Introduction

A study was undertaken among the residents on Langkawi Island, Malaysia to explore the utility of a combination of social exchange and power theories to explain residents' attitudes toward tourism and to examine how residents' evaluation of the impact of tourism influences their attitudes. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 46 residents. The study concludes that the combination of social exchange and power theories is more useful than social exchange theory alone in understanding residents' attitudes concerning the impact of tourism. However, residents' general values, dependence on tourism, and ability and willingness to adapt moderate the influence of power on residents' evaluation of the impact of tourism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Advances in information technologies (IT) are creating unprecedented opportunities for interorganizational collaboration, particularly in large-scale distributed projects. The use of advanced IT in such projects can foster new forms of social exchange among organizations and change the way organizations view themselves in the context of their relationships. Despite a wealth of research on IT use, social exchange, and organizational identity, little is known about how new IT and the enactment of related IT affordances within interorganizational contexts enable social exchanges and organizational identity orientations. To address this gap, we conduct multiple case studies that describe the changing use of two-dimensional computer-aided design technology and new three-dimensional modeling technologies by a leading metal fabrication company in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. The case studies demonstrate that changes in the company’s IT and the enactment of related IT affordances within variable interorganizational contexts enable new forms of social exchanges. These exchanges, in turn, provide the context for the rearticulation of the company’s identity orientation. Based on these insights, we formulate a theoretical model to delineate the relationships between IT use, IT affordances, social exchanges, and identity orientation. We conclude by outlining the implications of our study and suggesting possible avenues for future research.

Different social exchange relationships among family members and between family and non-family stakeholders influence individual, group, and family-firm outcomes. Although many studies provide insights into social exchange relationships in family businesses, these studies are scattered across multiple literatures. Using the lens of social exchange theory, we review and organize 74 such studies. After discussing what is known and what gaps remain, we juxtapose our review with new theorizing about social exchanges to elicit research opportunities for family business research and for leveraging the family business context to “give back” to social exchange theory.

We examined how positive and negative social exchanges with friends, family, and spouses were related to cognitive aging in episodic and working memory, and perceptual speed. To do so, we used a large sample of cognitively intact young-old participants from the PATH Through Life Study (PATH; aged 60 to 64 years at baseline, n = 1,618) who were assessed on 3 occasions over 8 years. Additional replication analyses were conducted using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which provided data on episodic memory. The main analysis of PATH Through Life showed that positive exchanges with friends and family were associated with less decline in perceptual speed, with these associations attenuated by adjustment for physical functioning and depressive symptoms. Negative exchanges with spouses were associated with poorer working memory performance. Positive exchanges with friends were associated with better initial episodic memory in both PATH and HRS. More frequent negative exchanges with friends and family were associated with better episodic memory in the PATH sample. However, these findings were not replicated in HRS. Our findings provide indirect support for the role of social exchange quality in contributing to cognitive enrichment. However, the inconsistent pattern of results across cognitive and social exchange domains points to possibilities of reverse causality, and may also indicate that social exchange quality plays a less important role for cognitive enrichment than other psychosocial characteristics.

This paper presents a dramatic game for the self-regulation of social exchange processes in multi-agent systems, called Natyasastra, based on the concepts of Drama Theory. The model has five phases of dramatic resolution, which involve feelings, emotions, trust and reputation. Agents with different social exchange strategies interact among each other in order to maximize their strategy-based fitness functions. The objective is to obtain a more natural model than the ones existing in the literature, which are based either on (partially observable) Markov decision processes or in game theory, so that it can be applied in real-world applications. We aim at promoting more balanced and fair multi-agent interactions, increasing the number of successful social exchanges and, thus, promoting the continuity of social exchanges. The simulations showed that there is an improvement of fitness along time, as result of the self-regulation of the interactions. The agents have evolved their social exchange strategies, and other strategies, different from the original ones, have emerged in the society, so contributing to this evolution. This game was implemented in NetLogo.

