International usability evaluation SIG

Contributors. Foreword. Preface. 1. Product Design with People in Mind. Part One. Methods in Product Design. 2. Ergonomics Methods in Consumer Product Design and Evaluation. 3. Evaluation of Product Safety using the BeSafe Method. 4. A System Analysis of Consumer Products. 5. Ergonomics and the Evaluation of Consumer Products: Surveys of Evaluation Practices. Part Two. Institutions Involved in Design and Evaluation of Consumer Products. 6. Application of Ergonomics and Consumer Feedback to Product Design at Whirlpool. 7. Consumer Products - More by Accident than Design? 8. Enhancing the Quality of Use: Human Factors at Philips. 9. Consumer Product Evaluation: Which Method is Best? A Guide to Human Factors at Consumers' Association. Part Three. Guidance on and Examples of Product Design. 10. Developing an Qualitative Sense. 11. Applying Ergonomics Methods during the Industrial Design of Consumer Products. 12. Design of Hand-Operated Devices. 13. Development of Comprehensible Warning Symbols for Use on Child-Care Products. 14. Towards Consumer Product Interface Design Guidelines. Part Four. Key Topics. 15. Key Topics in Consumer Products. Appendix. Author Index. Subject Index. People in Mind. Part One. Methods in Product Design. 2. Ergonomics Methods in Consumer Product Design and Evaluation. 3. Evaluation of Product Safety using the BeSafe Method. 4. A System Analysis of Consumer Products. 5. Ergonomics and the Evaluation of Consumer Products: Surveys of Evaluation Practices. Part Two. Institutions Involved in Design and Evaluation of Consumer Products. 6. Application of Ergonomics and Consumer Feedback to Product Design at Whirlpool. 7. Consumer Products - More by Accident than Design? 8. Enhancing the Quality of Use: Human Factors at Philips. 9. Consumer Product Evaluation: Which Method is Best? A Guide to Human Factors at Consumers' Association. Part Three. Guidance on and Examples of Product Design. 10. Developing an Qualitative Sense. 11. Applying Ergonomics Methods during the Industrial Design of Consumer Products. 12. Design of Hand-Operated Devices. 13. Development of Comprehensible Warning Symbols for Use on Child-Care Products. 14. Towards Consumer Product Interface Design Guidelines. Part Four. Key Topics. 15. Key Topics in Consumer Products. Appendix. Author Index. Subject Index.

<p dir="ltr">Innovation drives the evolutionary solution era, where design is the anchor of its success. Product design is an iterative process of problem-solving and improvements where no matter how good a design is, it is possible to have improvements. Improving the design of a product should follow a systematic procedure to reduce the uncertainty that leads to complexity. Design framework methodology can aid in improving the design process by providing a measurable systematic approach. This research aims to form a comprehensive design framework methodology for cyber-physical products that integrate multiple disciplines. Drawing upon quantitative and qualitative literature meta-analysis, this study examines design methods, methodologies, functional complexity, and associated human factors. The proposed framework incorporates the main disciplines of mechanical, electrical, sensor, computer, and human components. Additionally, design tools such as Abstractional Design, Inter-Complexity Index, and Human Affordance are synthesized within the framework to guide designers at the conceptual level. The outcomes of this research include a multidisciplinary design framework, abstractional design method, inter-complexity index indicator, human affordance taxonomy, and product design considerations.</p><p dir="ltr">Comprehensive case studies are utilized to showcase the research outcomes and provide tutorials on utilizing the framework and design tools. The results demonstrate that the suggested methodology significantly reduces design complexity by 23% in the case studies examined while also improving functional understanding among stakeholders during the early design phase and considering relevant human factors. Furthermore, the proposed indirect coupling solution offers unique insights that complement existing methods such as Axiomatic Design and Design Structure Matrix.This methodology represents a novel contribution to product and system design, concurrent engineering, and interdisciplinary approaches. Notably, it addresses functional intercoupling complexity, reducing complexity risk and potential failure arising from interconnected functional links. The Abstractional Design Method, which facilitates design communication and promotes uniform representation in a model-based approach, contributes to reducing design knowledge complexity. Additionally, this method can potentially extend its benefits to data technology and aid design software applications like the Digital Twin.</p><p dir="ltr">The integration of human factors in this research acknowledges the significance of considering this aspect in system design, which is often approached separately. Doing so contributes to the body of design knowledge and paves the way for a new research and practice direction in approaching multidisciplinary systems.Overall, this research holds significant implications for designing complex multidisciplinary systems and establishing a foundation for system design standards in design communities. Given this domain's inherent challenges and risks, this research provides valuable insights and helps mitigate misunderstandings and resource limitations.</p>

Understanding consumers' aesthetic preferences is critical to improving product design performance. This study dives into the aesthetic elements, with a particular emphasis on product design requirements (PDR), product design ideas (PDC), product design detailing (PDD), and product design assessments. The study reveals the critical impact of shape and color as mediating elements that increase the importance of PDC in influencing aesthetics, followed by PDD, PDE, and PDR. By explaining these correlations, the study provides valuable insights for educators in the field of CAD instruction in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs.

