Introduction to double issue 41.1–2 on Features

ED ITO RIA L Historying The Book CANADIAN LITERATURE, Bibliography and Textual Studies, and the History of the Book have been my chief areas of research throughout my career. Recently, however, with the establishment of such organizations as SHARP (Society for the History of Author­ ship, Readership, and Publishing) and the more modest CAHL (Cana­ dian/Australian Histoire du Livre), and with the production, or plans for production, of various national histories of the book, this subject has become particularly topical. I am very pleased, therefore, to be able to write a short introduction to ESC’s special double issue on the History of the Book. Inevitably in a journal produced in Canada, there is a good deal in this issue on Canadian publishing and the public policies that helped shape it. Robert Lecker’s article on the Canada Council’s Block Grant Progam and the constitution of Canadian literature has the most obvious political content, but George L. Parker’s discussion of the publishing trade in Canada during and just after World War n is also pertinent to a study of the ways in which such major historical events have influenced the development of Canadian culture. Sheila Latham’s analysis of the genesis of W.O. Mitchell’s The Kite serves as a reminder of the fluidity of text as it is transformed from one medium to another at the same time as her descriptive bibliography of the novel grounds it firmly in print. Richard Cavell’s image of typing Tay John plays with the notion of print itself as a cultural and colonizing signifier. Canadian literature is the primary focus of four of the articles in this issue. All eight reaffirm, however, just how much this country and its culture partake of the “beck’ning ghost(s),” to quote part of the title of Hugh Reid’s study of an eighteenth-century subscription list, of distant times and different spaces. Especially, I am tempted to add after going through Michael J. O’Driscoll’s work on Whitman and Janis Svilpis’s on pulp fiction, they emphasize the fact of our involvement, for better and for worse, in American time and American popular culture space. There were various ways to organize this special issue. We chose to begin the articles with Corey Coates’s piece on academic acknowl­ edgements because it highlighted a section of the book that may not be read carefully enough, even by professors, their partners, and their peers. Even though the issue was getting rather large, we decided to 251 EDITORIAL include a trio of reviews of books that themselves demonstrate the numerous approaches that studies in the history of the book encour­ age. Because this double issue represents both our September and December numbers, we had to end it with the index for Volume 25 and thus add another reminder of the apparatus that forms such an intrinsic part of most scholarly publications. Our real conclusion is, of course, the analysis of books in the English-speaking world by Wallace Kirsop, who is himself a distin­ guished practitioner of the history of the book in both English and French, a fact eloquently illustrated by the recent publication by the Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand of The Cul­ ture of the Book: Essays from two Hemispheres in honour of Wallace Kirsop (1999). His wide-ranging summary of recent developments in book history in metropolises and on frontiers serves as both a suitable finale to this special double issue of English Studies in Canada and a significant signal of how, when, and where we might continue to study books in Canada and abroad. MARY JANE EDWARDS / Carleton University Acknowledgements For the illustrations on the cover of Volume 25, ESC wishes to thank Canadian Printer Magazine for permission to reproduce the picture of the compositor, and John Webster (Canadian, b. 1947) for per­ mission to reproduce his watercolour, “Carleton University, Ottawa” (1986), which was given to the Collection of Carleton University Art Gallery by Helen and Courtney Gilliat in 1987. Milton Acorn’s lines are replicated, with permission, from a cover produced by Carleton University Press. The cover for Volume 25 of ESC was designed...

