Introduction of satellite communication and wireless system.

The importance of the development of laser telemetry for reception of scientific data from space is pointed out by J. Bland-Hawthorn et al. in their Policy Forum “Laser telemetry from space” (26 July, p. 523). The authors consider the limitations to data communication in the microwave range due to spectrum allocations, but they do not consider the fundamental limitations for both radio and optical communications due to the signal-to-noise average power ratio as expressed by Shannon ([1][1], [2][2]). The spectrum allocation limit is relevant for near-Earth applications, but for the important case of communication at distances of 0.1 astronomical units (AU) and beyond, the signal-to-noise limit is dominant. At large distances, the radio and optical communication rates feasible in the next 15 years are comparable. This situation is illustrated in the figure, which plots data rate as a function of distance for three cases: (i) NASA's current radio Deep Space Network (DSN), (ii) optical technology expected to be available by 2010, and (iii) a future large radio array, such as discussed recently in Science (“Tuning in the radio sky,” R. Irion, 3 May 2002, p. [830][3]). ![Figure][4] Comparison of current and future radio and optical communication rates at astronomical distances. Data rate ( 3 ) versus distance for DSN (blue), expected optical technology (purple), and a future large radio array (red). The leveling off of the radio data rate at distances less than 0.2 AU (about 30 million km) is due to spectrum allocations of 50 MHz for the current DSN at 8.4 GHz and 500 MHz at 32 GHz for a future large array. The data rate in bits/second can exceed the bandwidth in hertz by using multilevel coding but has a flat logarithmic dependence on signal-to-noise ratio and, hence, distance. At the distance of Jupiter, the current radio data rate is limited by signal-to-noise ratio on the order of 50 kbits/s, which is three orders of magnitude lower than the spectrum allocation. An important goal is video data rates from the outer planets, which requires on the order of 5000 kbits/s. This rate is feasible with SKA-class large radio arrays that are under development for radio astronomy and are under consideration by NASA for space communications. Other factors such as the proven reliability of current spacecraft radio transmitters, sensitivity to location of the sun, spacecraft vibration and pointing requirements, and availability due to weather conditions (clouds) all need to be considered. Radio spectrum allocations of several GHz in the 100-GHz frequency range have yet to be explored. Both optical and radio communications need to be developed for future space communications of scientific data. 1. 1.[↵][5]1. C. Shannon , Bell System Tech. J. 27, 379 (1948)623. [OpenUrl][6][CrossRef][7][Web of Science][8] 2. 2.[↵][9]The Shannon limit is given by C = B .log2 (1 + S / N ), where C is the data rate in bits/s, B is the channel bandwidth in Hz, and S and N are the average signal and noise powers. It is important to note that N is proportional to B and refers to additive noise due to background sources and detectors and not the fluctuations due to the Poisson distribution of signal photons. 3. 3.The data rates in the figure are all for 50 W of DC power consumption and similar communication equipment mass of 18 kg at the spacecraft and assume 9 dB of link margin to account for atmospheric variations, error-correction coding efficiency, and component degradations. The 2010 optical link assumes a 10-m receiving antenna on Earth, a 0.3-m-diameter transmit antenna, a background noise level (daytime) of 10 quanta, and a data rate increase of of 1/ln 2 = 1.442 allowed by the Shannon limit for an optimum bandwidth much greater than data rate. The current radio link assumes a 70-m DSN antenna, 1.5-m-diameter transmit antenna, and total system noise of 54 quanta ( T sys = 22 K at 8.4 GHz). The future large array assumes 3600-by 12-m-diameter antennas, 1.5-m transmit antenna, and total system noise of 26 quanta ( T sys = 40K at 32 GHz). # Response {#article-title-2} Radio communication technology has been around for a very long time and is now so nearly optimized that little improvement can be anticipated unless increasingly large and correspondingly costly antenna arrays are constructed. Optical/near-infrared communications are still in their infancy. But, in many applications, the high inherent bandwidth of optical frequencies should ultimately make them far more powerful than radio waves. Our Policy Forum anticipated that near-infrared telemetry techniques would take the lead in communication across space sometime in the next decade. Weinreb correctly points out the importance of Shannon's limit on data transmission rates in telemetry across vast stretches of space. Our Policy Forum took this limit into full account, albeit without specific mention. For transmission from the astronomically important Lagrangian point L2 at 0.01 AU, Weinreb's plot clearly illustrates the large advantage that optical telemetry has even over the most ambitious currently projected radio techniques. Over greater interplanetary distances, Weinreb's plot shows the future radio array winning out at radio frequencies, but this is only because he compares laser transmission with a relatively small 0.3-m transmitting antenna to radio transmission with a 1.5-m-diameter antenna. With comparable transmitting dishes, the two systems would perform equally well. For regular access from space, ground receiving stations need to be distributed around the globe to assure communication at all times of day. The anticipated ground stations for near-infrared telemetry are expected to be affordable and more easily installed at widely distributed sites. The billion-dollar Square Kilometer Array will be a wonderfully powerful astronomical instrument, but it should, and most probably will, be used primarily for exquisitely sensitive radio astronomical observations rather than for spacecraft telemetry. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.296.5569.830 [4]: pending:yes [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1. in text [6]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBell%2BSystem%2BTech.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D27%26rft.spage%253D379%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1002%252Fj.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x&link_type=DOI [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1948UH03900001&link_type=ISI [9]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2. in text

