянак чыгарууга мүмкүндүк берет. Өлкөнүн рыногунда антибиотик тердин ашыкча түрдүүлүгү жана саны алардын медициналык практи када туура эмес колдонулушуна тынчсызданууну жаратууда. Мунун баары микроорганизмдердин антибиотиктерге туруктуулугунун өсүшүнө алып келет.

Childbearing and Health Risk: <i>Family Formation Patterns and Health</i> . An International Collaborative Study in India, Iran, Lebanon, Philippines, and Turkey. A. R. Omran and C. C. Standley, Eds. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1976 (U.S. distributor, WHO Publications Center U.S.A., Albany, N.Y.). 564 pp., illus. Paper, $20.

A new computer program (CP) has been created as a website for ATX classification groups to search for lists of medicinal products (MPs) as potential candidates for import substitution. The development of the CP with the conditional name ―Computer Program for Import Substitution of Medicines‖ (CPISM) was carried out using open databases, which are regulated by the regulatory legal acts of the pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine. CPISM helps to quickly find lists of necessary medicinal products (MPs) subject to import substitution since these medicines are represented only by imported drugs in the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market. Using the CPISM website, you can obtain a list of pharmacological groups of MPs that require import substitution, which is especially important in martial law conditions. The production of these drugs can be implemented in domestic pharmaceutical enterprises. The advantages of the CPISM website, compared to other similar search programs, are the use and processing of 3 main drug databases with a convenient presentation: The State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the National List of Essential Medicinal Products, and the Register of Wholesale Prices of Manufacturers of Medicinal Products. This also allows searching for drugs by international non-proprietary names in all dosage forms with different dosages. CPISM is implemented as a web page and adapted for various devices. The architecture of the developed CPISM website is built based on a modular monolith. The web part and the data processing program are written in C++. The web part is implemented using the Drogon framework, providing an ORM for working with MySQL.

Call for clear distinction to be made between trivial / common / generic names, international nonproprietary names (INN), and systematic (IUPAC) names for compounds (in reference to adrenaline / suprarenine / epinephrine).