Interpersonal synchrony affects 18-month-olds' social alignment via self-other comparison.

Engaging in socially embedded actions such as imitation and interpersonal synchrony facilitates relationships with peers and caregivers. Imitation and interpersonal synchrony impairments of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) might contribute to their difficulties in connecting and learning from others. Previous fMRI studies investigated cortical activation in children with ASD during finger/hand movement imitation; however, we do not know whether these findings generalize to naturalistic face-to-face imitation/interpersonal synchrony tasks. Using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), the current study assessed the cortical activation of children with and without ASD during a face-to-face interpersonal synchrony task. Fourteen children with ASD and 17 typically developing (TD) children completed three conditions: a) Watch—observed an adult clean up blocks; b) Do—cleaned up the blocks on their own; and c) Together—synchronized their block clean up actions to that of an adult. Children with ASD showed lower spatial and temporal synchrony accuracies but intact motor accuracy during the Together/interpersonal synchrony condition. In terms of cortical activation, children with ASD had hypoactivation in the middle and inferior frontal gyri (MIFG) as well as middle and superior temporal gyri (MSTG) while showing hyperactivation in the inferior parietal cortices/lobule (IPL) compared to the TD children. During the Together condition, the TD children showed bilaterally symmetrical activation whereas children with ASD showed more left-lateralized activation over MIFG and right-lateralized activation over MSTG. Additionally, using ADOS scores, in children with ASD greater social affect impairment was associated with lower activation in the left MIFG and more repetitive behavior impairment was associated with greater activation over bilateral MSTG. In children with ASD better communication performance on the VABS was associated with greater MIFG and/or MSTG activation. We identified objective neural biomarkers that could be utilized as outcome predictors or treatment response indicators in future intervention studies.

Interpersonal synchrony is the process of alignment of participants in social interaction at the behavioral, physiological, or interbrain levels. This phenomenon is closely interrelated with the establishment of social contacts, the results of joint actions, the enhancement of relationships, and the development of social skills. Despite the popularity of studies of such attunement abroad, in Russian science, it is only beginning to appear. In the literature, a theoretical assumption has been made about the significance of the contribution of trait empathy to interpersonal synchrony. We understand trait empathy as the ability to experience the affective and cognitive states of another person while maintaining one’s own self. The present review is the first attempt to assess the extent to which foreign empirical studies of dyadic synchrony support the proposed hypothesis. The analysis of the literature allows us to note the heterogeneity of the studies in terms of the methods used to assess empathy and interpersonal synchrony, the experimental tasks used, and the interaction contexts studied. The results of the included works reflect contradictory results, which may be related to the mentioned heterogeneity of research designs. It has been shown that empathy can contribute to interpersonal synchrony, but this occurs primarily in dyads of previously familiar participants or in specific contexts that require the use of appropriate empathic skills. In some contexts, the level of empathy of only one of the dyad participants is more important. However, it should be noted that due to the small sample sizes and limited number of studies on the topic, conclusions about the validity of the hypothesis can only be preliminary. There is a need for more relevant studies with sample sizes reaching sufficient power, and unified experiment designs facilitate the possibility of comparing their results.

Objectives The purposes of this study were to influences of choice characteristics of sport center users on community spirit and social interactions.
 Methods The study was conducted with collection and analysis of the data on the subjects consisting of 299 users of three sports centers in D Metropolitan City in order to identify the influences of choice characteristics of sport center users on community spirit and social interactions. Collected data were processed with frequency analysis and factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis with use of Windows SPSS 29.0 program, and the conclusion was obtained as shown below.
 Results First, choice characteristics showed positive correlation to all sub-factors of community spirit and social support in social interactions but showed negative correlation to stigmatization in social interactions. Second, factors of facilities and programs in choice characteristics of sport center users showed positive influences on sub-factors of community spirit such as intimacy and belonging, harmony and unity, expression of intention of voluntary participation, identification and sharing of merits and demerits, and autonomy and public consciousness and accessibility factor showed positive influences to intention of voluntary participation and authoritative collectivism. Third, program and accessibility factors in choice characteristics of sport center users showed positive influences on social support and stigmatization factors in social interactions and cost factors showed positive influences on social support in social interactions but negative influences on stigmatization factors.
 Conclusions In conclusion, the influences of choice characteristics of sports center users affect community spirit and social interaction.