Increasingly, smart grid solutions use wireless communications as a core component for moving information and, thus, facilitate more intelligent decision making. This article considers a synchrophasor system implemented on a distribution feeder simultaneously using two separate wireless communication technologies to transmit synchrophasor measurement data. This system was implemented to demonstrate advanced distributed-generation control and how it impacts grid support on the broader electrical feeder. For purposes of performance evaluation, both a wireless serial communications solution and a third-generation (3G) cellular solution were implemented. Phasor measurement unit (PMU ) data, which are streamed without interruption up to 60 messages/s, offer a means to continuously evaluate the two communications systems; performance data measured and archived over a one-week period provided detailed comparison information. Using this information, this article recommends which wireless technology may be better suited for various utility applications.

Many people in higher education have been computing for years, including faculty, staff, and students. Everyone has expectations of what they want and need on campus and that includes access anywhere and anytime to e-mail, data, and other electronic materials and documents accessible by computer only. As Cossey (2005) writes, “wireless technology has the potential to be a valuable enabler.” Wireless technology allows users to go mobile or without wires and to communicate with others and send data using mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptops, or handheld games. Typically, this wireless communication involves using radio waves or infrared waves to transport signals instead of cables.

Radio Gaga? Intra-team communication of Australian Rules Football umpires – effect of radio communication on content, structure and frequency

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) have been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications. However, the communication paradigms in WSNs differ from the ones associated to traditional wireless networks, triggering the need for efficient wireless communication technology. Several wireless technologies have emerged ranging from short and medium distance. Bluetooth, ZigBee and Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) are three popular short range wireless communications. Due to its various features and advantages (especially low power consumption and low complexity), IR-UWB is a very promising wireless communication technology for WSN. In this paper, we evaluate the main features and advantages of this new technology (IR-UWB) for WSN in terms of transmission time, data coding and power consumption compared to Bluetooth and ZigBee. To analyze and evaluate the main features and advantages of IR-UWB as an efficient short range wireless communication technology for WSN, we used MiXiM platform under OMNet++ simulator.

A wireless communication network using an embedded microprocessor is a communication network method that uses radio waves to transmit the sound, text, pictures, data, and other information that the sender needs to transmit to the receiver through space and ground. With the rapid development of world science and technology, the application of radio communication network technology and international exchanges and cooperation have become increasingly active. In the era of radio communication networks, through radio communication English and radio communication English translation, we can receive real-time information about the development of radio communication technology. It can be seen that radio communication English plays an important role in promoting international radio technology exchanges and cooperation. Therefore, more and more researches on the structural features and translation skills of radio communication English have appeared in the academic circles. This article is aimed at studying the structural features and translation skills of English in the era of radio communication networks. The article first briefly introduces radio communication and then introduces the structural features of radio communication English, including lexical features and syntactic features. It also introduced two common radio communication spectrum detection algorithms. Finally, it explores the translation skills of radio communication English based on case analysis and provides some method reference for radio communication English translation.

