Introduction

The role of culture in Caribbean Community’s (CARICOM’s) agenda is claimed to be very important. The CARICOM Secretariat has a culture program, aiming to strengthen the creativity of people. CARICOM annually manages the Caribbean Festival of Arts (CARIFESTA). A huge issue is that of the cultural restitutions. Most CARICOM Member States have become States Parties to International Conventions related to cultural heritage. Sadly, all international Conventions concerning protection of cultural heritage do not have retroactive effect. There is also a CARICOM commission on reparations for slavery and native genocide against the governments of Britain, France and the Netherlands, the transatlantic slave trade, between the 16th to 19th centuries, being much associated with the Caribbean heritage. Languages are important for the cultural identity of people. It may be stated on CARICOM’s site that “Our languages are part of the legacy of the various civilisations from which our ancestors came”, but it is also stated that “[f]or many member states, the English Language is a major unifying factor”. Indigenous languages should be of more concern to CARICOM. The creation of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) in 2005, is considered very important toward the Caribbean integration and thus, also to the protection of the region’s culture and cultural heritage – important part of their identity. However, only 4 Member States so far have accepted the CCJ as their Highest Court of Appeal. CARICOM should be more active in regard to the protection of culture and cultural heritage of its Member States.

The article analyzes the important directions of ICESCO's activity as one of the main international organizations in the protection of cultural heritage during military conflicts. It is noted that ICESCO is recognized as one of the important international organizations in the protection of cultural heritage, especially during military conflicts. ICESCO was established to promote cooperation between member states in the cultural, scientific and educational fields. The organization has identified the protection of the cultural heritage of the islamic world as one of its priorities and pays special attention to preventing the destruction of this heritage during conflicts. The organization's mandate is to protect, in particular, historical and cultural objects in military conflicts, restore heritage damaged as a result of war, and prevent vandalism and deliberate destruction of cultural objects. Thus, ICESCO actively participates in global efforts to protect cultural heritage and considers the protection of this heritage in military conflicts to be one of the priority issues. The organization's activity in this area is extremely important both in terms of providing the necessary legal and technical support to member states and drawing the attention of the international community to the protection of cultural heritage. Keywords: islamic world, cultural heritage, military conflicts, international law, member states, international community, global efforts, international organizations.

The intervention of new technology in the protection of cultural heritage has become the consensus and common goal of heritage protection in all countries. Mandarin’s House is one of the trials conducted by the cultural Bureau of Macau Special Administrative Region in the intelligent protection and utilization of cultural heritage and has made some progress. However, in the process of field investigation and literature research, it can be found that there are still some problems in its protection and utilization. These problems are not only reflected in the protection and utilization of Mandarin’s House, but also in the process of protection and reuse of other cultural heritage in The Historic Centre of Macao. Therefore, this study takes Mandarin’s House as the main research object, explores the problems it is facing at the present stage through field research, case analysis and literature survey, and proposes a solution strategy for intelligent protection and inheritance based on BIM, combined with 3D GIS, Extended Reality, Internet of Things and other technologies. For reference to Cultural heritage protection in Mandarin’s House and other Historic Centre of Macao.KeywordsThe Historic Centre of MacaoMandarin’s houseIntelligent protection and inheritanceHistorical building information modeling

Cultural heritage stands as one of the fundamental characteristics that define the national and cultural identity of a particular people, while also possessing a universal component that belongs to all of humanity. The preservation of cultural heritage represents a core value within the social order of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM). Multiculturalism is an integral element and value upon which social interaction in Macedonian society has historically and currently relied. The country's location in the heart of the Balkan peninsula contributes to its exposure to various cultural influences. Historically, the territory of the RNM. has been a crossroads for different cultures and spheres of influence, whose material legacies command great interest. Each has left its mark on the material and spiritual culture of the Macedonian nation and the ethnic communities residing in this territory. The history of the RNM, with its multinational and multireligious social structure, ensures the protection of cultural heritage within these frameworks. The safeguarding of cultural heritage in the country is carried out within the constitutional and legal provisions, as well as in accordance with the obligations undertaken through the ratification of international agreements on cultural heritage protection. This paper primarily analyzes the constitutional framework for the protection of cultural heritage. The highest legal act in the RNM. elevates cultural heritage to a constitutional category, establishing it as a foundation for the development of economic relations. The next category of analysis in our paper is the administrative protection of cultural heritage. The analysis includes a general assessment of the administrative bodies directly involved in ensuring the protection of cultural heritage, their powers, and the methods by which this protection is implemented. The comparative method employed in the paper offers an overview of the degree of harmonization of the legal framework with the international standards that the RNM has committed to respect. A special focus of the paper is dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in the event of natural disasters. In the conclusion, an evaluation of the existing legal protection of cultural heritage is provided, along with proposals and solutions for improving the legal framework and its implementation, with the goal of achieving greater compliance with international protection standards.

