INVESTIGATION OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES IN SEPTIC TANK AS A WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPTION

The relative importance of suspended (>0.45 µm) and organic colloidal (<0.45 µm) matter in the transport of pesticide through and across a soil was studied by monitoring suspended and colloidal matter from lysimeters over a winter (1994–1995) and relating it to the leaching of pesticides. The major results were: (i) The organic colloidal matter and suspended sediment appeared at different times in the leachate. (ii) The suspended sediment was enriched in total organic carbon (TOC). (iii) The leaching of pesticide occurred largely in first few samples following rainfall, coinciding with the occurrence of the colloidal matter. (iv) Modelling the distribution of pesticide between the colloids, suspended matter, and pure solution suggests that negligible amounts of isoproturon are carried on suspended sediment and the organic colloids are more important. The importance of organic colloids may be even more significant for compounds more hydrophobic than those studied here: this has implications for the management of soils and pesticides in relation to the release of organic colloids into solution.

The study was carried out in Egor local government area, Dumpsite in Ovia North-East local government area of Edo state. The study areas are located between latitudes of 6°27'27.8''N to 6°27'44.6''N and longitudes of 5°35'58.7″E to 5°36'16.8''E in Egor local government area and the dumpsite is located with a latitude of 6°22´1.2''N to 6°27´51.3″N and longitudes of 5°36'42.3''E to 5°36´2.1″E in Ovia North-East local government area. A total of five (5) water samples were collected from an existing borehole at different locations within the study area. Physiochemical test, Major anion and cation concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Microbiological Parameters for all the water samples was also determined. The following are the physiochemical parameters, major cations and anions that was analysed from all the water samples collected: pH, EC, TDS, Na+, Ca+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3- , HNO3- , HNO3- , SO42- , Cr2-, Cd-, Ni-, and Pb2+ and the Microbiological parameter analysed for all the water samples are Coliform and E. Coli. The Microbiological parameter analysed for are Coliform and E. Coli as shown in Table 1. The results reveals that the study areas have average value of pH (4.89) which is below the WHO (2011) and NSQW (2007) standard permissible limit of 6.5-8.5 and this indicates that the water is slightly acidic probably due to the presence of decayed organic matter in high amounts and mineral acids produced during hydrolysis. The average values of E.C (121.86μS/cm), TDS (46.52mg/l), Na+ (1.48mg/l), Cl- (53.85mg/l), NO3- (1.17mg/l), HNO3- (0.39mg/l), SO42- (0.12mg/l), Cr2- (0.031), and Ni- (0.0074) conforms with the WHO (2011) and NSQW (2007) standard for drinking water expect some physiochemical parameters : Ca2+, Mg2+ Cd-, Pb2+, E.Coli and Coliform which has average values (4.49mg/l, 3.10mg/l, 0.027mg/l, 0.016mg/l, 1.36 X 103 (cfu/100mL)and 1.06 X 103 (cfu/mL) which do not conform with the WHO (2011) and NSQW (2007) for drinking water because of many factors and anthropogenic activities on the environment which contaminated the groundwater of the study areas. The results analysed from the three-study area reveals that the physiochemical parameters and microbiological parameters show similar trend. The water sample collected in the premises of University of Benin is more acidic compare to other water samples from the other locations. This probably due to the presence of decayed organic matter in high amounts and mineral acids produced during hydrolysis.

Hospital waste is all waste produced by hospital activities and other supporting activities. Considering the impacts that may arise, good management efforts are needed including tools and facilities, finances and organizational procedures that are determined with the aim of obtaining hospital conditions that meet environmental health requirements. The research used was observational with a descriptive approach, namely to determine the quality of liquid waste in hospitals in Makassar. This research was conducted from 20 to 27 June 2021 at the Hospital in Makassar. The population is liquid waste in hospitals in Makassar in 2021. The sample in this study is hospital effluent waste in Makassar in 2021. Waste water that is not handled properly will result in negative impacts, especially for health, so it needs good management so that when it is disposed of in A certain area does not cause pollution which is supported by the wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) owned by the hospital itself. It was concluded that the DO levels in the liquid waste produced were at a vulnerable level. The BOD level in liquid waste in the morning is at a moderate level and in the afternoon it is at a heavy level. COD levels in Makassar liquid waste in the morning are at moderate levels and in the afternoon at heavy levels. TSS levels in liquid waste in the morning are at moderate levels and in the afternoon they are at heavy levels. The pH level in liquid waste meets the requirements. TEMPERATURE levels in liquid waste meet the requirements.

In most rural settlements in Nigeria, provision of potable water for drinking and domestic purposes is a big challenge; therefore analysis of drinking water is of great importance as contaminated water jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. Water samples were obtained during the dry and wet seasons from a borehole and a man-made lake constructed through self-help effort in Obazuwa community in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. They were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and subjected to cyto-genotoxic evaluation using the Allium cepa assay. Results of the physicochemical analysis showed that most of the parameters (pH, chromium, copper, chlorides, nickel, iron, zinc, cadmium, lead and manganese) of the lake water in both seasons exceeded World Health Organisation (WHO) permissible limits. Total heterotrophic bacteria and E. coli were present with dry season water samples having higher amounts. Compared to the control, the mitotic index decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the water samples and were characterized by a number of chromosomal aberrations notably bridges, fragments, sticky chromosomes, disoriented chromosomes, and micronuclei in significant amounts and these were more pronounced in water samples obtained during the dry season. The findings in this study are of public health relevance as access to safe water is a fundamental human need and therefore, a basic human right.