Today supply chain management has become one of the crucial factors for gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage. Enterprises that can more effectively manage their supply chain network have a higher likelihood of success in the marketplace. To this end, companies need not only make the “make” or “buy” decisions but also differentiate across potential suppliers in order to improve operational performance, and hence, supplier selection is one of the key decisions aiding effective supply chain management. Many studies have also pointed out that the integration of product and supply chain is a key factor for profitability and efficiency. However, prior studies mostly address supply chain performance after the creation of a new product; and only a few studies discuss when and how to incorporate supply chain decisions during product design. In the studies that cover product design, product family and product platform concepts are presented as enabling vehicles for mass customization, which require a considerable investment, and hence might be out of reach for small to medium size enterprises (SME). Accordingly, there is a need to develop a methodology that can consider manufacturability and supply chain issues at the product design stage. This paper presents a graph theory based optimization methodology to tackle this problem. The supplier selection issue is considered by evaluating its impact on both engineering (e.g., process planning) and operational performance (e.g., cost and time), which are then aggregated as the supply chain performance at the conceptual design stage. A case study in the bicycle industry demonstrates the advantages of this methodology. The synchronized structure of the supply chain and the product design results in simultaneous optimization of both design and supply chain decisions during the early design stages.

This article examines the ways in which Phil Klay’s short stories “After Action Report” and “War Stories” generate counternarratives that challenge and fragment populist representations of soldiering, war, and Americanness. In doing so, the analysis reveals new ways of approaching the contemporary American civilian-military disconnect. The article examines this disconnect in a framework based on Fredric Jameson’s theories that reveals the text’s underlying military unconscious: a type of political unconscious that rises from the lived-in social realities of veterans and active duty personnel. The military unconscious is complemented by what I term the hegemonic soldier: the ideological construct which informs the dominant cultural representations of soldiering and war, and which reinforces itself through representations in a fashion similar to the idea of nostalgic recreation.
 By applying these concepts, the analysis can uncover the counternarratives that stem from the texts’ military unconscious. The first case study examines the ways in which Klay’s “After Action Report” ruptures the military institution’s hegemonic discourse of killing by providing alternative discourses that allow the soldier subject to resist the hegemonic soldier, and reassert ownership over their experiences. The second case study examines how “War Stories” reveals and critiques the latent presence of the hegemonic soldier in contemporary American society. The hegemonic soldier is shown to be an omnipresent force that appears even in narratives that seek to subvert it. Together, the case studies demonstrate veteran literature’s unique potential in understanding the development of contemporary American culture.

In order for products and services to be designed inclusively, designers need to understand users' capabilities and needs Thus methods for involving and understanding users are of key importance for inclusive design. However, many of these methods have limited uptake, possibly because of a poor fit with design practice. We conducted a card-sorting study with twenty-one product and communications designers, examining how they view user-centred methods, and how they relate them to other design methods. Results were analysed using hierarchical agglommerative cluster analysis to try to identify groups of methods that are considered similar to each other. This paper particularly examines the differences between product and communications designers. We found that product designers perceive a larger distinction between user involvement and other design methods, and communications designers are less structured in their approach to methods. We conclude that inclusive design methods and their presentation need to be adapted for different groups of designers.

The Structured Design Methods such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Pugh’s concept generation and selection methods have been shown in the industry to improve the problem definition and design synthesis for the new products hence resulting in the better product design. The application is however limited in the aerospace industry, because the decisions are mostly based on the intuition, simplified back-of-the-envelope calculations and few hand-drawn sketches instead of any higher-fidelity design data using Computer Aided Design and Engineering (CAD/CAE) tools. This leads to the skepticism about the findings of such design methods and reduces their wider acceptance and application in the aerospace design. The examples showing significant improvements in the product definition solely based on the computationally supported design methods are almost negligible. This paper describes work undertaken to add quantitative analysis to these methods in order to reduce such deficiencies. A comprehensive approach has been applied to integrate the mission analysis with high fidelity CAD, CFD and FEA tools that in return provide high fidelity data to enter in the QFD matrix or Pugh’s Concept generation and selection matrix. MS Excel spreadsheet coupled to high level CAD and CAE tools has integrated several aircraft design disciplines for the preliminary design phase. The objective is to demonstrate that the application of Design Methods results in better problem specification and solution synthesis when the scores and rankings are based on the CAD and the high fidelity multidisciplinary design data from aerodynamics and structures. The integration methodology is also used to illustrate the unification of two distinct design phases in the traditional design process i.e. the conceptual and preliminary design into one Preliminary design phase. It is suggested that with the integration of CAD and CAE tools, one can perform all the activities and tasks in one unified phase with reduced design cycle time as compared with two separate design phases comprising of two separate teams. The Pugh’s Method is applied to generate, analyze and select the design concepts for a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) UAV utilizing high fidelity information.