PurposeDifferent leadership styles are used to make innovations in organizations. So, a sound system of social exchanges has always been a need in this dynamic and technological world to challenge organizational problems. Drawing on the social exchange theory, this study aims to empirically investigate the mediating relationship of a set of social exchanges, e.g. leader-member exchange (L.M.X.), knowledge sharing behavior (K.S.B.) and voice behavior (V.B.), between transformational leadership (T.L) and innovative work behavior (I.W.B). Particularly, it explores the best social exchange behavior between T.L and I.W.B that plays a highly constructive role in the innovativeness of the hospitality industry in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachThe study targeted 403 frontline employees from hotels situated near Swat Valley, Pakistan. The study used a quantitative approach by using a convenient sampling technique. Structural equation modeling was run by using Smart partial least square 3.3.3 to test the proposed model.FindingsThe research supported that T.L significantly influenced I.W.B via a L.M.X., K.S.B. and V.B. T.L did not directly and significantly influence I.W.B so, there were full mediations between T.L and I.W.B. Specifically, knowledge-sharing behavior played a highly constructive role in innovativeness.Research limitations/implicationsThe study targeted frontline employees from one place, Swat valley; however, data collection from different tourist places may generalize the results based on social exchanges and innovative behavior. A dyadic interaction between top-level and middle-level management may closely trace the innovative ideas among the employees.Practical implicationsThe study found knowledge sharing to be a highly effective mechanism that supports employee innovation more than a L.M.X. and V.B. As a result, the managers should establish a sound system of knowledge sharing, which means a knowledge economy so that employees innovativeness can be boosted and promoted.Originality/valueThe present study was the first study in the hotel industry of Pakistan that reveals a highly effective mediating mechanism: K.S.B., which exists with T.L to increase workers’ innovativeness highly.

We theorize how social exchanges at the micro level generate social order at higher or macro levels of analysis. There are two themes in the argument. The first extrapolates an implicit theory of social order found in exchange theorizing, highlighting both its strengths and limitations. A key strength is that it is a relational theory. A key limitation is that it adopts a purely instrumental conception of people and their relations. The second theme is that this strength can be built upon and the limitation mitigated if one considers the emotional byproducts of social exchange. Social exchanges generate emotions; and when people attribute their feelings to social units, they have an impact on their affective sentiments about group ties. Such social unit attributions link social exchange at the micro level to social ties at the macro level. Exchange-based interpersonal ties are transformed into affective person-to-group ties that promote group-oriented behaviors and sacrifices for the collective welfare.

During a time when nonprofit leaders struggle to manage their donor base, there remain questions regarding the benefits of using social media to promote exchanges among donors and nonprofit organisations. The study described in this paper aimed to determine whether donors felt that using social media in their relationships with nonprofit organisations enhanced the relational attributes of trust, satisfaction, commitment and communal relationships. Social exchange and open systems theories formed the theoretical framework of the study. Using a social media addictive scale and a verified relationship scale, data were collected online from a randomly selected sample of 1,155 donors to a nonprofit organisation in the south-eastern USA. The researchers used multiple regressions and a multivariate analysis of variance to measure the connections among social media exchanges (predictor variables) and communal relationships, trust, commitment and satisfaction (criterion variables). The results reveal a significant contribution to the relational attributes of commitment and satisfaction, but marginal significance with communal relationships and trust. Nonprofit leaders can apply the findings by incorporating the interconnectivity of social media as a communication practice to foster donor relationships.

False friends are worse than bitter enemies: “Altruistic” punishment of in-group members

Utilizing insights from the social exchange theory, we examine the conceptual underpinnings of social exchange relationships between the entrepreneur and other ecosystem actors, explaining the emergence and expansion of EE‐wide productive entrepreneurship. Adopting a process view, we offer a theoretical framework that suggests that, with time, more actors enter the ecosystem, and with diverse resources, approaches, and expectations. Further, the increase of social exchanges among them leads to an expansion in the structures, processes, and networks, thus influencing EE‐wide productive entrepreneurship. This is an important insight for policymakers worldwide that are interested in ensuring productive entrepreneurship within the EE. Our research offers a compelling theoretical rationale for why effective collaboration among EE actors for sharing resources, information, and knowledge facilitates the achievement of productive entrepreneurship.

Willingness to disclose (WTD) personal information in online shopping is relatively low, though people willingly disclose a lot of information about themselves in social networking. The contradiction between personal data disclosure in the two types of online interactions is a research gap that is hardly explainable within the most used theoretical bases. Another research gap is in balancing up roles of dispositional and situational antecedents of data disclosure. The third research gap is in the role of perceptions about legal regulatory systems on WTD. These gaps required to look for a new theoretical grounding of willingness to disclose personal data. The three research gaps have been addressed on the basis of Social Exchange Theory (SET), which has been rarely considered in marketing studies, and in analysis of personal data disclosure. SET sees interactions (including exchange of personal data for certain benefits) as social exchanges of two types of exchanges (negotiated and reciprocal). Additionally, SET enables to consider perceptions of benefits of exchange, characteristics of exchange participants as well as their relative power, which is important in interactions between individuals and companies/online stores. All the above-mentioned considerations in regards to the applicability of SET for grounding of WTD personal data has been conceptualized and empirically tested in three subsequent studies. The first study aimed to test whether the SET is applicable for the modelling of willingness to disclose personal data in online shopping, considering the possible interaction between the two types of social exchange: reciprocal and negotiated. The study included antecedents of trust-distrust continuum and two mediators: perceived regulatory effectiveness and perceived lack of control. The second study included perceived benefits of data disclosure (experienced earlier and expected), store trust and perception of relative power. The third study concentrated on the most important situational predictor of WTD personal data – store trust – and assessed its antecedents, including the presence of online only versus online and offline channels. The studies confirmed suitability of SET for the modelling of WTD, showed the linkage between reciprocal and negotiated exchange and the importance of the factor of trust in a store.