The role of the archeological and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration in UNESCO’s protected areas becomes more and more important for the natural and cultural heritage protection in the touristic cities with urban expansion. However, there is no clear methodological approach for the inclusion of these important natural and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration of the cities. The purpose of this study is to analyze how two contemporary urban planning tools, sustainable urban mobility plans and heritage impact assessments, contribute to the protection and sustainable use of archeological sites. The methodology that is used in this study is dual, theoretical, through literature review, and empirical, through the appliance of the case study method and expert observation and mapping of the most valuable archeological sites in Boka Bay. The results of this study show that practical usage of the two proposed tools in the process of urban regeneration could help in cultural and natural heritage protection and their inclusion as drivers of sustainable urban planning and cultural heritage management. The results of the study confirm the authors’ hypothesis that the role of the archeological sites in the process of urban regeneration is evident in the touristic cities in the coastal area of Montenegro, concluding that urban mobility principles and heritage impact assessment studies must be considered in the process of urban regeneration while at the same time cultural (archeological) heritage management is an integral part of this process.

This volume looks at sustainable protection and sustainable use of cultural and natural heritage, particularly in view of the current challenges of the 21st century. For more than 40 years the World Heritage Convention has regulated the protection of the cultural and natural heritage of humankind, particularly in that heritage shall be protected if it is threatened by modern development. The international community has also adopted sustainability and sustainable development, as objectives to facilitate the protection of cultural and natural heritage. Sustainable heritage protection and use must therefore be preserved in the face of the global challenges it faces and must be perceived in terms of societal, political and corresponding economic paradigms.

The paper analyses some major questions of the protection of cultural heritage from a comparative law perspective, drawing parallels between the relevant Hungarian (Act LXIV of 2001 on the Protection of Cultural Heritage, Act CXXV of 2017 on Sanctions for Administrative Violations, and Government Decree No. 191/2001 (18. X) on Heritage Protection Penalties), Serbian (Act on Cultural Heritage of 2021, and Act on Cultural Assets) and Slovenian (Act on the Protection of Cultural Heritage of 2008) regulatory backgrounds. The main points of the analysis include, for example: basic terminology, key institutions in charge of tasks relating to the protection of cultural heritage, main responsibilities of ministers concerned in cultural heritage conservation, requirements relating to experts and the training of concerned parties, provisions on removing cultural assets to a foreign country, registers and sanctions (system of penalties). The paper aims to highlight the main similarities and differences between the Hungarian, Serbian and Slovenian regulatory backgrounds on cultural heritage.

The revival of the spiritual traditions of the Ukrainian people contributes to the interest strengthening in the spiritual heritage, among which wooden churches occupy an important place. The article examines the wooden temples of Chernihiv region as components of the cultural and historical heritage. It has been established that 47 wooden temples are currently functioning in the territory of Chernihiv region. The authors compiled a list of wooden churches in the section of the administrative districts of the region and analyzed the features of their distribution. It has been established that the majority of wooden churches are common in Chernihiv and Koriuka administrative districts, which are located in the northern and north-western parts of the region. The grouping of monuments of wooden architecture of Chernihiv region according to the time of construction was carried out. The vast majority of wooden churches in Chernihiv region belong to the 18th-19th centuries. A significant number of wooden churches in the region were destroyed at the beginning of the 20 th century. Based on the compiled list of destroyed temples of this period, it was established that the largest number of temples were destroyed in the Novgorod-Siversky and Chernihiv districts. Unfortunately, the process of destruction of temples continues. Most recently, the Uspenska Church (Kobyzhcha village), the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Korynetske village) burned down. At the same time, there is a revival of the traditions of wooden church architecture. There are newly built wooden church buildings on the territory of the region, which date back to the 21st century.The following churches have been characterized: the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Haivoron village), Church of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin (Svarychivka village), the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Synyavka village) as the oldest churches of Chernihiv region, Troitska (Novy Bilous village) as an example of the Chernihiv-Siver school of monumental architecture; Georgiyivska (Sedniv town) as an example of monumental wooden buildings of the Left Bank of Ukraine of the Baroque period; Mykolayivska (Novgorod-Siverskyi city) as an example of wooden baroque churches of Chernihiv region; Uspenska (Voloskivtsi village) as an example of Cossack wooden architecture of the Left Bank of the XVII-XVIII centuries; Uspenska (Sylchenkove village) as an example of a religious building in the "parish" style. The wooden churches of Chernihiv region as components of the cultural and historical heritage are of direct interest both to researchers of the cultural heritage of the region and to the general population. A map of the location of the existing and lost wooden churches of the region was made. The opportunities for the development of religious tourism, based on the presence of a significant number of sacred objects, were analyzed. Key words: Chernihiv region, historical and cultural heritage, sacred objects, wooden churches.