This article examines diverse approaches to international cooperation aimed at advancing digital transformation in technical and vocational education and training (TVET), using the UNESCO Chair on Digitalization in TVET at Shenzhen Polytechnic University as a case study. Through a thematic analysis of the Chair's activities from March 2023 to March 2024, the study has identified four key approaches: (1) fostering a global dialogue on the digital transformation of TVET; (2) contributing to a digital learning community via open educational resources; (3) strengthening regional TVET capacities for digital transformation through leadership and teacher training; and (4) building a synergistic TVET ecosystem through cross-sectoral partnerships. The findings highlight the Chair's role in facilitating knowledge sharing, capacity building, and collaborative projects among global TVET stakeholders. Challenges related to digital disparities and ensuring the long-term sustainability of cooperation are also discussed. This study contributes to the emerging knowledge base on international cooperation for TVET digital transformation and provides insights for future practice and research.

– The purpose of this study was to explore trends and changes in technical vocational education and training (TVET) in emerging economies as a national human resource development (NHRD) approach and its practical applications using Ghana as an example. , – A case study approach was used to develop an in-depth analysis of TVET practices in Ghana. The study utilizes a targeted review of literature, analysis of government documents and interviews with key informants as illustrative sources of evidence for developing the case study. , – TVET has been identified as a major contributor to skills development in Ghana. Capitalizing on the potential of TVET requires addressing the challenges of increasing employer participation in TVET, improving TVET curriculum to enhance student ' s employability and reflect labor market needs. Additionally, informal TVET plays a major role in skills development therefore it is recognized as part of the TVET planning process. , – Data for this research were gathered from key informant interviews and archival records. Additional methods such as observations would further enhance this study. Further research of trends in Ghana to validate implications drawn from this research is recommended. , – This research provides an overview for HRD professionals to understand the potential of TVET as an approach to human capital development within emerging markets. This is because developing comprehensive plans that address national and employer needs regarding talent acquisition, development and retention will re-emerge as a critical objective for TVET system as nations compete in the global market place. , – This study provides a unique perspective of current TVET practices in Ghana and its implications for human resource development (HRD). Furthermore, it adds to the small but growing literature on HRD in Ghana and in the African context.

This study evaluates a new pedagogic approach implemented in material courses for product design students at bachelor level education. Material education within the field of design education at technical faculties has, in general, a strong technical focus, e.g. selecting materials with predominant focus on engineering properties of materials. Product design education at a bachelor level need to offer material courses that prepares the design students to work both on inspirational and analytical levels in material selection processes. Early in the design education, students often have a preconception of materials, and they need to be introduced to an open-minded inspirational material selection process, based on scientific design methods. When developing a new curriculum for the material courses, it is important to teach materials and production methods in a contextualized setting with emphasis on how materials can be approached in a design process. Methods can be seen as mental tools that aids the design students in navigating complexity and offers them a structure to deal with unfamiliar territories. After an evaluation, we selected some methods, guidelines and tools to integrate in the mandatory material courses for the product design students e.g. the Expressive-Sensorial Atlas, Meaning Driven Materials Selection and the Material Driven Design method. The implementation were made in two steps in order to test, evaluate and further develop a framework for teaching materials courses to product design students. This study only reports the first step of implementation since the second step is under development and will be implemented during autumn 2017.

