IoT Based Smart Irrigation Tracking and Management System Using Arduino UNO Microcontroller

Introduction:: The most crucial ingredient in agriculture is water. The amount of water that plants require must be provided to them. However, growers alternate between giving their plants more water than they truly need and giving them less and partly because they become overwatered due to meteorological circumstances like unexpected rainfall. Methods:: We employ an IoT-based intelligent irrigation system to get around this problem. It includes a centrifugal pump, a motor driver board, and a soil moisture sensor with YL69 probes. When the soil moisture level drops, the pump automatically delivers water to the plants with minimal human involvement. The electrical conductivity theory is how the sensor for soil moisture functions. A DHT11 sensor and a barometer, which provide information on the local temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, are both parts of the weather monitoring system with the help of this, farmers can forecast the local weather and plan their irrigation accordingly. Results:: In this patent study, the thing speak API enables us to continually monitor information from a computer or mobile device, and the ESP8266 module links the complete system to the internet. Through this approach, water waste is reduced, and irrigation efficiency is increased while crop health and quality are preserved. Conclusion:: Overall, this research demonstrated how the Internet of Things-based intelligent irrigation systems may enhance agricultural water management. By combining soil moisture monitoring, weather monitoring, and autonomous management, we may develop irrigation techniques that are more precise, effective and patent leading to higher crop yields and sustainable agricultural practices.

The main objective of this study was to compare different irrigation systems based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 3070 ha on the Dasht Bozorg Plain, Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran. Soil properties in the study area such as texture, depth, electrical conductivity, drainage, calcium carbonate content and slope were derived from a semi-detailed soil study carried out on the Dasht Bozorg Plain on a scale of 1:20 000. Once the soil properties were analysed and evaluated, suitability maps were generated for surface, sprinkle and drip irrigation systems using remote sensing (RS) techniques and GIS (Geographic Information System). The results showed that for 1567.6 ha (51.1%) in the study area sprinkle irrigation was highly recommended, whereas for 1876.6 ha (61.3%) in the study area drip irrigation would be extremely efficient and suitable. However, there were no highly suitable lands for surface irrigation, but for all irrigation systems no unsuitable land exists in the study area. The results showed that by applying sprinkle irrigation instead of drip and surface irrigation, the arability of 1611.6 ha (52.5%) on the Dasht Bozorg Plain will improve. In addition, by applying drip irrigation instead of sprinkle or surface irrigation, the land suitability of 802.4 ha (26.2%) on this plain will improve. A comparison of the different types of irrigation systems revealed that sprinkle and drip irrigation were more effective and efficient than surface irrigation for improving land productivity. It is noteworthy, however, that the main limiting factor in using sprinkle and/or drip irrigation in this area is the soil calcium carbonate content and the main limiting factors in using surface irrigation are soil calcium carbonate content together with drainage.

Objective of the study to find out irrigation management in conserving the water resources with irrigation system to increase crop productivity. In this paper, this has designed and implemented an IoT-based smart irrigation system using soil moisture, pH, and NPK sensors for remote monitoring and control of soil parameters, by interfacing them with the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. The output values obtained from the sensors were displayed using an LCD and values were then sent to a cloud server for remote access. Research also interfaced a relay module with a water pump to water the plants automatically when moisture content is lower than a set threshold. The results indicate that the soil moisture sensor's values, NPK sensors and pH sensor are well correlated with the lab values with an error of less than 3%, 5% and 2% respectively. The comparison of the results with the manual practice of irrigation demonstrated a considerable difference in the water and fertilizer consumption with the implementation of IoT assistance in the irrigation system. Therefore, this study confirms that the proposed model is precise, accurate, cost-efficient, and easily scalable for practical applications in smart agriculture by eliminating wastage and real-time monitoring of required inputs.

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) is changing modern agriculture by allowing real-time data collection and automated decision-making. Smart irrigation systems have improved water management by optimizing schedules based on soil moisture levels and environmental conditions. However, most current systems focus only on monitoring before irrigation and often overlook key post-irrigation factors like soil moisture retention, crop stress, and water distribution efficiency. This limitation can result in inefficient water use, increased crop stress, and potential soil degradation, which can affect long-term agricultural sustainability. To tackle these challenges, we suggest an IoT-based post-irrigation monitoring system that uses soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and real-time analytics. Unlike traditional systems, this approach gives continuous feedback on soil moisture and crop stress. This allows for adjustments to irrigation based on the current field conditions. By including machine learning-driven predictive analytics, the system can improve irrigation schedules, reduce water waste, and boost agricultural productivity. Additionally, it helps crops become more resilient to bad weather, leading to steadier yields in different environmental conditions. The proposed solution improves existing smart irrigation technologies by ensuring precise water management, promoting long-term crop health, and fostering sustainable farming practices. Real-world testing indicates that our system achieves a 30% reduction in water wastage and a 20% increase in agricultural productivity. This research contributes to the advancement of intelligent, resource-efficient irrigation management, supporting sustainable water conservation and long-term agricultural viability. Furthermore, our solution demonstrates scalability, making it applicable to both small-scale farms and large agricultural enterprises.

