IoT based security and privacy implementation in smart home

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are being designed to connect billions of sensors/devices for an application-specific environment to provide services and carry out special tasks. It enables the virtual connection of the real-world physical devices with Internet cyberspace. While, there is an exponentially growing trend in the use of IoT technology for diverse applications such as smart agriculture, smart industries, smart hospitals, smart homes, etc., there are pressing design issues which affect the IoT network performance in the long run, for example, replacement of batteries for increasing the lifetime of devices to maintain the network longevity. To tackle this challenge, various wireless powered-based energy transfer paradigms were proposed over time. Backscatter communication (BackCom) is likewise one of the energy-efficient solutions proposed, which can satisfy the stringent green communication aspects of IoT networks. To achieve massive connectivity in BackCom-enabled IoT network, selecting a suitable multiple access scheme is also a crucial part. Most multiple access schemes proposed for BackCom systems are based on frequency or timeslots sharing techniques. Multiple access techniques proposed for BackCom IoT system can reap the gain of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principle. In NOMA, multiple end nodes (ENs) of sensors network is served in the same resource block, thereby, increasing the spectrum efficiency of BackCom IoT system. In this chapter, we discuss the prospects of backscatter technique with application of NOMA for green communication in IoT network.

A smart grid is an electricity network, which deals with electronic power conditioning and control of production, transmission, and distribution of electrical power by employing digital communication technologies to monitor and manage local changes in electricity usage. In the traditional power grid, energy consumers remain oblivious to their power consumption patterns, resulting in wasted energy as well as money. This issue is severely pronounced in the developing countries where there is a huge gap between demand and supply, resulting in frequent power outages and load-shedding. For electrical energy savings, the smart grid employs demand side management (DSM), which refers to adaptation in consumer's demand for energy through various approaches such as financial incentives and awareness. The DSM in future smart grid must exploit automated energy management systems (EMS) built upon the state-of-the-art technologies such as the internet of things (IoT) and cloud and/or fog computing. In this paper, we present the architecture framework, design, and implementation of an IoT and cloud computing-based EMS, which generates load profile of consumer to be accessed remotely by utility company or by the consumer. The consumers' load profiles enable utility companies to regulate and disseminate their incentives and incite the consumers to adapt their energy consumption. Our designed EMS is implemented on a Project Circuit Board (PCB) to be easily installed at the consumer premises where it performs the following tasks: (a) monitors energy consumption of electrical appliances by means of our designed current and voltage sensors, (b) uploads sensed data to Google Firebase cloud over many-to-many IoT communication protocol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) where consumer's load profile is generated, which can be accessed via a web portal. These load profiles serve as input for implementing the various DSM approaches. Our results demonstrate generated load profiles of consumer load in terms of current, voltage, energy, and power accessible via a web portal.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become widely used in recent years in a wide range of applications, such as, weather condition monitoring, transportation, smart homes, smart cities, smart farm, etc. The ecosystem of the IoT is also vast, including from sensor and hardware devices up to cloud-computing. An approach that is getting more and more attention in the IoT ecosystem is the edge-computing and one of its fundamental pieces of equipment is the edge-computing gateway (GTW), which can working as a data-processing device nearer to the things and as a bridge to the Internet, as well. The most important features for these GTWs must be robustness and efficiency and a very popular solution is to use low-cost Raspberry Pi card-size computers. Considering protocol solution, Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication protocol has been considered one of the most applicable to IoT because of its low-power capability. In this context, this paper describes a study about the performance evaluation of a low-power member of the Raspberry Pi family, the Raspberry Pi Zero W, working as an IoT gateway and running MQTT. The experimental results show its performance using as metrics: the processor temperature, the CPU usage level, and rate of MQTT received messages under different Quality of Services (QoS).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework of interconnected computing devices mechanical and digital machines, internationally identifiable physical objects (or things) or people that are have unique identity and the ability to transfer data over a network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction., their combination with the Internet, and their representation in the digital world. The accessibility and availability of cheap components of IoT devices enables a extensive range of applications and provide smart environments. These devices perform actuating and sensing tasks and identified through unique addresses. The IoT devices are connected to the Internet and expected to use the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) at the application layer as a main web transfer protocol. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) does not enforce the use of a particular security approach for its applications, but instead leaves that to the application designer. Therefore, IoT solutions can be based on application context and specific security requirements. MQTT is a Client Server publish/subscribe messaging transport protocol. It is lightweight, open, uncomplicated, and designed to make implementation more easier. These characteristics of MQTT make it perfect for use in most of the situations, including communication in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT). In IOT there is major use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which connects virtual world to physical world. In this paper focus is given to application layer of IOT. In application layer two important protocols are MQTT and CoAP. Security mechanism is proposed in the paper for these protocols.

