Introduction Research-based Democracy Promotion: Lessons from Indonesia

1. The New Order and its Legacy: Reflections on Democratization in Indonesia Marco Bunte and Andreas Ufen PART I: The Restructuring of Core State Institutions 2. The Indonesian Legislature and its Impact on Democratic Consolidation Patrick Ziegenhain 3. Indonesia's Struggle for Rule of Law Petra Stockmann 4. Government Policies and Civil Society Initiatives against Corruption Sofie Arjon Schutte 5. Indonesia's Protracted Decentralization: Contested Reforms and their Unintended Consequences Marco Bunte 6. Indonesia and the Pitfalls of Low-Quality Democracy: A Case Study of the Gubernatorial Elections in North Sulawesi Marcus Mietzner PART II: The Intermediate Level: Political Parties 7. Political Parties and Democratization in Indonesia Andreas Ufen 8. Uneven Party Institutionalization, Protracted Transition and the Remarkable Resilience of Golkar Dirk Tomsa PART III: Resistance of New Order Stalwarts 9. Capitalist Consolidation, Consolidated Capitalists: Indonesia's Conglomerates between Authoritarianism and Democracy Christian Chua 10. From Dwifungsi to NKRI: Regime Change and Political Activism of the Indonesian Military Jun Honna PART IV: Civil and 'Uncivil' Society 11. Civil Society and the Challenges of the Post-Suharto Era Mikaela Nyman 12. From 'Heroes' to 'Troublemakers'? Civil Society and Democratization in Indonesia Bob S. Hadiwinata 13. Two Sides of the same Coin? Separatism and Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia Felix Heiduk

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to analyse why Indonesia projects democracy as a state identity by taking on the role of democracy promoter? This paper argues that Indonesia's aspiring role as a democracy promoter is not a manifestation of a firm and coherent democratic political culture, which is more likely to be a permanent feature of states. Thus, rather than seeing it as firmly established state identity, instead, Indonesia's democratic identity should be seen as role conception articulated by foreign policy elites in its quest for international prestige. Its role as a democracy promoter has enabled Indonesia to enhance its other roles conceptions such as a regional leader in Southeast Asia as well as a bridge-builder at the global level. However, this paper further argues that Indonesia's role as a democracy promoter has also been hindered due to the inter-role conflicts arising from its enactment of multiple roles. As a result, Indonesia's enactment of the role as democracy promoter has relatively less impactful towards democratization in the region. To substantiate this argument, the paper examines Indonesia's strategies in promoting democracy and human rights in three case studies, namely Indonesia's role in mainstreaming human rights in ASEAN, Indonesia's democracy promotion through the Bali Democracy Forum, and Indonesia's engagement towards democratization in Myanmar.

ABSTRACTLegislative incumbent turnover rates are an important indicator for the quality of a democracy. Low turnover rates may indicate the presence of oligarchic structures while high turnover rates may be a sign of political instability. Yet, there is little research on incumbent turnover in new democracies. This article will suggest ways to address this gap in the literature by looking at Indonesia. The country is not only the third largest democracy in the world but also a relatively new democracy that has only conducted four elections since 1998. The lack of studies on incumbent turnover in new democracies is mirrored in the literature on Indonesia. The vast scholarship on democratization in Indonesia that has emerged over the past twenty years has yet to harness the insights to be gained from examining legislative incumbent turnover rates. The goal of this article is twofold. One, to present for the first time a systematic and comprehensive account of incumbent turnover rates in Indonesia across all election cycles since 1998. Two, to sketch an agenda for future research on incumbent turnover in Indonesia and other new democracies and facilitate such research by making publicly available an original dataset on incumbent turnover in Indonesia.

Studies on democracy in Indonesia focus mainly on aspects related to the basic characteristics of democracy such as the existence of elite circulation through elections that allow everyone to hold power through a democratic process, the existence of political parties as instruments in political recruitment and aspects of procedural democracy and other institutional aspects. This study, in line with the spirit of democratisation in Indonesia, coupled with regional autonomy, focused on the formation of a public sphere in the transition to democracy at the local level by using the Kebumen Regency and Batu City as the main cases. The selection of these two regions was based on the consideration of the awareness of local elites in both regions to create the public sphere by establishing TV broadcasting stations that theoretically could reach the majority of citizens and involve citizens to discuss a wide range of common issues they face. The paper was based on a research conducted in the two regions using a case study approach. The research employed two main methods, namely in-depth interviews with informants involved in the establishment and management of the media (Ratih TV Kebumen and Agropolitan TV in Batu City) and used documents on the establishment and management of the two TV stations. Keywords: Public sphere, democracy, public broadcasting, Ratih TV, Agropolitan TV.

