Interpolation-Based Framework for Generation of Ground Truth Data for Testing Lane Detection Algorithm for Automated Vehicle

This paper proposes a lane detection algorithm using a laser range finder (LRF) for the autonomous navigation of a mobile robot. There are many technologies for ensuring the safety of vehicles, such as airbags, ABS, and EPS. Further, lane detection is a fundamental requirement for an automobile system that utilizes the external environment information of automobiles. Representative methods of lane recognition are vision-based and LRF-based systems. In the case of a vision-based system, the recognition of the environment of a three-dimensional space becomes excellent only in good conditions for capturing images. However, there are so many unexpected barriers, such as bad illumination, occlusions, vibrations, and thick fog, that the vision-based method cannot be used for satisfying the abovementioned fundamental requirement. In this paper, a three-dimensional lane detection algorithm using LRF that is very robust against illumination is proposed. For the three-dimensional lane detection, the laser reflection difference between the asphalt and the lane according to color and distance has been utilized with the extraction of feature points. Further, a stable tracking algorithm is introduced empirically in this research. The performance of the proposed algorithm of lane detection and tracking has been experimentally verified.

In this paper, we propose a real-time lane detection and tracking algorithm using a simple filter and Kalman filter to develop a Lane Departure Warning System(LDWS) that can be implemented in an embedded system. Our LDWS was realized on the I.MX6Q board, mounted on a test vehicle, and traveled about 1,000km to derive the experimental results. Experimental results show that our LDWS operates at 97% detection rate in the day time and 95% in the night time. The average processing time of the our LDWS is about 15frame per seconds.

Generation of ground truth data from video sequences is still an intriguing problem in the Computer Vision community. The massive amount of data and the necessary effort for annotating this data make this task a challenging problem. In this paper we investigate the possibility of generating ground truth data in a semi-automatic way. Specifically, using the output of different algorithms, a new output based on robust statistics is generated. The proposed method uses results obtained from real data which is used for evaluation purposes. The generated output is proposed to be used as a basis of ground truth data reducing the necessary time for generating this data. The main contribution of this paper is to show that such methodology can be used to generate an initial ground truth data, which is accurate and reliable, in both ways semi-automatic and fast. Various results and analysis are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. Obtained results suggest that generating ground truth data based on the output of different algorithms is possible alleviating the problem of annotating such data manually.

The lane detecting algorithm plays a major role in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems. In recent years, deep learning-based lane detection techniques have shown encouraging results; nonetheless, the quality and size of the training data set has a significant impact on how effective these techniques are. Active learning is a technique that can improve the capacity of deep learning-based lane identification systems to repeatedly choose and classify valuable samples from a large body of unlabeled data. In this research, a novel 1-dimensional deep learning approach is used to present an augmented Active Learning based Lane Detection Algorithm (ALDA) that picks informative samples based on diversity- and uncertainty-based criteria. A number of benchmark datasets, including the CUlane, have been used to assess the suggested technique, In terms of accuracy and robustness, the suggested method (ALDA) performs better than four cutting-edge lane detecting algorithms. The findings show that active learning can significantly reduce the quantity of labelled data required for training while preserving good performance. The suggested method may improve the dependability and security of ADAS and autonomous driving systems. When compared to other distinct Deep Learning approaches, the proposed Active Learning based Lane Detection Algorithm (ALDA) obtains an accuracy of 98.01%, Precision of 98.5173%, Recall of 95.2296%, F1 score of 96.845%, mAP of 92.7%, and MSE of 0.0097

Advanced Driver Assistance systems (ADAS) have seen increasing popularity due to their importance in automotive driver safety and autonomous driving. These systems analyze data from several sensors mounted on the vehicle to detect lanes, obstacles and traffic conditions to ensure safe driving. Lane markings on road with different color and structure provide information on safe drive zone and other traffic restrictions on road. Typical ADAS solutions depend on vision based sensors for lane detection. Here we propose an efficient algorithm for detecting type and color of the lane marks as this information plays critical role in taking the decision for safety features such as lane change and lane keep assist. Our algorithm is pluggable to any state-of-art lane detection algorithm and provides lane type and color for straight, curvy roads. The proposed method is tested on various challenging scenarios and results are promising.

