Introduction: New Perspectives on Worcester Since the Seventeenth Century

The King in Lima: Simulacra, Ritual, and Rule in Seventeenth-Century Peru

The oldest Javanese texts which have come down to us are Royal charters engraved on stone slabs or copper-plates, issued by Javanese Kings ruling in the ninth century in Central Java. Even in that early period the district was already called Mataram. For clearness’ sake the ancient ninth, tenth and eleventh century rulers are called Old Mataram Kings, in order to distinguish them from the Muslim Mataram dynasts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the founders of the modern Central Javanese line of Kings. There is no evidence of any connection between the Old Mataram and the modern Mataram dynasty. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Muslim Mataram rulers were unaware of the existence of a preceding line of Kings in (the same district. That fact only became apparent in the second half of the nineteenth century as a consequence of the Old Javanese charters being finally deciphered by Dutch scholars.

The Faculty of Occupational Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (RCPI) was founded in 1976. Its objective was to advance the science and practice of occupational medicine and to promote education, study and research in the specialty. Its core membership has all-Ireland representation, stemming from the College’s Royal Charters in the seventeenth century. The Faculty has been an integral part of RCPI since its inception. The Faculty was involved in occupational medicine being recognised as both an Irish and European Medical Specialty. It developed the Licentiate and Membership Examinations which became sought after qualifications at home and abroad. It has held annual examinations in Ireland since 1983 and holds annual overseas examinations in Malaysia since 1995 and more recently in the Al Ain. The Faculty initiated and maintains a comprehensive training scheme for its specialist doctors in training. This paper gives a chronological account of the activities of the Faculty, from the mid1970’s up to current times. It is based on the archive records of the Faculty, including the minutes of the Board meetings of the Faculty and the College (RCPI). It covers that period of change that affected many disciplines involved in occupational health i.e. nurses, hygienists, toxicologists, safety officers, psychologists and others, as well as the changes that the factory doctor underwent as he/she became a 21 st century occupational physician. The role of the Faculty is to maintain integrity and professional competence of doctors engaged in occupational medicine. It operates the professional competence scheme on behalf of the Medical Council for specialist occupational health physicians.

DOI: 10.1355/ae23-2j The Origins of Development Economics: How Schools of Economic Thought Have Addressed Development? Edited by Jomo K.S. and Erik S. Reinert. London and New York: Zed Books, 2005. Pp. 165. The content of The Origin of Development Economics reflects the exacting labours of its editors, Jomo K.S. and Erik S. Reinert. The volume captures the long tradition of development economics and tries to link the early economics traditions with classical development economics from the 1940s onwards. It is shown that pre-Smithian economics has much in common with classical development economics. The book, thus, reviews the history of economic thought to highlight the developmental concerns in earlier economic discussions. It also talks about the second half of the twentieth century, when abstract and formal approaches displaced historically informed and institutionally nuanced discourses. The volume uses a good mix of theoretical and empirical analysis. The book should prove to be useful to both academics and policy-makers in opening up new ways of looking at economic development. The book contains eight different essays. The organizational principle of the volume is mainly chronological and flows from general to the practical. In the first three chapters of the book, Erik and Sophus Reinert offer fascinating surveys of mercantilism, the Italian tradition associated with its city-states, and the later German economic tradition. In mercantilism, it is argued that development economics originated during the Renaissance and the poor nations of Europe copied the economic structure of rich nations to force the inhabitants into activities that yielded a better standard of living. The Italian tradition focused on the developments of the 1600s and 1700s and favoured the role of the state in leading and co-ordinating economic transition and progress. It has been argued that England's penetration of world markets in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries occurred only with the help of royal charters as it gave certain privileges to specific sectors of the economy. As for the German economics tradition, it has always stressed on development economics in the sense that it focuses on technology and new knowledge, production, policies based on morality and on the context. Its approach always produced a theory where economic growth is both activity-specific and uneven. In the next chapter, Mushtaq Khan surveys the historical debate over capitalist transformation. He argues that as a precondition for efficient markets, development theories need a structure of stable property rights. Yet, property rights often fail to account for larger social transformation, which is necessary for further economic development. Hence, today, economists not only need to identify the institutions and interventions, but also need to understand the structure from which they arise. …