The introduction of wireless communication technology in nuclear power plants faces challenges, although it can improve productivity and save cable costs. Firstly, wireless communication signals may cause electromagnetic noise interference to existing nuclear power equipment, and radio wave monitoring can lead to information leakage. Secondly, nuclear power plant equipment also generates noise in the working frequency band of wireless equipment, which affects its communication quality. Based on existing standards and test results, this paper discusses strategy about how nuclear power equipment and wireless technologies can coexist, and proposes recommendations to avoid mutual interference.

<p>The main interesting aspect of the digital era is the widely spread ease of communication from one end of the world to the other end of the world. There is a revolution in communication, digitalization, globalization, video calling, wireless data transfer and this is possible due to networking. Initially computer networks is the data sharing where data such as documents, file, reports, presentation files, videos, images etc can be shared within a local network or remotely connected networks. Traditional data networking is to empower end-to-end information transfer. The data in such networks are carried across point-to-point links and the intermediate nodes just forward the packets, where the payload of the packets is not modified. Traditional LANs need wires, which may be difficult to set up in some situations.</p><p>It is very much understandable and clearly visible that wired communication is being completely overtaken by wireless technologies in the recent past. Wireless LANs, by its very nature, empowers with increased mobility and flexibility. Wi-Fi devices get connected to the internet through WLAN and access points. 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands are used by Wi-Fi. Also, it is to be understood that, a wireless adhoc network is distributed in its nature. It is also to be noted that, the adhoc nature makes these network to rely on any of the pre-existing infrastructure. The data forwarding shall happen from the nodes very much dynamically based on the connectivity and the routing algorithm used. </p>

The advent of satellite communications brought a new era to the TV industry. In the early years, however, the use of satellites was quite costly and limited by the modest capacity of the first commercial communications satellites. However, the evolution of satellite technology and the development of satellite aggregators, such as Brightstar, Wold Communications, Bonneville, IDB, Keystone, and Globecast, led to a sharp reduction in the cost of satellite television. The development of full-time, annualized satellite transponder charges – as opposed to per-minute fees – was also critical to the development of much lower satellite television fees. P. Marshall (*) Royal Television Society, London, UK e-mail: pmsatellites@btinternet.com # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 J.N. Pelton et al. (eds.), Handbook of Satellite Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6423-5_85-2 1 The evolution of digital television services was another important breakthrough. Instead of the one or two television channels per transponder with analog systems, it became possible to derive up to 18 channels per transponder. Digital transmission speeded up the evolution of domestic television satellite systems and played a key role in the growth of direct-to-home satellite broadcasting. The development of satellite-based video systems was not seamless and encountered periods of major market difficulties. One of the most prominent market development issues was the failure of early direct broadcast satellite systems (or BSS in the terminology of the ITU). However, DBS (or BSS) satellite markets are now well established in international, regional, and domestic markets. They are not only highly successful but represent by far the largest single satellite market in terms of revenues. Most recently, there has been a rapid growth of high-definition television (HDTV) service via satellite. These satellite services compete with coaxial cable and fiber-optic-based CATV systems. The economics of satellite television are quite different from terrestrial networks because once a direct broadcast satellite system is launched and operational there is very little incremental cost beyond the consumer terminal needed to receive service. The advent of new digital interface standards known as digital video broadcast with return channel service (DVB-RCS) and Digital Over Cable Service Interface Standard (DOCSIS) have allowed the rapid development of digital television over satellite and cable systems. DOCSIS is now widely used for both satellite and cable television systems. These digital standards, together with high-power fixed satellite systems and broadcast satellite systems – that by definition have high power – allow not only the distribution of a large number of video channels to consumers but also low-cost distribution of high-speed digital data service to both home consumers and businesses. These digital satellite video systems can be – and indeed are – used to provide broader band digital services to the “edge” of digital networks at low cost. Thus DBS and higher powered FSS satellite systems are now being used to provide commercial broadband data services to business as well as broader band digital services to remotely located consumers.