<p align="justify">In SMEs in the city of Surakarta, this study seeks to examine the relationship between dynamic competence and leadership style and employee performance, with social contact serving as a mediating variable. This study's core data came from a questionnaire that used a Likert scale as a measurement system. In this study, a non-probability sampling strategy was utilized to choose the sample. Using SmartPLS 3.0 software, 105 respondents from coffee shops in Surakarta City served as the sample for the PLS-SEM analysis. The evaluation of measurement models in the outer model and inner model serves as the study's method of data analysis. The findings revealed that: (1) employee performance was positively and significantly impacted by dynamic capability (2) Employee performance was significantly and favorably impacted by the leadership style. (3) Social interaction factors significantly and favorably impacted employee performance (4) Social contact was positively and significantly impacted by dynamic capability. (5) Social interaction is positively and significantly impacted by the element of leadership style. (6) Social interaction factors can operate as a mediator between dynamic capability factors and worker performance. (7) Social interaction factors can operate as a mediator between leadership style factors and employee performance factors.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>Dynamic Capability, Employee Performance, Leadership Style, Social Interaction.</p>

. The capacity to establish interpersonal synchrony isfundamental to human beings because it constitutes the basis for socialconnection and understanding. Interpersonal synchrony refers to instances whenthe movements or sensations of two or more people overlap in time and form.Recently, the causal influence of interpersonal synchrony on prosociality hasbeen established through experiments. The current meta-analysis is the first tosynthesize these isolated and sometimes contradictory experiments. Wemeta-analyzed 60 published and unpublished experiments that compared aninterpersonal synchrony condition with at least one control condition. Theresults reveal a medium effect of interpersonal synchrony on prosociality withregard to both attitudes and behaviors. Furthermore, experimenter effects andintentionality moderate these effects. We discuss the strengths and limitationsof our analysis, as well as its practical implications, and we suggest avenuesfor future research.

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the First International Workshop on Modeling INTERPERsonal Synchrony -- INTEPERSONAL 2015 in conjunction with the 17th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ACM ICMI 2015), 9-13 November, in Seattle, Washington, United States of America. Recent advances in interaction technology and methodology fostered a shift of interest in investigating beyond the individual to social interaction of multiple individuals. Complex phenomena as interpersonal synchrony and influence started to be more and more investigated in order to provide a better understanding of human interaction and guidelines to design machines able to show refined social skills. The First International Workshop on Modeling INTERPERsonal SynchrONy (INTERPERSONAL 2015) is an occasion of excellence for researchers and practitioners to meet and discuss about the current knowledge and the open challenges on modeling, recognition, and synthesis of influence and interpersonal synchrony. Further, this Workshop is aimed at identifying new research challenges, fostering collaborations and future projects and contributing to define milestones in the social signal processing roadmap. INTERPERSONAL 2015 attracted research papers from various countries across the world, which were rigorously reviewed by the programme committee members. We take this opportunity to thank them for their professionalism and valuable comments they provided to the authors. This review process resulted in the acceptance of 7 papers for publication. The workshop includes the valuable keynote of Prof. Andrew Meltzoff: "Infants' Brains Are Wired to Learn from Culture: Implications for Social Robots"

Are air travelers willing to pay for mandatory carbon emission policies? Evidence from China