This theoretical paper discovers the enhancement of youth political participation through social media platforms, with a specific focus on the Social Exchange Theory (SET). The study emphasizes how citizens leverage social media to strengthen their political engagement, while SET underscores the significance of relational networks in fostering collective action and social trust among youth. Though, the practical application of SET differs across diverse contexts, influenced by factors such as culture and societal structures, this paper investigates into the foundational principles of SET, offering a nuanced understanding of youth participation dynamics in political contexts, particularly within high power-distance cultures like Nigeria. The discussion examines how extended social exchanges can empower citizens' voices while strengthening approaches to engage youth in the political process, it also examines the barriers to youth political participation in Nigeria, including corporate politics, hierarchical systems, centralized leadership, and cultural disparities ingrained in power distance. To address these challenges, the paper recommends for further research on power dynamics and hierarchies within political systems. Additionally, it highlights the potential of social exchange mechanisms to mitigate the effects of arbitrary political power, guaranteeing that youth participation realizes its intended goals of inclusivity, representation, and impact.

<div><p class="SPabstract">Esse artigo propõe um cenário em que os agentes interagem realizando trocas de serviços que, após serem realizadas, são avaliadas pelos participantes, gerando os conceitos de valores dessas trocas. A teoria desenvolvida por Piaget propõe um modelo de troca social entre dois agentes. Nesse trabalho, se propõe a adição de um novo agente, denominado agente intermediário, que em uma mesma troca atua como fornecedor e recebedor de um serviço. Dessa forma, busca-se complementar o modelo de Piaget, em que as trocas em relações sociais são realizadas entre dois agentes.</p><p class="SPabstract">Para manter a continuidade do processo de trocas sociais é necessário garantir a existência de trocas futuras e a correta escolha do parceiro. Para tal, precisa-se conhecer a informação dos valores de trocas ocorridas durante o processo, a informação dos agentes com respeito à reputação de cada um dos participantes e o grau de dependência social entre eles. Esses critérios são utilizados para orientar a decisão dos agentes sobre seus parceiros, se convertendo no foco para as análises do processo de transferência de confiança entre os agentes. Pela mesma razão, o conhecimento do grau de confiança e reputação envolvido no processo das trocas promove relações de dependência mais seguras entre os agentes e credibilidade a eles, favorecendo a possibilidade de futuras interações.</p></div>

BackgroundThe ability to recognize the faces of potential cooperators and cheaters is fundamental to social exchanges, given that cooperation for mutual benefit is expected. Studies addressing biases in face recognition have so far proved inconclusive, with reports of biases towards faces of cheaters, biases towards faces of cooperators, or no biases at all. This study attempts to uncover possible causes underlying such discrepancies.Methodology and FindingsFour experiments were designed to investigate biases in face recognition during social exchanges when behavioral descriptors (prosocial, antisocial or neutral) embedded in different scenarios were tagged to faces during memorization. Face recognition, measured as accuracy and response latency, was tested with modified yes-no, forced-choice and recall tasks (N = 174). An enhanced recognition of faces tagged with prosocial descriptors was observed when the encoding scenario involved financial transactions and the rules of the social contract were not explicit (experiments 1 and 2). Such bias was eliminated or attenuated by making participants explicitly aware of “cooperative”, “cheating” and “neutral/indifferent” behaviors via a pre-test questionnaire and then adding such tags to behavioral descriptors (experiment 3). Further, in a social judgment scenario with descriptors of salient moral behaviors, recognition of antisocial and prosocial faces was similar, but significantly better than neutral faces (experiment 4).ConclusionThe results highlight the relevance of descriptors and scenarios of social exchange in face recognition, when the frequency of prosocial and antisocial individuals in a group is similar. Recognition biases towards prosocial faces emerged when descriptors did not state the rules of a social contract or the moral status of a behavior, and they point to the existence of broad and flexible cognitive abilities finely tuned to minor changes in social context.

Monetary incentives, motivational orientation and affective commitment in contact centers. A multilevel mediation model