The Internet of Things (IoT) stands a novel concept which enables Internet connectivity to everyone kind of things and people. IoT integration of several long-distance, short-range, also wireless personal area technologies also networks into design and implementation of IoT applications. For IoT systems, the research community and industry have proposed numerous communication technologies. Any IoT device's communication is one of the most significant aspects The ability to transfer and share data between devices. Wireless communication is mostly used by IoT devices to communicate with one another. This enables many businesses opportunity in field as Cities that are”11 smart”, smart homes, e-health, between numerous others. In this article provides the recently developed wireless technologies associated with IoT in a comprehensive manner. The study examines the impact of Wireless technologies with low power consumption on communication over a vast distance for internet of things applications. Several commercial openings are created Fields of study such as electronic health, Cities that are smart, and home automation. The IoT enables a number of emerging wireless technologies that have been identified in this study. Comparing In terms of wireless communications, there are a variety of options, architectures, structures, protocol structures, and security, this paper offers analysis. The study focuses on connectivity and challenges in each area.

The tremendous growth in wireless technology boosts the need for data transmission at high rates and with fast speed. The invention of wireless data transmission techniques cut down infrastructure costs by omitting the need for wires for long-distance communication. In every wireless application like wi-fi, Bluetooth, wi-max, GPS, mobile communication, satellite communication, etc. needs an antenna for signal transmission using radio wave, so the antenna is highly regarded for this. In this research article, an overview of wireless communication and the need for a microstrip patch antenna is discussed for wireless applications with gain and bandwidth enhancement techniques discovered by researchers till now after an extensive literature survey. Antenna performance is analyzed in terms of antenna parameters like VSWR, bandwidth, return loss, gain, and radiation pattern. This extensive literature survey is done to provide benefit to researchers and to analyze how much antenna efficiency is obtained at different frequencies in terms of the above-mentioned antenna parameters.

Radio frequency (RF) waveforms are widely used in wireless technologies, such as mobile system, smart factory, and smart home systems. Due to its simplicity of installation, wireless communication is better than wire communication. However, the use of high frequencies for data transmission can be harmful to human health. To replace RF waveform for communication system, Optical Wireless Communication (OWC), which deploys visible light waveform for communication, was researched widely by researchers around the world. Visible Light Communication (VLC), Light Fidelity (LiFi), and Optical Camera Communication (OCC) are the three candidates for replacing RF system. In this research, we present an multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) modulation system based on on-off keying (OOK) modulation in the time domain and a light-emitting diode (LED) array. By adjusting the exposure time, focal length, forward error correction, and Deep learning for object detection, it is still possible to implement this technique with 10 links in various locations at a distance of 20 m with a velocity of 2 m/s.

Wireless technologies that use radio frequency (RF) waveforms are common in wireless communication systems, such as the mobile communication, satellite system, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. It is more advantageous than wired communication because of the ease of installation. However, it can negatively impact human health if high frequencies are used to transmit data. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential of optical wireless communication as an alternative, which uses the visible light bandwidth instead of RF waveforms. Three possibilities are being investigated: visible light communication, light fidelity, and optical camera communication. In this paper, we propose a multiple-input multiple-output modulation scheme using a light-emitting diode (LED) array, which is applicable to the IoT system, based on on–off keying modulation in the time domain. This scheme is compatible with the two popular types of camera in the market, rolling shutter cameras and global shutter cameras, as well as the closed-circuit television camera, which is used in factories, buildings, etc. Despite the small size of the LED array, implementing this scheme with 10 links in different positions at a communication distance of 20 m is possible for efficient performance (low error rate) by controlling the exposure time, shutter speed, focal length, channel coding and applying the matched filter.