Wastewater is known to contain organic compounds, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, which can be utilized more effectively through technology, coagulation, and fermentation, allowing it to be used as an organic liquid fertilizer (OLF), a more environmentally friendly option. Research objectives are to determine the influence of powder seed sour Java as a coagulant on lower COD and BOD levels, the effect of adding EM4 to nutrients in waste liquid, and the impact of POC on the growth of spinach China (Amaranthus dubius). This research is conducted through the process of coagulation and flocculation using a solution seed powder of sour Java with varying concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ppm. The concentration of 1500 ppm has resulted in the lowest COD and BOD levels, respectively, 250 ppm and 127 ppm. The solution with the lowest COD and BOD levels is fermented using EM4 with variations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2mL. The addition of EM4 is expected to accelerate the fermentation process and enhance the availability of beneficial nutrients, including N, P, and K, for plant growth and development. The total content of N, P, and K is highest, at 2.087%, following the addition of 1 mL of EM4 to 150 mL of the sample. POC with the addition of 1 mL of EM4 was applied to the spinach plant in China, resulting in a plant 25 cm tall, with nine leaves, and a total fresh weight of 39 grams.

As populations increase, water quality is increasingly affected by failing septic systems that introduce harmful fecal bacteria (e.g., E. coli) into watersheds. Septic system owners play a vital role in reducing the impact of such bacteria. Therefore, our study aimed to examine factors that influence septic system owners' decisions to improve septic system maintenance and protect watershed health in the Attoyac Bayou, located in East Texas. Using the theory of planned behavior, we addressed three research questions: (1) What are the characteristics of septic systems within the Attoyac Bayou watershed?; (2) How have septic system owners in the Attoyac Bayou watershed maintained their systems?; and (3) How do attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict septic system maintenance behaviors? We sent a questionnaire to septic system owners in the Attoyac Bayou watershed that included questions about septic system characteristics, maintenance histories, and owners' perceived norms, controls, attitudes, and intentions about septic systems. We found most septic systems in Attoyac Bayou are older conventional models with many owners lacking service contracts and reporting various times since the last pump out or inspection. While septic system owners generally demonstrate positive attitudes and confidence toward maintenance, our results revealed that attitude accounts for the greatest variance in maintenance behavior, with social norms and perceived behavioral control being less influential. Therefore, we recommend targeted messaging and interventions to reinforce positive attitudes, enhance perceived behavioral control, and promote consistent maintenance behaviors.

Groundwater quality effects from septic tanks were investigated in the Woodville Karst Plain, an area that contains numerous sinkholes and a thin veneer of sands and clays overlying the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA). Concerns have emerged about elevated nitrate concentrations in the UFA, which is the source of water supply in this area of northern Florida. At three sites during dry and wet periods in 2007-2008, water samples were collected from the septic tank, shallow and deep lysimeters, and drainfield and background wells in the UFA and analyzed for multiple chemical indicators including nutrients, nitrate isotopes, organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), pharmaceutical compounds, and microbiological indicators (bacteria and viruses). Median NO3-N concentration in groundwater beneath the septic tank drainfields was 20 mg L(-1) (8.0-26 mg L(-1)). After adjusting for dilution, about 25 to 40% N loss (from denitrification, ammonium sorption, and ammonia volatilization) occurs as septic tank effluent moves through the unsaturated zone to the water table. Nitrogen loading rates to groundwater were highly variable at each site (3.9-12 kg N yr(-1)), as were N and chloride depth profiles in the unsaturated zone. Most OWCs and pharmaceutical compounds were highly attenuated beneath the drainfields; however, five Cs (caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, phenol, galaxolide, and tris(dichloroisotopropyl)phosphate) and two pharmaceutical compounds (acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole) were detected in groundwater samples. Indicator bacteria and human enteric viruses were detected in septic tank effluent samples but only intermittently in soil water and groundwater. Contaminant movement to groundwater beneath each septic tank system also was related to water use and differences in lithology at each site.

Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.

Plankton serves as a bioindicator that can be used as a marker for water quality related to water saprobity index. Way Awi River is a river flowing from the Susunan Baru area, passing through the Tandjungkarang region, and reaching the Garuntang area. Liquid waste from households is often directly discharged into the river, without passing through a containment system such as a septic tank, resulting in river pollution. To understand this relationship, this research was conducted to determine the biological condition of the Way Awi River based on plankton community structure, including abundance index, diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index, as well as its correlation with water quality using Pearson correlation test. The research was conducted in the Way Awi River with sampling taken at five different stations from October to December 2023. Water samples were analyzed using physical parameters including water temperature and turbidity, while chemical parameters observed were pH, DO, BOD, and COD. Based on the analysis of plankton community structure, it was found that the water of Way Awi River is in a moderately polluted condition.