Lane detection based on the visual sensor is of great significance for the environmental perception of the intelligent vehicle. Current mature lane detection algorithms are trained and implemented in good visual conditions. However, the low-light environment such as in the night is much more complex, easily causing misdetections and even perception failures, which are harmful to the downstream tasks such as behavior decision and control of ego-vehicle. To tackle this problem, we propose a new lane detection algorithm that introduces the multi-light information into lane detection task. The proposed algorithm adopts a multi-exposure image processing module, which generates and fuses multi-exposure information from the source image data. By integrating this module, mainstream lane detection models can jointly learn the extraction of lane features as well as the enhancement of low-exposed image, thus improving both the performance and robustness of lane detection in the night.

Recently, lane detection algorithms have played significant roles in the field of vehicle technology. While many well working algorithms have been developed, they are hard to use in complex urban environments. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach for detecting lane markings using image information and LIDAR reflectance. The proposed algorithm has three phases: ground extraction, lane detections, and combining lane information. The proposed algorithm was implemented on a real vehicle and validated in various traffic environments, including the 2014 Hyundai Autonomous Vehicle Competition (AVC).

As is known to all, there are thousands of people died in traffic accidents in the world every year and 80% of the traffic accidents are due to the drivers' inattention. In order to reduce the occurrence of car accidents, the design of Cognitive Vehicle Safety (CVS) system has attracted wide attention. As an important functional system of the CVS system, Lane Departure Warning system's function is to warn the driver when the vehicle changes the lane without the driver's intention. In this paper, we present a method of lane detection which based on Lane geometric model and image connected region process. The model of the lane is produced by the projection of camera, which makes the parallel lane lines in real world become intersect. The lines on the same side of lane have the same geometric feature that can be used to build lane line geometric model for detection. The lane line can be classified as different lane line models by the geometric feature of it. In this paper, due to the different features of lane line in different images, the operation and the classification of modeling performs at the same time. But before that, we go through some process to pre-process the image, such as the image connected region process, morphology tophat filter, etc. The combination of these modules can overcome the universal lane detection problems, such as the road in different light conditions. Experimental results on real road will be presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed lane detection algorithm.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lane detection plays a critical role in autonomous vehicles for safe and reliable navigation. Lane detection is traditionally accomplished using a camera sensor and computer vision processing. The downside of this traditional technique is that it can be computationally intensive when high quality images at a fast frame rate are used and has reliability issues from occlusion such as, glare, shadows, active road construction, and more. This study addresses these issues by exploring alternative methods for lane detection in specific scenarios caused from road construction-induced lane shift and sun glare. Specifically, a U-Net, a convolutional network used for image segmentation, camera-based lane detection method is compared with a radar-based approach using a new type of sensor previously unused in the autonomous vehicle space: radar retro-reflectors. This evaluation is performed using ground truth data, obtained by measuring the lane positions and transforming them into pixel coordinates. The performance of each method is assessed using the statistical <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> score, indicating the correlation between the detected lane lines and the ground truth. The results show that the U-Net camera-based method exhibits limitations in accurately detecting and aligning the lane lines, particularly in challenging scenarios. However, the radar-based lane detection method demonstrates a strong correlation with the ground truth which implies that the use of this sensor may improve current reliability issues from conventional camera lane detection approach. Furthermore, the study highlights the limitations of the U-Net model for camera lane detection, especially in scenarios with sun glare. This study shows that infrastructure-based radar retro-reflectors can improve autonomous vehicle lane detection reliability. The integration of different sensor modalities and the development of advanced computer vision algorithms are crucial for improving the accuracy, reliability, and energy efficiency of lane detection systems. Addressing these challenges contributes to the advancement of autonomous vehicles and the realization of safer and more efficient transportation systems.</div></div>

Mobile robots is getting popular with the public areas, such as airport, train station, etc. Among the technical methods for mobile robotic system, lane detection is an essential part, because lanes provide information for the robot system to keep current lane or switch to another lane space. However, existing lane detection algorithms are based on the assumption that the lane markings have good quality, but sometimes the lane markings are non-continuous and poor. In this paper, we propose a real-time multi-lane detection algorithm that is robust to the challenging lane condition. For basic lane detection part, we extract the lane features from images, and based on the features geometric uncertainty algorithm we can detect the lanes, guardrails, other vehicles in real-time. What’ s more, the accuracy can be improved with the other vehicles direction information and guardrail depth information from stereo vision when the lane features are non-continuous or poor. Next, to prevent the false detection, an improved RANSAC (random sample consensus) algorithm is introduced in the algorithm. Finally, the proposed algorithm is evaluated on our dataset with different lane conditions. Experimental results show good robustness on variation of the lane conditions.