In product design fields where the demand for an efficient usability is critical to its final success, it is essential to integrate user requirements into the design process from the earliest design stages. Particularly in the medical context, it is essential to systematically control the design phases in order not to neglect the strict constraints related to engineering design quality, safety, and usability requirements for the end user. Hence, in this work, an integrated user-centered product design and process simulation method is proposed. This method is aimed at enriching the state of the art in integrated product design and process simulation in the early design stages, as well as providing a novel design example of a device thought for medical contexts. The case study consists in the design of an intercom, aimed at improving patient-doctor communication in the case of bedridden patients on with helmet for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy during COVID-19 pandemic emergency. Patients undergoing helmet-assisted ventilation are often immersed in a highly noisy environment, unable to fully communicate their needs to the doctors. Intercom devices are addressed to the doctors for improving ease communication with the patient. The proposed user-centered design for manufacturing and assembly proved to be efficient in such a complex design context.KeywordsUser-centered designIntegrated product and process design methodProcess simulation

Based on the theory of user needs and the product development mode and framework of mobile Internet interactive innovation, a new “reality → virtual → reality” interactive innovation product development mode is constructed. It draws on the unique characteristics, systematic technical system, and comprehensive scientific and technological layout of the Metaverse. On this basis, a framework for product development and design based on interactive innovation from the Metaverse perspective is innovatively proposed. In the Metaverse scenario, interactive innovation knowledge can be easily and effectively transformed into design knowledge, and all groups of users truly participate in the whole process of product design. Moreover, the development of interactive innovative products in the Metaverse scenario can be combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology to further automate the statistical analysis of user needs and preferences so as to meet the dynamic needs of users and accurately develop products that fit user needs and enterprise standards. In addition, users, designers, and enterprises can make joint decisions on product design solutions and development forms, and the Metaverse technology can also optimize the products with continuous iteration and obtain the optimal solutions. An automotive case study illustrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the model for product development innovation and enterprise digital transformation.

FreeComparative and International Education: A Bibliography (2009)PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreAdult, Rural, Literacy, Vocational, Nonformal, Lifelong, and Popular EducationÅberg‐Bengtsson, Lisbeth. 2009. “The Smaller the Better? A Review of Research on Small Rural Schools in Sweden.” International Journal of Educational Research 48, no. 2 (June): 100–108.Alexopoulos, George, Alex Koutsouris, and Irene Tzouramani. 2009. “The Financing of Extension Services: A Survey among Rural Youth in Greece.” Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 15, no. 2 (June): 177–90.Bhola, H. 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As living standards improve, modern products need to meet increasingly diversified and personalized user requirements. Traditional product design methods fall short due to their strong subjectivity, limited survey scope, lack of real-time data, and poor visual display. However, recent progress in big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are bringing a transformative big data and AI-driven product design methodology with a significant impact on many industries. Big data in the product lifecycle contains valuable information, such as customer preferences, market demands, product evaluation, and visual display: online product reviews reflect customer evaluations and requirements, while product images contain shape, color, and texture information that can inspire designers to quickly generate initial design schemes or even new product images. This survey provides a comprehensive review of big data and AI-driven product design, focusing on how big data of various modalities can be processed, analyzed, and exploited to aid product design using AI algorithms. It identifies the limitations of traditional product design methods and shows how textual, image, audio, and video data in product design cycles can be utilized to achieve much more intelligent product design. We finally discuss the major deficiencies of existing data-driven product design studies and outline promising future research directions and opportunities, aiming to draw increasing attention to modern AI-driven product design.

Researchers have expanded the definition of product modularity from function-based modularity to life-cycle process-based modularity. In parallel, measures of product modularity have been developed as well as corresponding modular product design methods. However, a correct modularity measure and modular design method are not enough to realize modular product design. To apply the measure and design method correctly, product representation becomes an important aspect of modular design and imperative for realizing the promised cost savings of modularity. In this paper, a representation for retirement process-based modular design has been developed. Built upon previous representations for assembly and manufacturing-based product design, the representation includes a process similarity matrix and a process dependency matrix. The retirement process-based similarity is based on the similarity in components’ post-life intents (recycling, reuse, disposal), and either the degree of their material compatibility if the components will be recycled, or their disassembly direction or disassembly tools if they need to be disassembled from each other for retirement. Process similarity within a module leads to increased process efficiency (the elimination of non-value added tasks) from the sharing of tooling/equipment. Retirement process-based dependency is developed based on disassembly difficulty, one aspect of the physical interactions between components. Retiring components together as a module to eliminate disassembly and differential processing and reducing the disassembly difficulty between the modules can increase the efficiency of the retirement process. We have first presented which process elements we should consider for defining retirement process similarity and dependency, and then constructed the respective similarity and dependency factors tables. These tables include similarity and dependency factors, which, along with their quantifications, are used to determine a product’s modular architecture to facilitate the retirement process. Finally, a fishing reel is used to illustrate how to apply these factors tables to generate the similarity and dependency matrices that represent a product for retirement-process based modular design. Using these representations as input to the DSM-based modular design methods, we can achieve a design with a modular architecture that improves the retirement process efficiency and reduces retirement costs.