Women's representation in government is considered able to reflect the resilience of democracy in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the resilience of democracy in DKI Jakarta by looking at the representation of women in the legislative ranks of the DKI Jakarta Provincial DPRD. The method in research is a qualitative approach with literature study methods and case studies on women's representation in the legislative ranks of the DKI Jakarta DPRD. The results showed that women's involvement in politics in the DKI Jakarta DPRD in 2009, 2014, and 2019 was still not in accordance with Article 65 paragraph (1) of Law Number 12 of 2003 concerning Elections where it was stated that election participants could submit candidates for members of the DPR, Provincial DPRD, and Regency / City DPRD for each electoral area by taking into account the representation of women at least 30 percent. In 2009, out of a total of 94 seats, only 22 seats (23.40%) were occupied by women, while the rest were by men. Then, in 2014, the number of female seats was slightly reduced to 19 seats (17.92%), while in 2019, there was an increase to 23 seats (21.70%). The mismatch of women's representation in political seats can cause concern about the resilience of Indonesia's democracy. When women's involvement in the political decision-making process is too low, there will be indications of imbalances in political representation and reducing the plurality of voices in the policy-making process.

This essay examines the dynamics and outcomes of Indonesia's first-ever direct local executive elections in a case study of the gubernatorial election in the Riau Archipelago. Specifically, the essay examines the election process, identifies the major issues before, during and after the elections, and assesses voters' participation. The essay then examines the ways direct local executive elections have affected the dynamics of local politics in the country. Overall, this essay aims to further develop our understanding of political dynamics in the Riau Archipelago and grasp the practical significance of local political change in Indonesia more broadly.

One of the most observable achievements in the development of liberal democracy in Indonesia after the fall of the Soeharto’s New Order is the flourishing freedom of the press. One notable case was the Indonesian Playboy magazine and court decisions pertaining to it, which was successful in drawing massive public and even international attention. By thoroughly describing thoughts, feelings, values, and beliefs of various actors involved, this article explains the impacts of liberal democracy experimentation in Indonesia after the amendment of 1945 Constitution. This case has provided an excellent opportunity in observing the rule of law in enforcing the freedom of the press in Indonesia facing social cultural elements strongly adhered to by Indonesian people.

This study aims to analyze the transformational leadership of President BJ Habibie during Indonesia's post–New Order political transition using a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study design. The research focuses on Habibie's leadership style, reform policies, and strategic role in building the foundation of Indonesian democracy. Data were obtained through a literature review of books, journal articles, and policy documents, then analyzed using content analysis through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that Habibie demonstrated transformational leadership characterized by visionary reform, innovative policymaking, and high political morality. He initiated major reforms such as the abolition of the military's dual function, press liberalization, the first democratic election in 1999, and regional autonomy. These policies served as milestones in Indonesia's transition toward a more open and participatory political system. The study concludes that Habibie's transformational leadership played a pivotal role in shaping Indonesia's democratization process and stands as a model of adaptive political leadership in developing countries.

This chapter examines the powers that the military holds vis-à-vis the president. As a self-perceived guardian of independence and territorial integrity, as well as a key component of the authoritarian regimes between 1959 and 1998, the military is—for many Indonesians—inseparably linked to the concept of authority. Thus, the military's leverage is significant. Nevertheless, Indonesian presidents have considerable authority, which they can use to counterbalance the military's weight. The constitution positions the president as supreme commander of the armed forces who nominates the military chief and appoints the service chiefs. These appointment powers allow presidents to fill the ranks of the military with personal loyalists, giving them an effective control mechanism against potential insubordination. The chapter demonstrates how Indonesian presidents and the military have used their powers to extract concessions from each other within the framework of coalitional presidentialism. This system has stabilized Indonesian democracy as far as the absence of coups is concerned but also explains some of the setbacks of Indonesian democracy from the 2010s on. The chapter offers an illustrative case study, outlining how the military forced President Widodo in 2016 to abort an attempt to publicly discuss the anti-communist massacres of 1965.