The fundamental idea underlying the use of distinctive features in phonology is the proposition that the same phonetic properties that distinguish one phoneme from another also play a crucial role in accounting for phonological patterns. Phonological rules and constraints apply to natural classes of segments, expressed in terms of features, and involve mechanisms, such as spreading or agreement, that copy distinctive features from one segment to another. Contrastive specification builds on this by taking seriously the idea that phonological features are distinctive features. Many phonological patterns appear to be sensitive only to properties that crucially distinguish one phoneme from another, ignoring the same properties when they are redundant or predictable. For example, processes of voicing assimilation in many languages apply only to the class of obstruents, where voicing distinguishes phonemic pairs such as /t/ and /d/, and ignore sonorant consonants and vowels, which are predictably voiced. In theories of contrastive specification, features that do not serve to mark phonemic contrasts (such as [+voice] on sonorants) are omitted from underlying representations. Their phonological inertness thus follows straightforwardly from the fact that they are not present in the phonological system at the point at which the pattern applies, though the redundant features may subsequently be filled in either before or during phonetic implementation. In order to implement a theory of contrastive specification, it is necessary to have a means of determining which features are contrastive (and should thus be specified) and which ones are redundant (and should thus be omitted). A traditional and intuitive method involves looking for minimal pairs of phonemes: if [±voice] is the only property that can distinguish /t/ from /d/, then it must be specified on them. This approach, however, often identifies too few contrastive features to distinguish the phonemes of an inventory, particularly when the phonetic space is sparsely populated. For example, in the common three-vowel inventory /i a u/, there is more than one property that could distinguish any two vowels: /i/ differs from /a/ in both place (front versus back or central) and height (high versus low), /a/ from /u/ in both height and rounding, and /u/ from /i/ in both rounding and place. Because pairwise comparison cannot identify any features as contrastive in such cases, much recent work in contrastive specification is instead based on a hierarchical sequencing of features, with specifications assigned by dividing the full inventory into successively smaller subsets. For example, if the inventory /i a u/ is first divided according to height, then /a/ is fully distinguished from the other two vowels by virtue of being low, and the second feature, either place or rounding, is contrastive only on the high vowels. Unlike pairwise comparison, this approach produces specifications that fully distinguish the members of the underlying inventory, while at the same time allowing for the possibility of cross-linguistic variation in the specifications assigned to similar inventories.

This paper presents techniques for exploiting complementary information contained in multiple definitions of phonological feature systems. Three different feature systems, differing in their structure and in the acoustic phonetic features they represent, are considered. A two stage process involving a mechanism for frame level phonological feature detection and a mechanism for decoding phoneme sequences from features is implemented for each phonological feature system. Two methods are investigated for integrating these features with MFCC based ASR systems. First, phonological feature and MFCC based systems are combined in a lattice re-scoring paradigm. Second, confusion network based system combination (CNC) is used to combine phone networks derived from phonological distinctive feature (PDF) and MFCC based systems. It is shown, using both methods, that phone error rates can be reduced by as much as 15% relative to the phone error rates obtained for any individual feature stream.