BackgroundUnique interpersonal synchrony occurs during every social interaction, and is shaped by characteristics of participating individuals in these social contexts. Additionally, depending on context demands, interpersonal synchrony is also altered. The study therefore aims to investigate culture, sex, and social context effects simultaneously in a novel role-play paradigm. Additionally, the effect of personality traits on synchrony was investigated across cultures, and a further exploratory analysis on the effects of these variables on pre- and post-session empathy changes was conducted.Methods83 dyads were recruited in two waves from Singapore and Italy and took part in a within-subjects session where they interacted with each other as themselves (Naturalistic Conversation) and as others (Role-Play and Role Reversal). Big Five Inventory (administered pre-session) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (administered pre- and post-session) were used as measures of personality and empathy respectively, while synchrony was measured using hyperscanning functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the prefrontal cortex. After data-preprocessing and preliminary analyses, a mixture of multiple linear regression and exploratory forward stepwise regression models were used to address the above study aims.ResultsResults revealed significant main and interaction effects of culture, sex and social context on brain-to-brain synchrony, particularly in the medial left cluster of the prefrontal cortex, and a unique contribution of extraversion and openness to experience to synchrony in the Italian cohort only. Finally, culture-driven differences in empathy changes were identified, where significant increases in empathy across sessions were generally only observed within the Singaporean cohort.ConclusionsMain findings indicate lowered brain-to-brain synchrony during role-playing activities that is moderated by the dyad’s sex make-up and culture, implying differential processing of social interactions that is also influenced by individuals’ background factors. Findings align with current literature that role-playing is a cognitively demanding activity requiring greater levels of self-regulation and suppression of self-related cognition as opposed to interpersonal co-regulation characterized by synchrony. However, the current pattern of results would be better supported by future studies investigating multimodal synchronies and corroboration.

In social interactions, humans tend to naturally synchronize their body movements. We investigated interpersonal synchronization in conversations and examined its relationship with personality differences and post-interaction appraisals. In a 15-minute semi-structured conversation, 56 previously-unfamiliar dyads introduced themselves, followed by self-disclosing and argumentative conversations. Their bodily movements were video-recorded in a standardized room (112 young adults, aged 18-33, mean=20.54, SD=2.74; 58% Dutch, 31% German, 11% other). Interpersonal bodily synchronization was estimated as (a) synchronization strength using Windowed Lagged Cross-Correlations and (b) Dynamic Organization (Determinism/Entropy/Laminarity/Mean Line) using Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis. Bodily synchronization was associated with differences in Agreeableness and Extraversion (IPIP-NEO-120) and post-conversational appraisals (affect/closeness/enjoyment) in mixed-effect models. Agreeable participants exhibited higher complexity in bodily synchronization dynamics (higher Entropy) than disagreeable individuals, who also reported more negative affect afterward. Interpersonal synchronization was stronger among extroverts than among introverts and extroverts appraised conversations as more positive and enjoyable. Bodily synchronization strength and dynamic organization were related to the type of conversation (self-disclosing/argumentative). Interpersonal dynamics were intimately connected to differences in Agreeableness and Extraversion, varied across situations, and these parameters affected how pleasant, close, and enjoyable each conversation felt.

Visible markers are an important factor in social interactions. Some researchers have argued that one of their roles is to promote cooperation, but models designed to address this issue have yielded contradictory results. Here we present an experimental study of the effect of visible markers on the emergence of social norms where human subjects play a binary coordination game. Our results do not show different, marker-dependent behaviors. Instead, in practically all sessions participants achieved a global equilibrium disregarding the markers. Our findings suggest that simple markers may have a limited role in promoting the emergence of group-dependent social norms and call for further research investigating the role of markers in more sophisticated social settings.

BackgroundAlthough social interaction and social support during the “new normal” due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be related to presenteeism, the effect between these factors has not been clear for Japanese workers. The aim of this study was to describe the presenteeism of Japanese workers with reference to social interaction and social support following the lifestyle changes due to COVID-19 and to assess whether social interaction and social support affected their presenteeism.MethodsThe data were obtained from internet panel surveys from October 2020. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and multiple linear regression was conducted using the data from the first, fourth and fifth surveys, which were conducted during October to November 2020, July to August 2021, and September to October 2021, respectively. To measure presenteeism, questions from “absenteeism and presenteeism questions of the World Health Organization’s Heath and Work Performance Questionnaire”, short version in Japanese was utilized. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to investigate the effects of social interaction and social support-related factors on presenteeism.ResultsA total of 3,407 participants were included in the analysis. The mean score of absolute presenteeism from the fifth survey was 58.07 (SD = 19.71). More time spent talking with family, a larger number of social supporters and a higher satisfaction level for social support were associated with a higher absolute presenteeism score.ConclusionsOur results suggested that social support reduced the presenteeism of the Japanese workers during the “new normal” due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Social interaction with family also relieved presenteeism.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.23-00201.

