Introduction to The Learner Development Journal Issue 7: Challenging the Conventions of Learner Development Research

Contents: Introduction. Part I: Important Social Contexts in Research on Second Language Teaching and Learning. Introduction. M.E. Brisk, Bilingual Education. M.R. Hawkins, ESL in Elementary Education. P.A. Duff, ESL in Secondary Schools: Programs, Problematics, and Possibilities. D.E. Murray, ESL in Adult Education. S. Carkin, English for Academic Purposes. P. Master, English for Specific Purposes. C. Roberts, English in the Workplace. B. Tomlinson, English as a Foreign Language: Matching Procedures to the Context of Learning. Y. Kachru, Teaching and Learning of World Englishes. Part II: Methods in Second Language Research. Introduction. L. Harklau, Ethnography and Ethnographic Research on Second Language Teaching and Learning. L. van Lier, Case Study. A. Lazaraton, Quantitative Research Methods. D. Nunan, Classroom Research. A. Burns, Action Research. Part III: Applied Linguistics and Second Language Research. Introduction. T. Pica, Second Language Acquisition Research and Applied Linguistics. S.L. McKay, Sociolinguistics and Second Language Learning. J. Zuengler, K.M. Cole, Language Socialization and Second Language Learning. G. Kasper, C. Roever, Pragmatics in Second Language Learning. J.P. Lantolf, Sociocultural and Second Language Learning Research: An Exegesis. N. Markee, Conversation Analysis for Second Language Acquisition. R.B. Kaplan, Contrastive Rhetoric. S. Conrad, Corpus Linguistics and L2 Teaching. Part IV: Second Language Processes and Development. Introduction. G. Ioup, Age in Second Language Development. R. DeKeyser, A. Juffs, Cognitive Considerations in L2 Learning. Z. Han, L. Selinker, Fossilization in L2 Learners. M. Swain, The Output Hypothesis: Theory and Research. E. Tarone, Speaking in a Second Language. M. Rost, L2 Listening. T.G. Wiley, Second Language Literacy and Biliteracy. P. Byrd, Instructed Grammar. D.E. Eskey, Reading in a Second Language. I.S.P. Nation, Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. J.S. Hedgcock, Taking Stock of Research and Pedagogy in L2 Writing. E. Hinkel, Analyses of Second Language Text and What Can Be Learned From Them. Part V: Methods and Curricula in Second Language Teaching. Introduction. S.J. Savignon, Communicative Language Teaching: Strategies and Goals. S. Fotos, Traditional and Grammar Translation Methods for Second Language Teaching. J. Williams, Form-Focused Instruction. M.A. Snow, A Model of Academic Literacy for Integrated Language and Content Instruction. R. Ellis, Instructed Language Learning and Task-Based Teaching. M. Celce-Murcia, E. Olshtain, Discourse-Based Approaches: A New Framework for Second Language Teaching and Learning. C.A. Chapelle, Computer-Assisted Language Learning. N.J. Anderson, L2 Learning Strategies. Part VI: Second Language Testing and Assessment. T. McNamara, Introduction. A.J. Kunnan, Language Assessment From a Wider Context. A. Davies, C. Elder, Validity and Validation in Language Testing. M. Chalhoub-Deville, C. Deville, A Look Back at and Forward to What Language Testers Measure. T. Lumley, A. Brown, Research Methods in Language Testing. D. Douglas, Testing Languages for Specific Purposes. C. Leung, Classroom Teacher Assessment of Second Language Development: Construct as Practice. Part VII: Identity, Culture, and Critical Pedagogy in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Introduction. T. Ricento, Considerations of Identity in L2 Learning. M. Byram, A. Feng, Teaching and Researching Intercultural Competence. S. Canagarajah, Critical Pedagogy in L2 Learning and Teaching. Part VIII: Language Planning and Policy and Language Rights. R.B. Baldauf, Jr., Introduction. R.B. Baldauf, Jr., Language Planning and Policy Research: An Overview. T. van Els, Status Planning for Learning and Teaching. A.J. Liddicoat, Corpus Planning: Syllabus and Materials Development. R.B. Baldauf, Jr., R.B. Kaplan, Language-in-Education Planning. D.E. Ager, Prestige and Image Planning. S. May, Language Planning and Minority Language Rights.

This study aimed to overcome the researchers' extreme attention to essentially qualitative methods in research on language learners' imagined communities and move towards quantification in order to achieve a more tangible image of this construct. To do so, the present researchers followed three main phases. First, a hypothesized model of language learners' imagined communities with eight components was developed for the Iranian context based on the wide-ranging readings of the literature on imagined communities, consultations with experts and interviews with language learners. Second, a questionnaire was developed and validated based on the model to represent its components. Finally, the data collected through the questionnaire were fed into the model to see to what extent the model fit the data. The initial results showed poor values; however, the model was trimmed by removing one item from the questionnaire, and final statistical indices showed that the model was fit.