Reviewed by: The grammar of French quantification Henriëtte de Swart The grammar of French quantification. By Lena Baunaz. (Studies in natural language and linguistic theory 83.) Dordrecht: Springer, 2011. Pp. xii, 260. ISBN 9789400706200. $139 (Hb). In The grammar of French quantification, Lena Baunaz analyzes the syntax-semantics interface of French indefinites, wh-expressions, universal quantifiers, and n-words in the framework of minimalist grammar. She is particularly interested in the syntax of noncanonical quantification, where the quantifier is not adjacent to its restriction. Two constructions are particularly relevant in French: split DPs, where the quantifier is higher than its restriction (Ch. 2), and floating quantifiers, where the quantifier is in an adjoined position below the restriction (Ch. 3). B explores the semantics of specificity and partitivity as two instances of existential presupposition. Specific noun phrases refer to familiar discourse referents (Starke 2001), while partitivity involves reference to a subset of a previously mentioned group (Enç 1991). Experimental data support the claim that specificity and partitivity correlate with prosody in the case of indefinite un N ‘an N’ and wh-expressions (Ch. 2). In contrast, they are lexically distinguished in the case of universal quantifiers (partitive tous les N ‘all the N’ versus specific chacun des N ‘each of the N’) (Ch. 3) and n-words (partitive personne ‘nobody’ and specific aucun des N ‘none of the N’) (Ch. 4). Specificity and partitivity interpreted as syntactic features are subject to locality constraints, analyzed in the theory of relativized minimality developed by Rizzi (1990) and fine-tuned by Starke (2001). B shows that specific quantifiers are absolute barriers for extraction and must take wide scope (Ch. 5). Of course, French nominal phrases have been extensively investigated in the past, but B brings a range of known and unknown data from syntax, semantics, and prosody together and emphasizes the need for an integrated analysis in a formal linguistic theory. The book presupposes fairly advanced knowledge of minimalist syntax and clearly aims at a specialized audience. The book consists of six chapters, including the introduction and conclusion. The introduction in Ch. 1 is highly technical and did not make much sense to me until after I read the rest of the book. In retrospect it offers a concise summary of the main theoretical results. Ch. 2 is entitled ‘Split DPs’. Splitting occurs overtly in French with the wh-expression combien ‘how much’ in 1. 1. Combien as-tu peint de chaises (2, ex. 3b) how.many have-you painted of chairs ‘How many chairs did you paint?’ Ch. 2, however, is mostly concerned with indefinites like un N ‘an N’ and wh-expressions like qui/quoi ‘who/what’ and quel ‘which’, the analysis of which is claimed to involve covert splitting. Un N allows nonpresuppositional, partitive, and specific readings, which are shown to be prosodically distinct. Most of the observations here are familiar from Ihsane’s (2008) work, but the results from the prosodic experiments are very convincing. B offers a detailed discussion of subtle grammaticality judgments concerning wh-in-situ in nonstandard colloquial French. This variety allows wh-in-situ not just in root sentences (2a), but also in embedded contexts (2b) or under negation (2c). [End Page 878] 2. a. Q: T’as mangé quoi? (52, ex. 91) you.have eaten what A: nothing/an apple b. Tu crois que Jean a acheté quel livre? (43, ex. 75a) you believe that Jean has bought which book c. Il n’a pas rencontré qui? (44, ex. 77) he neg.has not met who The interpretation of wh-in-situ is controversial, but B shows that nonpresuppositional as well as presuppositional (specific, partitive) readings are available. Experimental evidence confirms that the different interpretations correlate with prosody. Nonstandard colloquial (NSC) French might be a version of Swiss French, as the informants mostly come from the Geneva area, but it could also be more broadly dependent on intonation and discourse context. These data are important for linguistic theory, because they indicate a new type in the typology of wh-expressions: French wh-constituents may either be moved, or be left in situ. Ch. 3, ‘Floating quantification: French universal quantifiers’, addresses the syntax and semantics...

Introduction Of the five parameters of sign language structure – handshape, movement, place of articulation, orientation and nonmanual behaviors – handshape is the parameter that has been analyzed most successfully with a variety of methodologies, both theoretical and experimental. Since it is here that we find the most complete body of work to draw upon, we have chosen to examine handshape behavior as a way of better understanding the nature of phonological contrast in signed languages. The goal of this chapter is twofold. First we will draw attention to the range of variation in the form and use of handshapes, and second, we will analyze the distribution of handshape properties. We will also investigate these issues both crosslinguistically and language-internally in order to determine which features are phonologically contrastive and where they are contrastive in the lexicon. In order to achieve our goal of showing how sign languages use handshape in their phonological systems, a little background is necessary on both the organization of a sign language lexicon and the phonological structure of signed languages. After covering this introductory material and our methodology in sections 1 and 2, we will describe differences in the way that handshape feature classes are used across the three components of the lexicon (foreign, core and spatial) in three different sign languages – namely, American Sign Language (ASL), Swiss German Sign Language (DSGS) and Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL).

The present issue (Volume 10, Issue 3) of the journal Asian Studies is the first part of a double special issue on problems of transcultural (post)comparative philosophy. The two interconnected special issues deal with problems and developments in the methodology of (post)comparative approaches in transcultural philosophical dialogues between Asia and Europe. This double special issue is entitled Transcultural (Post)Comparative Philosophy, Part 1 and Part 2, respectively. This first part of the double issue is subtitled Methods and Approaches. It focuses on methodological issues and innovative approaches and attempts to suggest new ways of engaging with transcultural philosophy. The volume addresses the relationship between Asian and global philosophy, issues of language and thought in a transcultural perspective, and theories of transcultural and (post)comparative approaches.