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) with micro irrigation improving water and fertilizer use efficiency through appropriate technological and policy interventions with an objective to relieve pressure on fragile groundwater appears to be the prime challenge in the Gujarat state.Ground water is the key factor defining agricultural land use in Gujarat state.Government of Gujarat has aggressively promoted micro irrigation technologies in Gujarat by providing 100 per cent subsidy through Gujarat Water Resource Development Corporation Ltd. operated tube wells by implementation of PINS (Pressurized Irrigation Network System) along with MIS.These tube wells had been in operation by farmer co-operative societies in Gujarat by participatory irrigation management since long and used to deliver the water with flow irrigation.Now introduction of micro irrigation aims to provide timely and adequate supply of water to crops for improving the agricultural production.Each tube well envisages covering a demarcated area and growing specified crops which requires specific water requirement in specific time period of growth.Earlier without micro irrigation implementation in many tube wells water levels used to go down and due to this, actual coverage under irrigation was much below the targeted coverage.Tail end reaches of command of the tube well used to suffer from inadequate and unreliable supplies.Most of the area was deprived of irrigation facilities.This gap is now filled up by implementing pressurized irrigation networking along with micro irrigation systems.It is found that there is a substantial improvement the operation, maintenance and management of the system by involving both the water users groups (farmers) and Gujarat Water Resource Development Corporation Ltd. (GWRDC) (the owner of the Tube wells).The life of tube well has increased and electricity consumption as well as maintenance is reduced to a great extent.These are the results of participatory irrigation management.Obviously farmers in a command area of community tube well will be in a large number, with different concepts, priorities, requirements etc.To bring these varied interests together and enable them to be effective partners in management of irrigation system is both challenging and time consuming.It is necessary that the behaviour and attitude of the Government officers need to be changed and make conducive to work with farmers and users in order to develop a collective and self-regulative work culture.This should ultimately result in to improvement of "On-farm water use efficiency" and the affordability for the farmers to adopt the systems and doing irrigation through micro irrigation only.The multifold advantages of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems over conventional flow irrigation would bring large sale adoption of these technologies.

The role of technology is very important in an automatic watering monitoring system that works based on the YL69 sensor and DHT11 sensor. This study aims to determine the working principle of sensors in a plant watering monitoring system with mobile applications (Blynk) and thingspeak web. Thingspeak web design aims to process data recording. To process and dispatch YL69 sensor data and DHT11 sensor, the Arduino UNO microcontroller is used as well as a relay as a switch to drain and disconnect the electric current to the water pump. The design results show that this automatic plant watering monitoring system can work well, where the soil moisture is below <50%, the water pump will live "ON" and if the soil moisture is above> 60% the water pump will die "OFF". From the results of the design and testing of the monitoring system carried out it is able to monitor data from the YL69 sensor, DHT11 sensor and pump conditions in real-time with the mobile application (Blynk). While the thingspeak web can monitor and record YL69 sensor data, DHT11 sensors and pump conditions every 20 seconds..