Indonesia has about 718 regional languages that are unified by Indonesian as the national language (spoken by 90% of Indonesians). In addition, culture in Indonesia is also diverse, one of them is wayang sada/sodo. It is a puppet from sticks of young coconut leaves in the Gunungkidul area, Yogyakarta. The use of it in learning Indonesian language and culture is very interesting. Therefore, the objectives of this research are: (1) to explain the existence of wayang sada/sodo in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta; (2) to explain the process of Indonesia language learning and cultural introduction using wayang sada/sodo; (3) to identify and strengthen Schumann's acculturation theory and Krashen's monitoring system theory with a combination of Paivio's dual coding theory on Indonesian language learning and cultural introduction. The research method is qualitative with an ethnographic approach. The data are collected by participatory observation (directly teaches Indonesian using wayang sada/sodo), social media observations (IG Lafida Int'l Institute—lafida_ii; about learning Indonesian language and culture based on cultural anthropology for foreigners managed by Nafila), in-depth interviews, documentation, and document studies on the use of interactive media in language and culture learning, especially Indonesia. The informant of this research are the foreign leaners who learn Indonesian language (about 6 (six) learners). Then, the data are analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model analysis (focus on descriptive, emotion, and values coding). The results of this research, are: (1) wayang sada/sodo is a puppet made of sada/sodo which means sticks of young coconut leaves, commonly found in the Gunungkidul area, Yogyakarta. Wayang sada/sodo is an artistic and cultural asset created by residents of Padukuhan Gunungbang, Bejiharjo Cultural Village, Karangmojo District which has become a new variety of wayang art; (2) Indonesian language learning and cultural introduction using wayang sada/sodo is very meaningful, interesting (attractive), interactive, introducing Indonesian culture directly, both offline and online; (3) the use of wayang sada/sodo can be a novelty of theory by strengthening and combining Schumann's acculturation theory (social and psychological factors with new cultural adjustment), Krashen’s monitoring system theory (creative constructive process), and Paivio's dual coding theory (audio and visual) in Indonesian language learning as well as culture for foreign leaners.

Research Methods in Language Learning helps readers understand and critique research. This book is intended to help readers understand and critique research in language learning. It presents a balanced and objective view of a range of methods - including formal experiments, introspective methods, interaction and transcript analysis, ethnography, and case studies. The book is highly accessible and does not assume specialist or technical knowledge. This volume will be of interest to students of applied linguistics and educational researchers, in addition to classroom teachers and teachers-in-training. Throughout the book, theoretical issues are drawn from published studies and reports. The book emphasizes the professional and practical value of reading published research.

The Educators must place their students as people who naturally have experience, knowledge, desires, and thoughts that can be used to learn, both individually and in groups. All language learning strategies have the main goal of increasing one's ability to speak. The choice of teaching and learning strategies language learning strategies must be based on the consideration of placing students as subjects of learning who not only passively accept what is conveyed by educators. Teaching Japanese especially kanji using various learning strategies makes it easy for Japanese learners especially in learning Japanese letters/starch. Language learning strategies/learning strategies used are direct strategies and indirect strategies. Direct Strategy is a strategy that is directly related to foreign language learning. That is directly related to language in various tasks and situations, consisting of (1) memory strategies, (2) cognitive strategies, and (3) compensation strategies. Indirect Strategies in language learning are strategies that indirectly support language learning through ways such as the focus of learning, planning, assessment, acquiring learning opportunities, avoiding anxiety in learning, working with others. This strategy consists of three elements, namely (1) metacognitive strategies that are tasked with coordinating the learning process, (2) affective strategies that are in charge of regulating emotions, and (3) social strategies that are tasked with fostering cooperation with others in the learning process. This study aims to obtain scientific data the process of increasing mastery of Japanese letters/kanji by applying Language learning strategies direct strategies and indirect strategies. The method used in this study is an action research method. Data from the research results were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Referring to the model developed by Kemmis and Mc. Taggart is a spiral model. The research method used is the method of Action research with four steps, namely (planning, implementation, observation, and reflection). Use of the application of Language Learning Strategies in Kanji learning among others: (1) the development of writing and Kanji reading skills through meaningful learning experiences, (2) Kanji learning is more systematic and creative both individually and in collaboration with friendsKeywords: Language, learning, strategies, Kanji

This research is devoted to analyzing the functioning of the conceptual metaphor «LANGUAGE LEARNING IS A JOURNEY» in contemporary English-language linguodidactic discourse. The study's objective was to identify the suggestive potential of this metaphor for transforming cognitive representations, emotional patterns, and social roles in the educational process. A longitudinal experiment involving students of HSE University (experimental group, *n* = 12; control group, *n* = 11) revealed its influence on cognitive and emotional aspects of learning. In the experimental group, the metaphor was systematically integrated into the educational process, and the following results were observed: cognitive reorientation with emphasis on process dynamics; deconstruction of the educational hierarchy: replacement of the «teacher-wizard and student-neophyte» model with «guide – fellow travelers», where the student became an active cartographer independently determining their learning trajectory; as well as emotional regulation through reframing difficulties: errors were reinterpreted as «points of interest», not threats – while stress-inducing metaphors endured in the control group. Thus, the journey metaphor confirmed its status not only as a verbalization tool, but as a mechanism of cognitive-motivational restructuring that humanizes the educational space through rethinking the language learning experience.