Special double issue: Some new theories about time and space

From the Editor Steven Franks, Editor-in-Chief This issue of JSL appears just in time for the ninth annual meeting of the Slavic Linguistics Society, 19 to 21 September 2014 at the University of Washington. This Seattle meeting will be our first West Coast venue and promises to be very exciting. It boasts great diversity, drawing roughly 100 participants hailing from 20 different countries. And for 2015, the tenth SLS meeting is already planned to take place in Heidelberg. Don’t miss it! The issue of JSL in your hands completes 22 continuous years of publication. As we approach our first quarter century, I ask for your ideas for a possible silver anniversary volume. One thought is a special double issue with solicited state-of-the-art papers by leading figures in our discipline. But other proposals are welcome, as well as offers to guest edit an anniversary volume. The current issue contains three provocative articles and three highly informative reviews of recent books in Slavic linguistics.1 It also includes an In Memoriam piece, celebrating the life and work of Roman Laskowski. One thing that I would very much like to include but is missing is a Reflections column. These offer a personal perspective on our discipline and provide an opportunity for members to express their views. It has been a long time since such a piece appeared. So if you want to make a proposal for a Reflections piece of your own, please do not hesitate to contact me. We are also always interested in smaller pieces, which come under the rubrics of Remarks or Replies, depending on their nature. More broadly, the journal not only serves the society but also exists to promote the field in general, so if any of our readers have ideas for other kinds of contributions of a not purely scholar nature, we would appreciate hearing from you. I also continue to solicit proposals for guest-edited topical issues. Finally, if there is a book you would like to review for JSL or propose that we have reviewed, please contact Associate Editor Wayles Browne. [End Page 165] Turning to the editorial process, I wish to express my personal gratitude to all the Associate Editors for their hard work and dedication in making sure that there is a steady flow of quality publications in JSL’s pages. And, last but far from least, we are all grateful to the following scholars for providing JSL with conscientious and timely reviews over the past two years: Anna Aalstein Joanna Błaszczak Anna Bondaruk Olga Borik Željko Bošković Wayles Browne Barbara Citko Greville Corbett Stuart Davis Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova Irina Y. Dubinina Katarzyna Dziwirek Ron Feldstein Hana Filip George Fowler Frank Y. Gladney Maria Gouskova Tracy Hall Tania Ionin Laura Janda Dalina Kalluli Olga Kagan Simin Karimi Tracy Holloway King Susan Kresin Volkmar Lehmann Anna Lubowicz Grant Lundberg Vita Markman Lanko Marušič Jason Merchant Roland Meyer Tore Nesset Tadeusz Piotrowski Maria Polinsky Christopher Potts Gilbert Rappaport Zygmunt Saloni Maria Shardakova Barbara Sonnenhauser Mateusz Stanojević Artur Stepanov Mila Tasseva-Kurktchieva Yakov Testelets Mila Vulchanova Jacek Witkoś Michael Yadroff Hedde Zeijlstra Ilse Zimmermann Rok Žaucer Thank you for all the time you have generously spent working to make JSL the premier journal of its kind. [End Page 166] Footnotes 1. We apologize for the unfortunate but unavoidable delay in reviewing Len Babby’s important 2009 monograph. Copyright © 2014 Steven Franks

Since its inception in 1987, Haskell has provided a focal point for research in lazy functional programming. During this time the language has continually evolved, as a result of both theoretical advances and practical experience. Haskell has proved to be a powerful tool for many kinds of programming tasks, and an excellent vehicle for many aspects of computing pedagogy and research. The recent definition of Haskell 98 provides a long-awaited stable version of the language, but there are many exciting possibilities for future versions of Haskell.

In this special double issue, Al-Raida presents a multi-faceted file that deals with Arab Women and Cinema. Many film makers and Arab film cri ics have contributed to it. The questions raised not only, include the image of women and women's issues in Arab cinema, but also her position in the cinema industry. Moreover, the file sheds light on wome 's partkipation in the creation of a new language that accompanied the development of the Arab fi m throughout the previous decades, taking into considera ion the specificities of each film in eV,ery Arab ountr.

