Invited commentary

Phase Ib Trial of Oncolytic Herpes Virus G207 Shows Safety of Multiple Injections and Documents Viral Replication

The Optimal Treatment of Malignant Pleural Effusions A Continuing Dilemma

Chemoembolization and Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Are adaptive randomised trials or non-randomised studies the best way to address the Ebola outbreak in west Africa?

What Can We Learn From Clinical Trials of Exon Skipping for DMD?

Maintenance Immunosuppression in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis

The Promise and Perils of Stem Cell Therapeutics

The immunobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and mice: Basic concepts and therapeutic implications

Robotic aortic valve replacement

Outcomes associated with hypogonadism in women with chronic kidney disease

Celiac Disease: Advances in Treatment via Gluten Modification

Cells to Surgery Quiz: May 2019

The rate of protein synthesis in quiescent peripheral blood T lymphocytes increases dramatically following mitogenic activation. The stimulation of translation is due to an increase in the rate of initiation caused by the regulation of initiation factor activities. Here, we focus on eIF3, a large multiprotein complex that plays a central role in the formation of the 40 S initiation complex. Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation to analyze ribosome complexes, we find that most eIF3 is not bound to 40 S ribosomal subunits in unactivated T lymphocytes but becomes ribosome-bound following activation. Immunoblot analyses of sucrose gradient fractions for individual eIF3 subunits show that the small eIF3j subunit is unassociated with the eIF3 complex in quiescent T lymphocytes, but upon activation joins the other eIF3 subunits and binds 40 S ribosomal subunits. Because eIF3j has been shown to be required for eIF3 binding to 40 S ribosomes in vitro, the results suggest that mitogenic stimulation of T lymphocytes leads to an activation of eIF3j, thereby enabling eIF3 to bind to the larger ribosome-free eIF3 subunit complex, and then to the 40 S ribosomes. The association of eIF3j with the other eIF3 subunits appears to be inhibited by rapamycin, suggesting a mechanism that lies downstream from the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase. This association requires ionomycin together with a phorbol ester, which also suggests that calcium signaling is involved. We conclude that the complex formation of eIF3 and its association with the ribosomes might contribute to increased translation rates during T lymphocyte activation.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children: Where Are We?

SARS-CoV-2's origin should be investigated worldwide for pandemic prevention