A review of smart home applications based on Internet of Things

Transport plays a fundamental role in the economic development for big cities. Quito, the capital of Ecuador, presents serious mobility problems, with a significant amount of traffic both in the city center and in its main access roads. The detailed proposal in this article aims to link Quito with several new generation technologies such as Internet of Things (Iot), Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standard for heterogeneous sensor communication, and a system of real-time notifications using the communications protocol Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT). These technologies will be used for the development of an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that takes advantage of the massive deployment of smartphones in the society as main sources of information, including Arduino and Raspberry modules to check efficient communication. This ITS bases its operation on the paradigm of the Crowdsensing, which allows to reflect more accurately the reality of the object of study when more collaborators use the system; reaching up to 30% improvement in the situational consciousness of the environment variable, the traffic.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative technology that connects the physical and digital worlds, revolutionizing how devices, objects, and systems interact. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, IoT paves the way for the development of smart cities, homes, industries, and healthcare systems. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Internet of Things and its role in shaping the smart world.The first section of this paper delves into the foundational concepts of IoT, outlining its history, principles, and key components. The discussion highlights the rapid growth of IoT devices, sensors, and communication protocols, which have enabled seamless data exchange and connectivity on a global scale. The potential benefits and challenges of IoT adoption are addressed, emphasizing the need for robust security and privacy measures to protect against potential threats. The second section explores the pivotal role of IoT in shaping smart cities. With urbanization on the rise, the need for efficient resource management, sustainable infrastructure, and enhanced citizen services becomes more pressing. IoT-driven solutions empower cities to optimize traffic flow, manage energy consumption, improve waste management, and enhance public safety through real-time data analytics and predictive modeling.In the context of smart homes, the third section investigates how IoT applications have revolutionized the way people interact with their living spaces. Smart home devices, such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, and voice-activated assistants, provide users with increased convenience and energy efficiency. However, concerns surrounding data privacy and potential vulnerabilities necessitate a discussion on the best practices for securing smart home ecosystems. The fourth section examines the impact of IoT on industries, from manufacturing to agriculture. IoT-enabled industrial processes streamline production, enhance supply chain management, and facilitate predictive maintenance, leading to increased productivity and reduced operational costs. Additionally, precision agriculture applications of IoT offer farmers real-time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop health, leading to improved crop yield and resource utilization.The fifth section addresses the transformation of healthcare systems through IoT integration. From remote patient monitoring to wearable health devices, IoT has opened new avenues for personalized and proactive healthcare. This section emphasizes the potential of IoT to revolutionize healthcare delivery by facilitating timely interventions, reducing hospital readmissions, and empowering patients to take an active role in their health management.The sixth section discusses the challenges and barriers hindering the widespread adoption of IoT and the smart world. Interoperability issues, standardization, and the complexity of integrating diverse systems pose significant challenges for stakeholders. Moreover, concerns regarding data ownership, privacy, and cyber-security remain key obstacles that need to be addressed to build public trust in IoT technologies. The final section explores future trends and possibilities for IoT and the smart world. With the proliferation of 5G networks, edge computing, and artificial intelligence, the potential for IoT applications is boundless. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaboration among governments, industries, and researchers to shape a sustainable and inclusive smart world powered by IoT technologies.In summary, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Internet of Things and its role in shaping the smart world. From its foundational principles to its diverse applications across various sectors, IoT has the potential to transform societies and redefine how we interact with technology. However, addressing challenges related to security, privacy, and standardization is crucial to unlock the full potential of IoT and pave the way for a truly interconnected and intelligent future.