In July 2001, fatigue and fracture researchers from 17 countries came to Vienna for the International Conference on Fatigue in the Very High Cycle Regime in order to discuss the increasingly important problem of the fatigue lifetime of engineering materials, components and structures under fluctuating stresses at very high numbers of cycles of load application. At the end of the meeting, cochaired by Stefanie Stanzl-Tschegg, Claude Bathias, Herwig Mayer and Theodore Nicholas, the Organizing Committee invited the authors to submit papers for a special issue of Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures (FFEMS) for the benefit of the wider international fatigue and fracture community because of the importance of the topic under discussion. As a result, a special double issue of FFEMS appears now. As is normal practice, all papers have been subjected to an extensive review process, a necessary prerequisite due to the nature of the fundamental questions being addressed. Although high-cycle fatigue is one of the most frequent reasons for failure of components and structures, most experimental investigations are limited to testing periods of between 107 and 108 cycles, though failures may indeed occur at much higher numbers of cycles especially in nonferrous materials. Engine components, load carrying parts of automotive industry, railway wheels and rails, offshore structures, bridges, special medical devices, etc. have to endure 109−1010 cycles of loading without failure. During the last few years, long life fatigue failures have been detected even in materials, which were assumed to have an endurance limit, such as high strength steels. The range of low amplitude loading plays an even more important role if fatigue loading is performed with variable amplitudes or in corrosive environments. Owing to the limitation of most experimental investigations to 107−108 cycles, models and and calculation procedures have been developed to predict lifetimes, which, however, are not satisfactory in most cases. It was the aim of the conference in Vienna to obtain a deeper understanding of the processes which govern fatigue and fatigue failure in the very high cycle regime and to discuss the implications on the design of components. Understanding the mechanisms of fatigue at very low cyclic amplitudes is the most important approach to solving problems arising in this field. Consequently fundamental aspects, mechanisms and modelling of very high cycle fatigue, fatigue crack initiation and stress fields in the vicinity of a crack tip and the governing processes during fatigue crack propagation were treated during the conference. Likewise the influence of microstructure, of different loading conditions, such as loading under constant or randomly varying amplitudes, as well as environment were discussed and case studies of fatigue failure were reported. In addition, the special features of the ultrasound fatigue technique, which allows one to perform experiments in a time saving manner, were presented. The two special issues of FFEMS cover the following six main research fields, which were the topics of the sessions at the conference: Fundamental Aspects of Very High Cycle Fatigue Mechanisms of Fatigue Failure Influence of Microstructure on Fatigue Failure Slow Fatigue Crack Growth and Fatigue Limit Environmental Influences Variable Amplitude Loading and Lifetime Prediction. Vienna, May 31, 2002