The project demonstrates the use of modern technologies for preservation and presentation of the cultural and historical heritage. The idea is a database of cultural and historical heritage sites to be created applying threedimensional laser scanning technology and a combination of geodetic and photogrammetric methods and shooting techniques. For the purposes of carrying out this project, we have focused on some heritage sites in the central part of Sofia. We decided to include these particular buildings because of the fact that there is hardly another city in the world where within a radius of 400 m are located four temples of different religions - Jewish, Muslim, Orthodox and Catholic. In the recent years, preservation of cultural heritage has been increasingly linked to objectives of sustainable development. Today, it has become clear that cultural heritage is also an economic resource that should be used for further economic development (through compulsory preservation of its authentic cultural values). There has been a more active public debate on the role of cultural heritage, regarding the following topics: improving the quality of life through development of cultural tourism, leading to an increase of the employment rate, constantly improving the business climate, etc. Cultural heritage preservation is becoming one of the priority objectives of the urban development policy. The focus has been shifted to new ways of preservation, mainly combinations of sophisticated technological solutions and their application for the purposes of preservation and dissemination of the cultural heritage.

The article presents the results of research on the prospects for developing tourist routes. In the modern world, where globalization and rapid technological advancement significantly alter our way of life, the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage gain particular importance. A crucial task today is the preservation and promotion of national cultural heritage. One of the effective ways to achieve this goal is the development of tourist routes, which not only preserve historical and cultural sites but also make them accessible to a wide audience. Cultural heritage can serve as an important factor in the development of tourism and the economy. Tourist routes not only contribute to the preservation and promotion of historical and cultural landmarks but also foster regional economic growth by attracting tourists. Research on these routes helps create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. This is especially important in the context of globalization and the growing interest in cultural tourism, which allows countries and regions to maintain their identity and cultural uniqueness. Research on tourist routes helps identify new opportunities for infrastructure development, the creation of new jobs, and the improvement of the quality of life for local residents. Cultural tourism is a form of tourism that focuses on the cultural aspects of a destination, including its history, heritage, arts, customs, and traditions. It involves visiting places of historical or cultural significance, such as museums, galleries, historical sites, and cultural festivals, with the intent to learn about and experience the local culture and lifestyle. Tourist routes are a powerful means of promoting cultural heritage. By providing structured and engaging ways for visitors to experience cultural sites, these routes help preserve and celebrate the unique cultural identities of different regions. They offer educational benefits, support local economies, and foster a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity and heritage. The article characterizes the main forms of tourist routes, highlighting their role in the preservation of cultural heritage.

One of the provisions for being a modern country is to preserve its history and exhibit that history to the service of humanity. The preservation of ‘cultural heritage’ created directly by humans or together with nature should be the joint effort of the whole of humanity. Historical artifacts may be damaged or totally destroyed due to neglect or various natural disasters. To maintain history from the past to the present, it is necessary to determine, document, repair and preserve the current situation of these historical artifacts. Different techniques are used in the documentation of cultural heritages in parallel with technological developments. Digital terrestrial photogrammetry has become a particularly important method used in this field in recent years. This study carried out a photogrammetric survey of Hizir Ilyas Mansion, situated in the town of Erkilet in the Kocasinan district of Kayseri. The mansion is situated on a tumulus, presumably built in the Hittites era in 2000 B.C. This mansion is a prominent artifact of Seljuk civil architecture and is presumed to have been built by a person named Ilyas in the 13th century. Photogrammetric measurements of the Hizir Ilyas Mansion were conducted with the digital terrestrial photogrammetry method. Scaled drawings, three-dimensional (3D) outline drawing and 3D photo models of the mansion were acquired from the measurements. This study shows that digital terrestrial photogrammetry provides great convenience in documentation studies regarding the maintenance of cultural and historical heritage; field surveys take a short time and all other work can be completed in the office. This study shows that documentation studies can be completed quickly and cheaply with digital terrestrial photogrammetry and also demonstrates that scaled archiving of historical and cultural heritage could be conducted digitally and 3D models could be obtained. In addition, 3D animation of the mansion was constructed from “AVI” format video files after the photogrammetric assessment. Key words: Hizir Ilyas mansion, photogrammetry, documentation, Kayseri, cultural heritage.