This research paper introduces an innovative method for real-time autonomous lane detection utilizing a Raspberry Pi embedded system and the OpenCV computer vision library. The primary objective is to improve vehicle navigation capabilities by precisely identifying lane boundaries from input video streams. The system's robust performance across diverse environmental conditions is achieved through the computational power of the Raspberry Pi platform and the flexibility of OpenCV. The methodology encompasses image preprocessing, lane detection algorithms, and seamless integration with the Raspberry Pi hardware. Through comprehensive experimental results, the proposed approach showcases its effectiveness and efficiency in autonomously detecting lanes. This research contributes to the development of safer and more reliable autonomous driving systems

Detection of lane boundaries of a road based on the images or video taken by a video capturing device in a suburban environment is a challenging task. In this paper, a novel lane detection algorithm is proposed without considering camera parameters; which robustly detects lane boundaries in real-time especially for sub-urban roads. Initially, the proposed method fits the CIE L∗ a∗ b∗ transformed road chromaticity values (that is a∗ and b∗ values) to a bi-variate Gaussian model followed by the classification of road area based on Mahalanobis distance. Secondly, the classified road area acts as an arbitrary shaped region of interest (AROI) in order to extract blobs resulting from the filtered image by a two dimensional Gabor filter. This is considered as the first cue of images. Thirdly, another cue of images was employed in order to obtain an entropy image. Moreover, results from the color based image cue and entropy image cue were integrated following an outlier removing process. Finally, the correct road lane points are fitted with Bezier splines which act as control points that can form arbitrary shapes. The algorithm was implemented and experiments were carried out on sub-urban roads. The results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in producing more accurate lane boundaries on curvatures and other objects on the road.

Lane Detection and Target Tracking Algorithm for Vehicles in Complex Road Conditions and Dynamic Environments

본 논문에서는 모바일환경에 최적화 된 멀티 스레드 모바일 GPGPU를 설계하고, 멀티 스레드로 구성된 모바일 프로세서에서의 효과적인 스레드 관리 기법을 검증한다. 스레드의 제어에는 별도의 하드웨어 없이 소프트웨어 명령어를 기반으로 설계하였다. 스레드 관리 기법의 검증은 차선 검출 알고리즘을 구현하여 nVidia의 CUDA Architecture와 설계한 GPGPU의 스레드 관리 효율을 비교 분석한다. 스레드 효율에서는 CUDA와 비교했을 때 최대 2배까지 높은 효율을 보인다. This thesis is intended to design multi thread mobile GPGPU optimized in mobile environment, and to verify an effective thread management method of the multi thread mobile processor. In thread management, there is no management hardware and implement with software instructions. For the verification of the multi thread management method, Lane detection algorithm was implemented to compare nVidia's CUDA Architecture and the designed GPGPU in terms of thread management efficiency. The number of thread is normalized to 48 threads. An implemented Land Detection Algorithm is composed of Gaussian filter algorithm and Sobel Edge Detection algorithm. As a result, the designed GPGPU's thread efficiency is up to 2 times higher than CUDA's thread efficiency.

A robust model-based lane detection and tracking algorithm has been studied. Initially, Dynamic programming (DP) and Hough transform are employed to detect lane boundaries. The Dynamic programming is known to be a powerful algorithm for optimal path finding on a cost field. Utilizing the intensities of edge image as costs of the DP, most likely road boundaries are obtained in this paper. An improved Hough Transform is applied to detect practically useful road boundaries with straight line segments. In the following stage, based on the prior information of lane boundaries in the detection procedure, the road boundary region has been obtained. A linear lane model has been employed with an energy function in tracking algorithm. Experiment results in inter-frame processing describe the proposed method can fit for real condition on expressway.