Abstract. Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are dynamically important, strongly ascending and mostly stratiform cloud-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. Despite the predominantly stratiform character of the WCB's large-scale cloud band, convective clouds can be embedded in it. This embedded convection leads to a heterogeneously structured cloud band with locally enhanced hydrometeor content, intense surface precipitation and substantial amounts of graupel in the middle troposphere. Recent studies showed that embedded convection forms dynamically relevant quasi-horizontal potential vorticity (PV) dipoles in the upper troposphere. Thereby one pole can reach strongly negative PV values associated with inertial or symmetric instability near the upper-level PV waveguide, where it can interact with and modify the upper-level jet. This study analyzes the characteristics of embedded convection in the WCB of cyclone Sanchez based on WCB online trajectories from a convection-permitting simulation and airborne radar observations during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) field campaign (intense observation periods, IOPs, 10 and 11). In the first part, we present the radar reflectivity structure of the WCB and corroborate its heterogeneous cloud structure and the occurrence of embedded convection. Radar observations in three different sub-regions of the WCB cloud band reveal the differing intensity of its embedded convection, which is qualitatively confirmed by the ascent rates of the online WCB trajectories. The detailed ascent behavior of the WCB trajectories reveals that very intense convection with ascent rates of 600 hPa in 30–60 min occurs, in addition to comparatively moderate convection with slower ascent velocities as reported in previous case studies. In the second part of this study, a systematic Lagrangian composite analysis based on online trajectories for two sub-categories of WCB-embedded convection – moderate and intense convection – is performed. Composites of the cloud and precipitation structure confirm the large influence of embedded convection: intense convection produces very intense local surface precipitation with peak values exceeding 6 mm in 15 min and large amounts of graupel of up to 2.8 g kg−1 in the middle troposphere (compared to 3.9 mm and 1.0 g kg−1 for the moderate convective WCB sub-category). In the upper troposphere, both convective WCB trajectory sub-categories form a small-scale and weak PV dipole, with one pole reaching weakly negative PV values. However, for this WCB case study – in contrast to previous case studies reporting convective PV dipoles in the WCB ascent region with the negative PV pole near the upper-level jet – the negative PV pole is located east of the convective ascent region, i.e., away from the upper-level jet. Moreover, the PV dipole formed by the intense convective WCB trajectories is weaker and has a smaller horizontal and vertical extent compared to a previous NAWDEX case study of WCB-embedded convection, despite faster ascent rates in this case. The absence of a strong upper-level jet and the weak vertical shear of the ambient wind in cyclone Sanchez are accountable for the weak diabatic PV modification in the upper troposphere. This implies that the strength of embedded convection alone is not a reliable measure for the effect of embedded convection on upper-level PV modification and its impact on the upper-level jet. Instead, the profile of vertical wind shear and the alignment of embedded convection with a strong upper-level jet play a key role for the formation of coherent negative PV features near the jet. Finally, these results highlight the large case-to-case variability of embedded convection not only in terms of frequency and intensity of embedded convection in WCBs but also in terms of its dynamical implications.

Indonesian political transition, democracy and women's movements: experience and reflections

Opening data of plenty valuable information as public dataset provides great potential treasure to academy or industry. Despite of de-identification process that most of data owner will take before releasing those data, however, the more datasets are opened to public, the more likely personal privacy exposed will be. Previous studies have shown that personal identity and sensitive information might be re-identified by joining two or more de-identified data table with common attributes. According to previous real case studies, even though the personally identifiable information have been de-identified, sensitive personal information still could be uncovered by heterogeneous or cross-domain data joining operation. This kind of privacy re-identification are usually too complicated or obscure to be realized by data owner, not to mention that this problem will be more severe as the scale of data goes large. For the purpose of preventing damage of sensitive information leakage, this paper shows how to use a novel open data de-identification visualization analysis tool (ODD Visualizer) to verify whether there exists sensitive information leakage problem in the target datasets. The high effectiveness, that ODD Visualizer can provide, mainly comes from implementing scalable computing platform as well as developing efficient data visualization technique. Demonstration proves that ODD Visualizer indeed uncovered one real vulnerability of record linkage attack among open datasets available on the internet.

Successful implementation of Building Information Model (BIM) -based modular construction projects is not always guaranteed in different regions and their associated contexts, because success depends heavily on combinations of multiple conditions, including technological, political, social and cultural, and economic ones. Such difference in conditions often hinders a successful modular construction company in a region from continuing its success in other regions; however, understanding the complex causality between the conditions and the success in implementation from previous BIM-based modular construction cases is very challenging because (1) each case omits some conditions and focuses too much on others, which makes the comparison difficult, and (2) cases are insufficient in number for dealing with various conditions, i.e., a small-N or intermediate-N situation. To address this problem, based on the review of previous case studies and modular construction theories, this paper classifies and defines nine condition variables that can be utilized in developing and analyzing BIM-based modular construction cases more comprehensively and systematically. This paper then discusses how the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) approach can be used to find sufficient and necessary combinations of conditions for successful BIM-based modular construction projects. Upon successful completion, the QCA approach will contribute more structured and generalized explanations of success and failure in BIM-based modular construction to the industrialized construction theory.

The conventional uses of geographic information systems (GIS) in environmental management have been criticized for being undemocratic and avoiding the social dimension of these issues. To address these criticisms, new participatory approaches are being developed by the GIS community. These new techniques involve the integration of conventional spatial data and mental maps showing communities' (or various groups') perceptions of their environment and how they use resources. Case studies using these new techniques highlight how GIS is being incorporated into participatory studies. The advantages and drawbacks of using GIS for participation are discussed, with the conclusion that the techniques provide a useful new approach for environmental management.

A comparative study of bedrock fault scarps by s-UAV and t-LiDAR: Insights into site selection criteria for paleo-seismology studies