The Cognition Hypothesis framed by Robinson (2001; 2003; 2005) has generated a large body of research on how varying task complexity may influence second language (L2) production and learning opportunities; however, most of these studies were conducted in a face-to-face setting (e.g. Gilabert 2007; Gilabert, Baron & Llanes 2009; Kim 2009; Michel, Kuiken & Vedder 2007; Nuevo 2006; Nuevo, Adams & Ross-Feldman 2011). As computer-mediated communication becomes more pervasive in educational contexts, research that extends current understandings of principles of second language learning is increasingly important to help learners and teachers understand how best to make use of this technology to promote specific learning goals (see Kern 2006). The role of task complexity in computer-mediated environments may be particularly important, as this may influence how learners commit attentional resources to language processing during communication (Robinson 2005; Skehan 1998). This study examines the role of one task complexity factor, prior knowledge, on second language production in text-based chat. Analysis of the language produced by first language Malay engineering students engaged in text-based chat group tasks in English indicated that prior knowledge of the task subject area had a limited effect on the complexity and accuracy of language production. We conclude with a critical discussion of the applicability of the Cognition Hypothesis to task-based communication via text chat. We also provide suggestions for how L2 tasks can be implemented in computer-mediated contexts in order to promote attention to form, noting that considering language production and learning in CMC tasks challenges task-based theories and requires transformation of research methods and analysis.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the use of project-based technologies in the process of distance learning of a foreign language at higher education institutions. Based on the study of pedagogical, psychological and methodological literature, programmes and methodological documentations of higher education institutions and practical experience it was found that the use of project-based technologies in the process of distance learning of a foreign language at higher education institutions has been insufficiently studied. It has been noted that the technology of project-based learning allows the creation of pedagogical conditions for further development of a student’s creative abilities and personal traits, essential for successful professional activity in the future, which determines the relevance of the study. Theoretical (analysis of scientific sources, pedagogical, psychological literature, educational and methodical materials, comparison) and empirical (questionnaire, interviews, testing, generalization of pedagogical experience, observation) research methods were used to solve the tasks in order to understand the problem and identify difficulties associated with the use of innovative technologies, namely, project-based technologies, in the process of distance learning of a foreign language. The purpose of the article is to highlight the theoretical foundations and features of the use of project-based technologies in the process of distance learning of a foreign language at higher education institutions. It has been found that there is a problem associated with lack of professionalism in the use of innovative technologies in distance learning by teachers, which is negatively affects the efficiency, productivity and level of teaching, as well as lack of ability on the part of students to communicate in the information environment. It is substantiated that the project-based technology allows to teach students to acquire knowledge independently, to activate them, to be able to use the obtained information for solving of new cognitive and practical problems.

This systematic literature review aims to offer an in-depth analysis of the existing research landscape regarding the application of the flipped classroom approach within the domain of language learning. The investigators methodically selected and analyzed 57 papers from 656 documents using a systematic and rigorous approach to literature selection. Our findings demonstrate the significant international impact of this field, with contributions from many countries and districts as well as globally excellent academic institutions. This review examines multiple areas of research, including improving students’ perceptions and attitudes in flipped classrooms, language proficiency, motivational factors, etc. In addition, the research methods employed were evaluated, with a particular emphasis on mixed methods which combined the quantitative method with the qualitative method. Even though the application of flipped classrooms in language learning has achieved some achievements, some limitations are obvious. The most notable are the problem of sample size, the difficulty of technology integration, the lack of teacher training, the singularity of language research, etc. The research gaps revealed in this literature review, indicate interesting possibilities for future research. The diversity of research languages, the multiplicity of research methods, the integration of advanced technologies, and intensive teacher training will be significant of the area focus. This systematic literature review not only enriches the existing knowledge system but also has the potential to the direction of the development of flipped classrooms in language learning.

