Internet Of Things: A Study on Protocols, Security Challenges and Healthcare Applications

In today's era, when technology is growing rapidly, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology having massive applications, which are employed in various domains. Similarly, the Healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) applies IoT to the healthcare industry. The IoT is indeed a networked platform comprising connectable devices that can acquire, transfer, and store data without human or computer intervention. The IoT promises a plethora of benefits for refining and improving healthcare delivery, including the potential to diagnose, examine, and cure the patient. It reduces the need for human intervention while also allowing for the early diagnosis of health hazards. It is becoming equally important to consider how existing, as well as upcoming, IoT technologies might help healthcare systems provide therapeutic benefits. The goal of this chapter is to provide an understanding of recent IoT in healthcare and to illustrate how the Internet of Things devices are boosting healthcare delivery and how IoT technology may revolutionize and disrupt global healthcare in the coming decade. Healthcare IoT capabilities are additionally investigated in order to theorize how IoT might assist us in moving away from our existing different levels of health systems towards a more integrated, progressive, and continuous approach. Patient care may be ensured on time, and with on-time assistance, treatment expenses can be decreased, and therapies can be made more effective by employing IoT in healthcare practitioners. From smartwatches to cancer care, smartwatches are used to monitor one's health and wellbeing. Finally, this chapter will look into potential concerns with IoT, such as impediments to market acceptability from healthcare providers and consumers, interoperability, security and privacy, remuneration and standardization, information storage, and control and ownership. Policy support, cybersecurity-focused guidelines, rigorous strategic planning, and open policies will be critical enablers of IoT in contemporary healthcare within healthcare organizations. IoT has a lot of potential for enhancing the efficiency of the healthcare system and societal well-being.

Internet of things (IoT) is the global interconnection of several heterogeneous devices. It allows people and “things” to connect anytime and anywhere using a variety of wired or wireless communication networks. It will have its presence in all sectors of human lives including healthcare. The market for the IoT in healthcare is growing steadily. IoT in healthcare helps in effectively managing health and thus improving the quality of life. This chapter provides a brief introduction into IoT in healthcare or the use of IoT in the healthcare domain. It begins by presenting an overview on both IoT and healthcare. It discusses Internet of medical things. It covers various applications of IoT in healthcare. It addresses some benefits and challenges of IoT in healthcare.

Elderly population in the Asian countries is increasing at a very fast rate. Lack of healthcare resources and infrastructure in many countries makes the task of provding proper healthcare difficult. Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare can address the problem effectively. Patient care is possible at home using IoT devices. IoT devices are used to collect different types of data. Various algorithms may be used to analyse data. IoT devices are connected to the internet and all the data of the patients with various health reports are available online and hence security issues arise. IoT sensors, IoT communication technologies, IoT gadgets, components of IoT, IoT layers, cloud and fog computing, benefits of IoT, IoT-based algorithms, IoT security issues, and IoT challenges are discussed in the chapter. Nowadays global epidemic COVID19 has demolished the economy and health services of all the countries worldwide. Usefulness of IoT in COVID19-related issues is explained here.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the most widely utilized technologies in the recent decade, particularly in healthcare systems. With the usage of wearable and mobile devices, IoT-based healthcare systems have significantly increased the value of the healthcare sector, resulting in the effective use of health data exchange for enhanced, accurate, and quick diagnosis. These devices communicate, process, compute and monitor real-time scenarios via wireless or wired connections. Such devices are heterogeneous, having limited memory and computational power. The adoption of the IoT system in healthcare raises security and privacy concerns. Healthcare records containing sensitive patient data complicate this system since there is a danger of a privacy breach, privacy leakage, tampering, and so on. Blockchain technology has recently emerged as a promising solution to such breaches and problems. In this study, we consider various challenges to healthcare IoT implementation for widespread practical use, considering the security concerning the IoT layered architecture. We have categorized various layered security issues faced by IoT and specific attacks and security issues faced in communication, computation, and authentication IoT-based healthcare systems. Then we demonstrate how blockchain technology can be a key enabler in resolving numerous healthcare IoT security issues. We concluded that blockchain provides a secure and efficient way to resolve healthcare issues.