Social network and related factors in older people with sensory impairment in the community: Using principal component analysis

Research indicates that occupation is important for well-being in people with mental illness, but this has not been extensively studied among those with severe psychiatric disabilities. Social contacts may possibly play a more vital role for them. This study aimed to explore how aspects of occupation and social interaction were related with well-being factors in that group, while controlling for the influence of clinical factors. People with psychiatric disabilities living in congregate supported housing (CSH; N = 155) responded to questionnaires addressing occupation, social contacts and well-being aspects, such as subjective health, quality of life, self-mastery, and personal recovery. A comparison group with psychiatric disabilities who lived in an ordinary flat or house and received outreach housing support (N = 111) completed the same instruments. The two groups were compared regarding their pattern of associations between occupation, social contacts, and well-being. Associations between occupation and well-being in the CSH group showed that general satisfaction with everyday occupations in particular was related to all aspects of well-being, whereas activity level and occupational balance were not related to well-being. The relationships were fewer and weaker, in comparison to the group in ordinary housing with outreach support. Indicators of social contacts were basically unrelated to well-being. The study contributes to occupational science by showing that the role of a high activity level for well-being, although important, should not be overemphasized. Future research should focus on narratives to get the voices of people residing in CSH and on exploration of how individually/socially performed occupations are associated with well-being.

Nowadays, the way in which human interactions are developed has been altered due to the diverse technologies available in the society. The Internet and social networks constitute tools that foster the development of human dimensions, the social and technological. Digital platforms promote social relationships by creating virtual spaces where the human interaction overcomes barriers such as time, distance, language and other variable that could limit communication. There are websites that ease the search for a person who matches criteria or parameters determined by the user; otherwise, finding an ideal match in the real-life situation would not be that simple. This work aims to describe the risks, threats and opportunities involved in the use of digital platforms, as well as the security mechanism that minimize the risks which the users are exposed to. Moreover, it analyzes the success or failure of the affective relationships established through digital means. Overall, the social interaction factors are described from the technological and cultural perspectives which boost that interaction in virtual spaces.

The soft drink market and industry are gaining importance due to growing awareness, rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles. This study aims to assess the consumer preference for soft drinks, analyse the factors influencing consumer buying behaviour and to identify the key constraints faced by consumers in purchasing soft drinks. The study considered key variables such as taste, price, health benefit, digestion, refreshment, convenience, flavour variety, brand image, packaging, size option, size option, lifestyle, consumption occasion, friend circle, peerinfluence and social media. These variables are selected for the study because they cover all the aspects, such as core sensory, brand influence, cultural and social interaction attributes. The research employs primary data collected through a well-structured questionnaire and secondary data from credible industry sources. The collected data were subjected to percentage analysis, factor analysis and the Garrett ranking techniques. Factor analysis extracted three major components that influenced buying behaviour, explaining a cumulative variance of 53.68 %. These included the essential satisfaction factor (23.59 %) comprising taste, price, health benefits, digestion, convenience, refreshment and flavour variety; the brand influence factor (17.91 %) including brand image, packaging, lifestyle, size option and consumption occasion; and the social interaction factor (12.19 %) involving peer influence, social media and friend circle. Garrett’s ranking technique revealed that the primary constraint faced by consumers are unhealthy (Garrett mean score: 69.68), followed by price sensitivity (59.45) and diet consciousness (56.60). The results show that consumers prefer a particular type of soft drink, with components like essential satisfaction and brand influence factors influencing the purchase decision more, major constraints like healthier options and price hinder the buyingbehaviour of consumers towards soft drinks. The study recommends that soft drink manufacturers and marketers prioritize health-based product innovation, competitive pricing and lifestyle-aligned branding strategies to meet the evolving preferences of urban consumers.