The Internet of Things (IoT) environment is constantly evolving. Many IoT services have emerged, improving living conditions. Smart homes were among the first developments, and smart buildings, smart factories, and smart cities are attracting increasing attention. Smart cities represent the ultimate convergence of the IoT, the Cloud, big data, and mobile technology. Smart homes, buildings, and factories create smart cities. In addition, the IoT finds applications in traffic control, public safety, and medical services, permitting group-based communication. As the scale of service grows, the number of things (devices) constituting the service also increases. However, security vulnerabilities arise in group-based communication environments. A device may require authentication when entering a gateway; to secure environments with large numbers of devices (such as those featuring IoT smart metering), the gateways bear heavy loads. Therefore, efficient authentication of group leaders and devices is essential. Here, we develop a dynamic group authentication and key exchange scheme for group-based IoT smart metering environments which enables efficient communication among secure IoT services. Our group authentication scheme increases the computational efficiency of the group leader and the participating devices, based on a threshold secret sharing technique.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly as more and more household appliances, sensors and actuators are connected to the internet and communicate with each other. Because these IoT devices usually have only limited processing and communication capabilities, an efficient communication protocol is required to reduce the protocol overhead. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol provides such properties. MQTT is a publish/subscribe protocol, where each client can subscribe to a message topic in order to receive all messages published under that topic. The payload of a message (i.e., the content) can be encrypted to hide private information. However, to forward messages, the topic of a message needs to be read by the broker and thus cannot be encrypted and might reveal private information. This paper presents methods to avoid this problem. It features and evaluates a one-time password approach to provide a fully obfuscated communication method for MQTT topics. Thereby, the user tracking and the generation of profiles is prevented.

The recent trend in the Internet of Things (IoT) is bringing innovations in almost every field of science. IoT is mainly focused on the connectivity of things via the Internet. IoT’s integration tools are developed based on the Do It Yourself (DIY) approach, as the general public lacks technical skills. This paper presents a thermal comfort system based on tasks allocation mechanism in smart homes. This paper designs and implements the tasks allocation mechanism based on virtual objects composition for IoT applications. We provide user-friendly drag and drops panels for the new IoT users to visualize both task composition and device virtualization. This paper also designs tasks generation from microservices, tasks mapping, task scheduling, and tasks allocation for thermal comfort applications in smart home. Microservices are functional units of services in an IoT environment. Physical devices are registered, and their corresponding virtual objects are initialized. Tasks are generated from the microservices and connected with the relevant virtual objects. Afterward, they are scheduled and finally allocated on the physical IoT device. The task composition toolbox is deployed on the cloud for users to access the application remotely. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated using both real-time and simulated scenarios. Round trip time (RTT), response time, task dropping and latency are used as the performance metrics. Results indicate that even for worst-case scenarios, values of these metrics are negligible, which makes our architecture significant, better and ideal for task allocation in IoT network.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has assumed a pivotal role in the advancement of communication technology and in our daily lives. However, an IoT system such as a smart grid with poorly designed topology and weak security protocols might be vulnerable to cybercrimes. Exploits may arise from sensor data interception en route to the intended consumer within an IoT system. The increasing integration of electronic devices interconnected via the internet has galvanized the acceptance of this technology. Nonetheless, as the number of users of this technology surges, there must be an aligned concern to ensure that security measures are diligently enforced within IoT communication systems, such as in smart homes, smart cities, smart factories, smart hospitals, and smart grids. This research addresses security lacunae in the topology and configuration of IoT energy monitoring systems using post-quantum cryptographic techniques. We propose tailored implementations of the Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), N-th degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Units (NTRU), and a suite of cryptographic primitives based on Module Learning With Rounding (Saber) as post-quantum cryptographic candidate algorithms for IoT devices. These aim to secure publisher–subscriber end-to-end communication in energy system monitoring. Additionally, we offer a comparative analysis of these tailored implementations on low-resource devices, such as the Raspberry Pi, during data transmission using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Results indicate that the customized implementation of NTRU outperforms both SABER and RSA in terms of CPU and memory usage, while Light SABER emerges as the front-runner when considering encryption and decryption delays.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in terrestrial environments necessitates efficient data transmission and management protocols to optimize network performance. This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the implementation of IoT networks in a terrestrial setting, focusing on the integration of LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) compression with three prominent IoT protocols: CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), M2M (machine-to-machine), and MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). We did a thorough test of these protocols using the NetSim simulator. We looked at how well they worked in terms of throughput, en-to-end delay, and routing overhead, all of which are important for loT network efficiency. The point of our study is to find out what the pros and cons of these protocols are when they are combined with LZW compression in a terrestrial loT setting. The results of our analysis reveal significant variations in the performance of CoAP, M2M, and MQTT when subjected to data compression. Throughput efficiency, which directly impacts data transmission rates, is scrutinized alongside end-to-end delay, a critical factor in ensuring timely data delivery. Additionally, we explore the implications of protocol choice on routing overhead, a crucial metric for network resource utilization. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to optimize IoT networks in terrestrial settings, offering valuable guidance to network architects and developers seeking to strike the right balance between protocol selection and data compression for improved IoT performance.