Internet of things (IoT) has revolutionized how we utilize technology over the past decade. IoT’s rapid growth affects several fields, including the healthcare sector. As a result, the concept of smart healthcare or electronic healthcare (e-healthcare) has emerged. Smart healthcare promises to enhance people’s lives and wellbeing by monitoring them, offering an efficient connection, improving mobility, gathering medical data, and decreasing hospital and patient costs. IoT in healthcare is still one of the hot and trendy topics that needs in-depth investigation. No recent review has been conducted to elucidate the extent of research in the area, features of published papers, motives, and challenges in enabling IoT in healthcare systems. This study presents a comprehensive systematic review of the screened articles published between 2015 and 2022 pertaining to enabling IoT in healthcare services and applications. A total of 106 papers fulfilled the final inclusion criteria and were analyzed using systematic literature review (SLR). Two procedures were used to review the final articles: First, publications are examined in terms of study designs, publishing journals, and topics/study objectives. In the second approach, motives, challenges, and recommendations for enabling IoT in healthcare systems are explored. This article summarizes published studies on IoT in healthcare systems and its usage in smart healthcare service delivery. Based on the reviewed studies, recommendations for future research to enable the effective application of IoT in healthcare and service delivery are proposed.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technology that is transforming the healthcare industry. IoT devices and applications are enabling the collection and analysis of patient data, facilitating remote monitoring and diagnosis, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. This abstract explores the impact of IoT adoption and application for smart healthcare. The study highlights the various applications of IoT in healthcare, such as remote patient monitoring, real-time patient tracking, and medication management. The study reviews the benefits of IoT in healthcare, such as improved patient outcomes, reduced costs, and increased efficiency. The study also examines the challenges of implementing IoT in healthcare, such as data privacy and security concerns, interoperability issues, and regulatory compliance. The study concludes that IoT is transforming the healthcare industry, enabling a new era of smart healthcare delivery. The adoption of IoT in healthcare has the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. However, the challenges of implementing IoT in healthcare cannot be ignored, and the industry must work to address these challenges while harnessing the benefits of this emerging technology. Overall, the potential impact of IoT adoption and application for smart healthcare is significant and holds great promise for the future of healthcare delivery.

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) envisions the interconnection of healthcare devices and sensors to enable a new class of applications relying on medical data processing and storage. Moreover, machine learning and deep learning algorithms applied in healthcare domain allow health professionals to monitor, diagnose, focus and highlight the region of the problem and propose the required and accurate solution in the shortest duration possible. This paper surveys the state of art machine and deep learning algorithms in IoT healthcare.

A lightweight key management scheme for key-escrow-free ECC-based CP-ABE for IoT healthcare systems

The integration of cloud-edge computing with Internet of Things (IoT) healthcare greatly improves medical service efficiency and reduces home monitoring costs. However, in an untrusted and open environment, it still faces significant privacy and security challenges, especially in terms of confidentiality and authenticity of medical data, as well as bilateral access control between patients and healthcare providers. At present, there are few solutions capable of addressing the aforementioned issues efficiently, as they typically come with significant communication and computational overhead. This poses a substantial challenge for IoT devices that are usually resource-constrained. To address the above issues, this paper proposes an efficient and verifiable fine-grained bilateral access control scheme for cloud-edge IoT healthcare. The scheme adopts flexible attribute-based threshold bilateral access control to provide data confidentiality and authenticity at the same time. In addition, our scheme achieves constant-size ciphertexts, utilizes offline/online technology to accelerate ciphertext generation, and outsources the data authenticity verification and partial decryption process to edge nodes, thereby improving the communication and computational efficiency. Furthermore, our scheme implements verification of outsourced results to resist attacks from malicious edge nodes. The formal security proof and experimental evaluation show that our scheme is more functional and practical than other bilateral access control schemes for IoT healthcare.

Earlier, patients’ and doctors’ interactions were limited, and is impossible to monitor patients’ health continuously and make recommendations accordingly, but it is now possible after the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT in healthcare provides interoperability, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, data exchange that make service delivery effective. It helps patients remotely track their health by using smartwatches, fitness bands, etc. devices, and for doctors to keep track of their health. In this chapter, we first describe the issues by using IoT in different domains then explain its applications in the real world, after that a brief explanation is given for the scope of IoT in healthcare and hospitals. The contribution of several researchers on IoT and its application in the healthcare system and its services is discussed. This survey provides useful information to researchers to identify the main issues and challenges of IoT-based healthcare system and to understand the application of the IoT in a different field and also helps to understand the prior contribution of the IoT in the medical industry.KeywordsInternet of things (IoT)HealthcareSmart healthSmart environmentSmart citySensorsSecurityIoT healthcare network