ABSTRACTThis study reviewed the mobile technology-assisted language learning studies published from 2007 to 2016 in selected journals. Several critical issues were investigated, such as research methods, research issues, language and learner types, and learning outcomes. It was found that English as a foreign/second language was the most common target language; few studies have been conducted on native language learning. Early studies mainly focused on fostering learners’ individual language skills, while in the recent 5 years, researchers started to consider the issue of delivering multiple language skills in authentic learning environments. In addition, an increasing number of studies have involved mixed methods and longer treatment periods. Moreover, the effectiveness of mobile learning in terms of speaking, writing, vocabulary, and pronunciation was generally identified by most of the studies. On the other hand, more evidence is needed to further confirm its impacts on listening, reading, grammar, and integrated/whole language learning. Finally, some suggestions are provided to researchers or practitioners to facilitate their future work.

This bibliometric study explores the scientific landscape of AI-powered technologies in language learning from 2022 to 2025. Using data retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed through VOS viewer and Bibliophagy, the study examined 737 publications. We provide publication trends, key authors, geographical distribution, thematic patterns, and content analysis. The analysis showed a significant increase in publication output, especially in 2024. China, India, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia present as leading contributors, reflecting a geographical shift toward Asian leadership in this field. The focus of the research was on higher education students, writing skills, and motivation. ChatGPT and other AI tools, such as Grammarly and QuillBot, are common subjects in discussions about AI-powered technologies. The most used research method in the studies is the quantitative method, underscoring the need for more qualitative and mixed method approaches to capture learners' and teachers' perspectives. We explore several challenges, including overreliance on AI, data privacy, and academic integrity. The findings also highlighted positive outcomes, such as improved self-efficacy, greater engagement, and providing real-time feedback in language learning. Notably, gaps remain in addressing early education levels, speaking skills, and the roles of teachers, presenting opportunities for future research and practical implementation in language education.

Understanding quadrilateral and triangle material is still a problem for students. These problems occur because teachers did not design learning trajectories before they tough in the classroom, or they still did not apply innovative approaches and media in the learning process. Designing and developing a learning trajectory for the quadrilateral and triangle material as an activities series based on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) using rubber-powered car projects through lesson study is the aim of this study. This design is referred to as a hypothetical learning trajectory in teaching quadrilateral and triangle material. This study used design research as a research method, which consists of three stages: preliminary design, design experiment, and retrospective analysis. The subject of this research was seventh-grade students at a state junior high school in Semarang City. Data were collected from various sources: pre- and post-test, student worksheets, interviews, documentation of photos, and video recording of the learning process. Data analyses through qualitative research about validity and reliability refer to the quality of the observation. This study result described the learning trajectory consisting of three activities, namely creating a rubber-powered car project, identifying the property and relation among quadrilaterals, and solving a contextual problem in the area and perimeter of quadrilaterals. This research indicated that a series of activities STEM-based designed through lesson study can make students understand material actively, joyfully, and meaningfully.

As generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools and large language models (LLMs)-powered applications develop rapidly in the era of algorithms, it should be integrated thoughtfully to enhance English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching and learning without replacing learners’ critical thinking (CT). This study systematically analyzes the impact of generative AI tools and LLMs on language learners’ CT in EFL education using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant studies from 2022 to 2025. A thorough review of 15 selected studies focuses on generative AI tools and LLMs’ dual nature, research methods, main focuses, theory and models, limitations and challenges, and future directions in the field based on Web of Science (WoS), SCOPUS, ERIC, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The findings identified generative AI tools and LLMs possessed both the potential to nurture and the risk of hindering CT in EFL education. 66.67% of studies reported generative AI tools and LLMs’ positive role in CT, while 33.33% of studies reported its negative role in CT. Furthermore, 3 types of research methods, 3 key themes of research focus, and 4 groups of theoretical perspectives were examined. However, 4 kinds of limitations in this field remain, including research scope, user dependency, generative AI reliability, and pedagogical integration. Future research can focus on assessing long-term effects, broadening research scope, promoting responsible AI use, and refining pedagogical strategies. Finally, Limitations, implications and future direction of this study were discussed.

Exploring earthquake experiences: A study of second language learners’ ability to express and communicate deeply traumatic events in poetic form

Background: Board games are a promising tool for integrating games into the classroom setting, yet research on their effectiveness is sparse. Aim: This systematic review examines empirical research on board games used for language learning. The participants, instructional approach, research methods, and outcomes for these studies are reviewed to provide suggestions for further research. Methods: The review synthesizes findings from empirical studies, analyzing how board games are implemented in language teaching contexts. Studies were grouped based on their instructional design, research methodology, and language learning focus to identify common trends and gaps in the literature. Results: Findings indicate that board games are used to support vocabulary acquisition, grammar reinforcement, communicative competence, and reading comprehension, while also fostering motivation and reducing anxiety. Conclusion: Board games offer a promising tool for language learning, but their effectiveness depends on pedagogical implementation, learner engagement, and instructional context. The review concludes with pedagogical implications and recommendations for future research, particularly in understanding how board games can be optimized for long-term language acquisition and integrated with other teaching methods.