In this paper we build an MQTT(Message Queue Telemetry Transportation) broker on Amazon Web Service(AWS). The MQTT broker has been utilized as a platform to provide the Internet of Things(IoT) services which monitor and control room temperatures, and sense, alarm, and suppress fire. Arduino was used as the IoT end device connecting sensors and actuators to the platform via Wi-Fi channel. We created smart home scenario and designed IoT massages satisfying the scenario requirement. We also implemented the smart some system in hardware and software, and verified the system operation. We show that MQTT and AWS are good technical candidates for small IoT business applications.

One of the challenges faced by today's Internet of Things (IoT) is to efficiently support machine-to-machine communication, given that the remote sensors and the gateway devices are connected through low bandwidth, unreliable, or intermittent wireless communication links. In this paper, we quantitatively compare the performance of IoT protocols, namely MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), DDS (Data Distribution Service) and a custom UDP-based protocol in a medical setting. The performance of the protocols was evaluated using a network emulator, allowing us to emulate a low bandwidth, high system latency, and high packet loss wireless access network. This paper reports the observed performance of the protocols and arrives at the conclusion that although DDS results in higher bandwidth usage than MQTT, its superior performance with regard to data latency and reliability makes it an attractive choice for medical IoT applications and beyond.

In this paper we compare the performance of three application layer protocols, that are Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), WebSocket and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario. The three protocols have been implemented on the same low cost and low complexity hardware platform, suitable for IoT applications. The performance, in terms of protocol efficiency, strictly related to the overhead, and average Round Trip Time (RTT), were experimentally evaluated. In the considered scenario an IoT device was transmitting data to a server and waiting for replies. IEEE 802.11.b/g/n air interface was used for the communication between the IoT device and an Access Point (AP), connected to the final server. Two different settings have been considered: a local area network (LAN) configuration, where the AP and the server were in the same LAN; and a more realistic IoT configuration, where the AP was connected to a remote server via the Internet. Furthermore, in the IoT configuration, two types of Internet connection are considered: a connection established through a home router and another via cellular network. Results show that CoAP achieves the highest protocol efficiency and the lowest average RTT, closely followed by WebSocket. The performance of MQTT protocol strongly depend on the Quality of Service (QoS) profile. Changing the environment, from a LAN network to a realistic IoT scenario, does not significantly impact the protocol efficiency, but has a considerable influence on the average RTT, which increases by a factor of 2 or 3, depending on the protocol. Finally, we give some insights on the impact of routing through a cellular network on the system performance.