Humanity's endless pursuit for higher efficiency and perfection has led to the development of many new technologies and to the introduction of innovations in different areas of our life. The industrial sector is logically amongst the largest benefactors of these new technologies and the latest wave of innovations in the sector is something that is generally referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0. The possibility for remote access to the manufacturing devices, systems and equipment and the possibility for their interconnection are among of the most significant innovations of Industry 4.0. While the cable connections and communication standards are still the dominating method for connectivity between the individual elements of the industrial and manufacturing machines, in the last decade, the trend is slowly changing. Many new solutions rely the wireless connection technologies and there are even examples of whole industrial systems and manufacturing complexes that are entirely relying on different wireless communication methods. The rapid technological development and the competition to introduce the most recent solutions and technologies in the manufacturing processes has many advantages and can be highly beneficial. Nevertheless, many new technologies and solutions are suffering from specific disadvantages, design flaws and security vulnerabilities, which can be used to cause damage and can lead to system inoperability and financial losses. In this paper we provide a review on the main characteristics of the wireless communication technologies for Industry 4.0 and we discuss some of the security vulnerabilities and issues in the sector. The Introduction section of the paper presents a short overview of each of the industrial revolutions and highlights the main technological differences between them. The second part of the paper is focused on the wireless standards and communication technologies, which are in use in the industrial sector. Our analysis continues with discussion on the security mechanisms for the wireless standards and with highlights on some of their main vulnerabilities and security issues. The paper is then concluded with discussion on the presented topic and with recommendations and advices for the implementation of the different wireless standards in the Industry 4.0 domain.

Access to general purpose information and communication technology (ICT) is not equally distributed on our planet: developed countries represent about 70% of all Internet users, while its percentage of Internet hosts has raised from 90% in 2000 to about 99% in 2002. Things change dramatically if we look at mobile and wireless technology: developing countries already represent about 40% of mobile connections in 2000, with a foreseen growth rate that is faster in developing countries than in developed ones in the period 2000-2005 (mainly due to India and the People’s Republic of China). This trend is driven by the new perspectives offered by mobile electronic technology applications that provide an alternative to poor telecommunication infrastructures still common in many developing countries. The technological evolution in wireless data communications is introducing a rich landscape of new services relying on three main technologies: • proximity (or personal) area networks (PANs), composed of personal and wearable devices capable of automatically setting up transient communication environments (also known as ad hoc networks); • wireless local area network technologies (WLANs); and • a third generation of mobile telecommunications (3G), gradually replacing General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and the related set of technologies collectively called “2.5 Generation” (2.5G). PAN is a new technology bringing the “always connected” principle to the personal space. On the other hand, 3G systems and WLANs have coexisted for a while; what is new is their interconnection, aimed at decoupling terminals and applications from the access method. 3G mobile networks already provide video-capable bandwidth, global roaming for voice and data, and access to Internet-rich online content. Thanks to their increasing integration, PANs, WLANs, and 3G networks will extend the user’s connectivity in a complementary and hierarchical manner; in the fullness of time, they will provide all the functionalities of an Integrated Services Multimedia Network (ISMN), enabling a whole set of new business models and applications. The fusion of these technologies will eventually result in an ultimate ubiquitous wireless system that will be operated from anywhere, including homes, business locations, vehicles, and even commercial aircrafts. However, although wireless communications provide great flexibility and mobility, they often come at the expense of security. Indeed, wireless communications rely on open and public transmission media that expose new vulnerabilities in addition to the security threats found in wired networks. A number of specific open issues and even inherent dangers, some of which had been already identified and described in the early stages of wireless technology adoption, are yet to be solved (Howard, 2000). For instance, with wireless communications, important and vital information is often placed on a mobile device that is vulnerable to theft and loss. In addition, information is transmitted over the unprotected airwaves, and finally, 3G networks are getting smaller and more numerous, causing opportunities for hackers and other abusers to increase.