The Internet of Things (IoT) can significantly enhance the quality of human life, specifically in healthcare, attracting extensive attentions to IoT healthcare services. Meanwhile, the human digital twin (HDT) is proposed as an innovative paradigm that can comprehensively characterize the replication of the individual human body in the digital world and reflect its physical status in real time. Naturally, HDT is envisioned to empower IoT healthcare beyond the application of healthcare monitoring by acting as a versatile and vivid human digital testbed, simulating the outcomes and guiding the practical treatments. However, successfully establishing HDT requires high-fidelity virtual modeling and strong information interactions but possibly with scarce, biased, and noisy data. Fortunately, a recent popular technology called generative artificial intelligence (GAI) may be a promising solution because it can leverage advanced AI algorithms to automatically create, manipulate, and modify valuable while diverse data. This survey particularly focuses on the implementation of GAI-driven HDT in IoT healthcare. We start by introducing the background of IoT healthcare and the potential of GAI-driven HDT. Then, we delve into the fundamental techniques and present the overall framework of GAI-driven HDT. After that, we explore the realization of GAI-driven HDT in detail, including GAI-enabled data acquisition, communication, data management, digital modeling, and data analysis. Besides, we discuss typical IoT healthcare applications that can be revolutionized by GAI-driven HDT, namely, personalized health monitoring and diagnosis, personalized prescription, and personalized rehabilitation. Finally, we conclude this survey by highlighting some future research directions.

One of the popular articulations in the information technology is the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT plans to unite everything in our world under an average establishment, giving us control of things around us, yet furthermore keeping us taught in regard to the state of the things. This process needs a large amount of data to feed into the IoT devices; also to represent the intelligence of the IoT devices in a readable format, added equipment is required. Technology has been evolving, and there is a solution for every problem. The IoT in healthcare is a primary application space, which draws gigantic interest from the industry, research organization, and public sectors. The improvement of the IoT and cloud computing is working on tolerant security, staff satisfaction, and functional adequacy in the clinical business. Cloud computing is a savior for the issue of handling large data that is associated with processing reality with the IoT devices. Cloud computing is transforming information technology. It takes care of various issues of customary processing, including top burdens, introducing programming updates, and using vast prediction stages. In this context, it is important to segregate the data based on its significance, which needs the technology of natural language processing to process data. This research paper discusses on how natural language processing can help the IoT along with cloud computing that aids for data storage.KeywordsInternet of Things (IoT)HealthcareNatural language processing

The convergence of healthcare with the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping medical practice with promising enhanced data-driven insights, automated decision-making, and remote patient monitoring. It has the transformative potential of these technologies to revolutionize diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. This study aims to explore the integration of IoT and AI in healthcare, outlining their applications, benefits, challenges, and potential risks. By synthesizing existing literature, this study aims to provide insights into the current landscape of AI, IoT, and AIoT in healthcare, identify areas for future research and development, and establish a framework for the effective use of AI in health. A comprehensive literature review included indexed databases such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Key search terms related to IoT, AI, healthcare, and medicine were employed to identify relevant studies. Papers were screened based on their relevance to the specified themes, and eventually, a selected number of papers were methodically chosen for this review. The integration of IoT and AI in healthcare offers significant advancements, including remote patient monitoring, personalized medicine, and operational efficiency. Wearable sensors, cloud-based data storage, and AI-driven algorithms enable real-time data collection, disease diagnosis, and treatment planning. However, challenges such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and regulatory compliance must be addressed to ensure responsible deployment of these technologies. Integrating IoT and AI in healthcare holds immense promise for improving patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare delivery. Despite challenges such as data privacy concerns and algorithmic biases, the transformative potential of these technologies cannot be overstated. Clear governance frameworks, transparent AI decision-making processes, and ethical considerations are essential to mitigate risks and harness the full benefits of IoT and AI in healthcare.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enabled technologies to have proliferated due to their abilities to capture and exchange quality information. This empirical study aims to investigate the factors influencing the intention to use IoT services in healthcare by young physicians. An integrated model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and diffusion of innovations (DOI) theories are drawn upon and analyzed through a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with importance-performance map analysis (IPMA). Data were collected through a structured survey questionnaire. The results indicated that behavioural intention to use IoT in healthcare services vastly affected by the attitude and value co-creation. Attitude was found to be a principal determinant followed by the relative advantage towards behavioural intention to use IoT services. The novelty of this empirical study is that the proposed integrated model provides a meaningful application of the young physicians’ intention to use IoT in healthcare in developing countries.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to modernize healthcare through remote patient monitoring, disease management, and improved health outcomes. IoT devices, such as wearables and sensors, can collect and transmit data in real time, enabling healthcare providers to make informed and timely decisions. This paper examines the current state of the Internet of Things in healthcare, the opportunities presented by the Internet of Things, and the challenges faced during implementation. This paper first describes the benefits of IoT in healthcare, including improving patient outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and increasing access to care. We look at a variety of IoT devices used in healthcare, including wearables, smart implants, and medical sensors. This paper also outlines the challenges facing the use of IoT in healthcare, including data security, privacy issues, and regulatory issues. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future of IoT in healthcare and its potential impact on the healthcare industry.