The paper is devoted to the study of the Court of Justice of the European Union practice on cases related to cultural heritage. The author highlights important aspects connected with the judicial institution jurisdiction in this area and the European Union as whole, names the issues on which it is possible to apply to the Court of Justice of the European Union to ensure the protection of cultural heritage. The author also outlines the thematic focus of cases related to cultural heritage considered by this judicial institution, highlights the roles of cultural heritage reflected in the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The author dwells upon the issues of conflict before the judicial institution under consideration of economic interests (in particular, the interests of freedom of movement of goods) and cultural considerations, including the protection of cultural heritage. An attempt is made to interpret certain provisions of Art. 36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which is central in this context. Case studies from the Court of Justice of the European Union illustrate its long-standing skepticism about culturally based derogations from the single market, which has not changed much in the wake of the cultural innovations of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The author concludes that in the event of a confrontation before the Court of the European Union between national considerations for the protection of cultural heritage and the interests of the single market of the European Union, in particular the freedom of movement of goods, this judicial institution tends to give priority to the considered economic interests of this integration association.

The article defines the main directions of library and information activities to popularize the historical and cultural heritage among the youth; the problems of cultural values influence on the spiritual and moral development of young people are considered. It is stated that in working with youngsters to promote the historical and cultural heritage of Russia, traditional and innovative forms of enlightenment and educational practices remain in demand. The mechanisms for promoting cultural values of the country in the educational, cultural and leisure activities of library institutions are revealed on the example of the State Universal Scientific Library of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The experience of the regional library in the implementation of social and cultural projects aimed at forming the national and civic identity of young people is reflected. It is indicated that the socio-cultural design of the library is a unique technology that can systematically perform operations and procedures, ensure the reliability of results, and the flexibility of implementation. The features of the organization of project activities are highlighted - information, consulting and subscription services, information support for self-education of participants in each project. The creation in the library of the historical and cultural space “The Book Heritage of Krasnoyarsk”, which during the project contributed to the convergence of the value orientations of young people and older people, made it possible to use diverse innovative forms of promoting cultural and historical heritage. It is noted that the library projects helped to convey to the youth the cultural traditions of the peoples of Russia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, brought the organization of educational events to upgrade the book culture to a higher qualitative level, created conditions for the use of modern technologies. Project initiatives result in the library becoming a powerful tool for the cultural and reproductive activities of young people in mastering the most important achievements of Russian culture through access to information resources, the main component of which is the book.

Cultural Heritage defines a country. The preservation of Cultural Heritage is linked to the principles it has as a country and as a society. Citizens, based on these values, feel safe and stable. Tangible cultural assets are physical objects or structures that have artistic, historical or cultural significance. In Greece, according to the law, the protection and preservation of Cultural Heritage is assigned to the Ministry of Culture. The responsibility for achieving this goal lies entirely with the Ministry. By extension, the burden of this responsibility falls on the employees of the Ministry and its services throughout the territory. This study investigates the influence and protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage through the utilisation of Human Resources. The qualitative research tools of questionnaires are combined in the research, so as to explore the contribution of Human Resources to the protection of culture. The research sample consisted of employees of the Ministry of Culture in Greece who work to preserve the Cultural Heritage. The study utilised 603 anonymous Greek respondents. It also involved a survey that took place online using Google Forms. SPSS software was used to process and analyse the primary data. These findings provide valuable insights for the Ministry of Culture and its directors to better support and sustain Tangible Cultural Heritage by leveraging Human Resources, to develop partnerships with institutions and citizens using innovations, while also further expanding the understanding of the need to utilize staff and external factors, as on this issue limited research has been conducted.

Globalization has created new challenges and threats. The article identifies threats and challenges of globalization that have the most devastating effect on cultural and natural heritage. It analyzes efforts of the international community to minimize them. The article studies economic, foreign policy, environmental and cultural threats to the world cultural heritage. Heritage sites can be destroyed as a result of environmental and technological challenges, extremist movements and wars, uncontrolled urbanization, predatory exploitation of nature and cultural objects for commercial purposes, and rapid development of international tourism. All these factors have a negative impact on cultural and natural heritage sites. The problem of protection of natural and cultural heritage is of institutional and documentary nature. The UNESCO international organization deals with World Heritage issues, compiling a list of endangered objects of cultural and natural significance. It combines international efforts to preserve and popularize them because of their special cultural, historical or environmental significance. Damage or extinction of cultural objects is tragic for the world heritage. Due to new dangers, the entire international community must participate in the protection of the natural and cultural heritage sites. Problems that cause irreparable harm to the world heritage are due to human activities. It is necessary to develop measures that could be a response to the problems of cultural heritage protection in the context of globalization. It is necessary to make people respect cultural and natural heritage and inform them about dangers threatening cultural objects.