With this issue, we are midway through our ten-year anniversary celebration and the time has come to take stock of the highlights so far and the exciting events still to come. To kick off the jubilee, this year′s first issue of ChemPhysChem consisted of contributions from our editorial board and included papers by Ahmed Zewail, Gerhard Ertl, Peter Hänggi and Erich Sackmann, among others, ensuring a bumper issue with content spanning the entire scope of physical chemistry. We followed up on this issue with a special double issue on Biophysics (Issue 9/10) with over 40 contributions, including reviews on green fluorescent proteins, SERS spectroscopy for biomedical applications, DNA deformation and protein folding, and much more, thus showing how dynamic this field is. Many of the contributions in these two issues are also among the most downloaded papers of 2009 (Table 1), and in June we witnessed our highest-ever number of full-text downloads in a one-month period. Title Author(s) Year Volume(Issue) Page number 1 In Situ Phase Separation of NiAu Alloy Nanoparticles for Preparing Highly Active Au/NiO CO Oxidation Catalysts B. Eichhorn, S. Dai et al. 2008 9(17) 2475 2 The Influence of Charge Transport and Recombination on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells M. Grätzel et al. 2009 10(1) 290 3 Electron and X-Ray Methods of Ultrafast Structural Dynamics: Advances and Applications M. Chergui and A. H. Zewail 2009 10(1) 28 4 Nanoparticle Arrays on Surfaces for Electronic, Optical, and Sensor Applications I. Willner et al. 2009 10(1) 18 5 Chiral Gold Nanoparticles C. Gautier and T. Bürgi 2009 10(3) 483 6 Biomolecule-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Nanobioelectronics E. Katz and I. Willner 2004 5(8) 1084 7 Self-Assembling Nanoparticles at Surfaces and Interfaces S. Klinge, M. Crego-Calama and D. N. Reinhoudt 2008 9(1) 20 8 ZnO: Material, Physics and Applications C. Klingshirn 2007 8(6) 782 9 Synthesis and Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles and Arrays D. D. Evanoff, Jr. and G. Chumanov 2005 6(7) 1221 10 DCDHF Fluorophores for Single-Molecule Imaging in Cells W. E. Moerner et al. 2009 10(1) 55 11 Microfluidics for Miniaturized Laboratories on a Chip T A. Franke and A Wixforth 2008 9(15) 2140 12 Structure, Dynamics and Optical Properties of Fluorescent Proteins: Perspectives for Marker Development G. U. Nienhaus and J. Wiedenmann 2009 10(9–10) 1369 Our continuing growth is also reflected in our new ISI impact factor. We are happy to announce an increase in our impact factor to 3.636. You can read about the use and abuse of impact factors in the essay by Wolfgang Stock in this issue. Our anniversary celebration will culminate in a joint symposium with ChemBioChem, which is also 10 years young this year. This meeting is scheduled to take place in Paris on May 21, 2010. We are happy to announce that Gerhard Ertl, Michel Orrit, Michael Grätzel, Luisa de Cola and Roger Tsien, are among our speakers, making this an event not to be missed! We look forward to seeing you there. More details about this event will soon be released on our homepage. We also invite you to explore our new enhanced online news section, where we inform you about journal highlights, conferences where you can meet the editorial staff, and much more. Finally, we would like to thank you, our authors, referees, readers and board members, for the continuing success of ChemPhysChem. 1 Greta Heydenrych Deputy Editor

This book is a sustained argument purporting to show that Noam Chomsky’s latest version of his linguistic theory, recently published as The Minimalist Program (MP) (Chomsky 1995), though presented as the crowning achievement of the Chomskyan version of generative grammar, is in fact the clearest possible demonstration that that version is fundamentally flawed. The MP is not so much the crowning achievement as the undoing of the development started by Chomsky during the late 1960s, when he decided to dissociate himself from what was then the natural continuation of the new paradigm of transformational generative grammar.

A consideration of phonology in discourse contexts raises fundamental questions concerning the domain of phonology, the nature of phonological units and features, and the nature of discourse. In this section I outline assumptions that have previously been made with respect to these issues and contrast them with new ways of thinking about sound patterns in situated language use.

The second installment of the Special Issue “Critical Approaches to Adolescent Development: Reflections on theories and methods for pursuing anti-racist developmental science” focuses primarily on theory and the theoretical lenses that shape how we “see” adolescents. Such a focus is necessary for moving forward anti-racist adolescent research. Theories serve as starting points, establishing our assumptions about what we know, the place where we move from. We cannot “do” better research if we do not take stock of what we “know” and more critically “how” we know it. The authors in this issue do this with candor, clarity, and intentionality, offering us theoretical frames that identify, name, and destabilize the status quo. They offer us anti-racist lenses and language to (re)define what adolescence and adolescent development is and does—and what it ought to be. They present theories that embed action and activism, that move us—across disciplines, outside of academic spaces, and into spaces that are often silenced and invisible. They shift our vision from objective, white-centric knowledge to multiple ways of knowing. It is our hope that the contributions in this double Special Issue will change how we see and do research with adolescents, and also change us as scholars and humans.