Analysis results (238U, 234U, 226Ra, 228Ra activities; 234U/238U, 228Ra/226Ra and 226Ra/238U activity ratios) are reported for 4 sediment and 5 suspended mater samples collected from the Low Moulouya region at the North-east of Morocco and for 18 natural water samples collected from the High Moulouya region (Moulouya river, effluents, wells, springs, lakes, barrages and tap water). For sediment and suspended matter, activities of U and Ra isotopes were measured by gamma spectrometry. For water samples, activities and activity ratios of uranium isotopes were measured by alpha spectrometry whereas those of radium were measured by gamma spectrometry. Uranium and radium activities are higher in sediment and suspended matter than in water samples. They are also higher in suspended matter than in sediments because sediments contain the concentrated leached detrital soils and sable. The measured activities of uranium and radium isotopes in all analysed water samples are comparable to those already published in our previous works except for two samples collected from lakes situated at Zeida area. These lakes are the former sites of mine extraction where the accumulated water is in permanent contact with mines. These mines could contain uranium witch responsible of the relatively elevated activities of 234U and 238U found for the first time in lakes water in Morocco.

The modified fouling index, a method of determining the fouling characteristics of water

Isotopic and elemental characterization of colloidal organic matter from the Chesapeake Bay and Galveston Bay

Humic acids (HA) are heterogeneous, dark-colored, organic macromolecules found in soil and aquatic systems that play a crucial role in complexation, transportation and cycling of trace elements in ecosystems. Flow field-flow fractionation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (flow FFF-ICP-MS) is applied to study trace metals complexed to soil-, peat- and compost-derived HA and colloidal organic matter (COM) in municipal wastewater. Monomodal elemental fractograms with different polydispersities demonstrate that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn are bound to a broad range of HA molecular size fractions. Molecular weights (Mp) and diffusion coefficients (Dp) at peak maximum for HA of various origins were determined by flow FFF. The average Mp of nine replicate measurements of investigated HA ranged from 3950 to 3790 Da while their diffusion coefficients varied from 1.72 × 10-6 cm2 s−1 for peat-derived HA to 1.66 × 10-6 cm2 s−1 for compost-derived HA, indicating very small variations among the HA under investigation. Elemental fractograms were also obtained for aqueous COM in municipal wastewater after on-line preconcentration. Fractograms clearly showed the gradual reduction of COM content for primary through secondary treatment. Elemental COM fractograms also demonstrated that the bulk of Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn was complexed to organic macromolecules while a fraction of Al, Zn, Mn and halogens (Cl, Br and I) was present as dissolved ionic species. Copper, Fe and Zn signals decreased during wastewater treatment. This investigation demonstrates precipitation and subsequent removal of metal ions that are associated with COM as sludge.

UNPAB is currently developing a use plan for 10 ha and is expected to cultivate a total of 20 ha of land. In this planning, UNPAB involves all study programs that are in its hands. Basic Concepts The development of the land meets the needs of learning, practicum, research, and innovation centers of UNPAB which can become an income generator. The flow of Babar Sari river looks clear and flows well, so this is used in the construction of living labs and industrial parks. To determine the burden of pollutants, it is necessary to carry out water analysis and water status analysis based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment no. 115 of 2003 concerning guidelines for water quality status. This study is an experimental descriptive study. COD levels are higher than BOD levels. Bod and COD levels were 83.53 mg/L and 40.7 mg/L, respectively, indicating that there are many organic compounds in the water. The value of COD is always higher than that of BOD, this is because many organic substances are chemically oxidized but cannot be biologically oxidized. A score of -18 belongs to class C or moderately polluted. Based on the US-EPA that Class C: moderate, score = -11 to -30 including moderate pollutants at the time of sampling was raining. And some of the previous days also rained successively and affected the BOD, COD, and DO values of the Babar Sari river. However, the Babar Sari river can be utilized by water management and management in the planning of the Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park. Keywords: Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park, Water Quality, Water Quality Status

Garbage is waste material from household, commercial, industrial or other human activities. Waste generation is the volume of waste or the weight of waste generated from types of waste sources in a certain area per unit of time. The final destination of the waste is to be processed at the Final Processing Site (TPA). In Indramayu, the waste generation is quite large and can cause environmental pollution, so there is a need for good waste management. The purpose of this study is to determine the waste management system in TPA Indramayu, to determine the amount and average of waste, to determine the generation and volume of waste and to determine the levels of BOD, COD and effectiveness in the leachate treatment unit. From the results of observations, it was found that the average receipt of waste at TPA Indramayu was 177,451 tons/day. The waste generation is known to be 2.75 l/or/day and the resulting volume of waste that goes to the TPA is 777,284 m3/hr and the volume of waste per region is 0.003 m3/or/day. The incoming leachate comes from the landfill area and is then processed in the WWTP unit with 4 holding ponds to reduce BOD and COD levels. The initial BOD level entered was 500 mg/L and the incoming COD level was 4000 mg/L, after going through the leachate treatment the results obtained were BOD levels of 33.34 mg/L and COD levels of 266.66 mg/L with efficiency BOD and COD conversion of 93.33%.