Micro-Irrigation Systems (MIS) apply water through small devices which deliver it onto the soil surface very near to the plant, which means in this context the use of bubbler, mini–sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems. From 2003 to 2006, 13 feddans of field research were established in sandy soil at Wadi EL Natrown On-Farm Irrigation Department Research Station operated by the Water Management and Irrigation System Research Institute, to evaluate the effect of MIS on olive trees. The experimental site was arranged in a split plots design. On 08-02-2003 olive trees (Olea europaea L, Calamata cv.) were planted in the center of an irrigated round base of 1 m diameter. The distance between the tree rows and the trees within the same row are 5ms. Each plot was divided into six replicates giving 18 experimental plots. All the micro irrigation systems were designed with the same control head components which consists of non- return valve, flow meter, venturi, air valve, pressure relief valve and 3 pressure gauges. Regarding the distributor units technical specifications and their placement: 1) For the trickle treatment 4 emitters (12 l/h) per each tree placed on one lateral line PE 16 mm diameter passing through the center of the tree round base; where each emitter is 30 cm distant from the next one; 2) For the bubbler treatment one bubbler per each tree (100 l/h) placed in the tree round base , 25 cm distance from the tree stem moving monthly in 180° clockwise to maintain good water distribution; 3) For the mini- sprinkler treatment one mini-sprinkler (70 l/h) per each tree with the same procedure as the bubbler. A comparison was made between the different systems taking into account the following points: olive trees morphology (plant height, stem diameter, shoots number/tree, leaves number/tree, shadow area and root distribution), number of fruits/tree, fruit weight, yield/tree, total yield per feddan, yield efficiency and both soil moisture content and soil salt distribution. Hydraulics characteristics for each type of MIS were also monitored. The results obtained show the usefulness of trickle irrigation system in olive trees growing where the trees height increased (cm) by 10 and 9.2%, stem diameter (mm) increased by 6 and 14%, shoots number per tree increased by 8 and 14%, leaves number per tree increased by 13 and 17%, shadow area (cm2) increased by 6 and 13% compared with bubbler and micro irrigation system respectively. Trickle irrigation systems demonstrate the highest values of sand soil moisture content which is about (18.19, 16.66 and 10.45% by weight) in the soil layers (00–30), (30-60) and (60-90) cm, respectively, whereas the bubbler irrigation systems were (16.66, 14.46 and 9.01% by weight) in the previous soil layers respectively, followed by mini-sprinkler irrigation systems treatment which were about (10.45, 9.01 and 6.58% by weight) in the same soil layers respectively. The olive trees root distribution under trickle irrigation showed more regularity than other types due to root distribution relative to the placement and the number of irrigation distributors. The net effect of trickle-irrigation was to increase water saving for producing one kilogram of olive fruits with 18 and 35 % less than with bubbler and mini-sprinkler respectively. The number of fruits increased under trickle irrigation by 16 to 24% while the olive tree yield (kg/tree) increased by 18 to 32% compared with bubbler and mini sprinkler irrigation system respectively. Trickle-irrigation can be recommended as an efficient irrigation system for olive trees in the irrigation areas of Wadi El Natrown in the west of the delta region.

시설오이 지중관비에서 지중 점적호스를 30 cm에 매설 시에 텐시오미터를 이용한 자동관수센서의 적정 깊이를 제시하고자 2010-2011년까지 2년간에 걸쳐서 조사하였다. 오이의 생육은 텐시오미터 30 cm 깊이에서 낮았으나 텐시오미터 10 및 20 cm에서는 유의성 있는 차이는 없었다. 1년 및 2년차 수량에서도 텐시오미터 30 cm에서 각각 40.9 및 41.2 <TEX>$Mg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>로 가장 적은 생산량을 나타내었나, 텐시오미터 10 cm에서는 57.0 및 56.9 <TEX>$Mg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>, 텐시오미터 20 cm에서는 56.0 및 60.5 <TEX>$Mg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>로 처리간의 차이가 없이 동일한 수량을 나타내었다. 오이재배에서 한 작기 당 질소 및 일일 물 공급량은 63 <TEX>$kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>의 질소와 1.3 <TEX>$mm\;day^{-1}$</TEX>로 물이 공급된 텐시오미터 20 cm 처리에서 질소 및 수분 이용효율이 높았다. 또한 토양깊이 0-30 cm에 대한 뿌리길이에서도 텐시오미터 20 cm에서 0.87 <TEX>$cm\;cm^{-3}$</TEX>으로 유의성은 없었지만 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 시설오이에서 지중 점적호스를 30 cm 깊이에 매설 시에 텐시오미터를 활용한 자동관수센서의 적정 깊이는 20 cm인 것으로 판단되었다. Vegetables production in greenhouse are typically intensely managed with high inputs of fertilizers and irrigation water, which increases the risk of ground-water nitrate contamination. In 2010 and 2011, a study was conducted to determine the appropriate depth of soil moisture sensor for automatic irrigation control to use water and nitrogen efficiently under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems. The irrigation line for SDI placed 30 cm below soil surface and tensiometer was used as soil moisture sensor. Three tensiometer treatments placed at 10 (SDI-T10), 20 (SDI-T20) and 30 cm (SDI-T30) depths below soil surface under SDI. These are also compared to SUR-T20 treatment where tensiometer placed at 20 cm below soil surface under surface drip irrigation (SUR) systems. The growth of cucumber was not statistically different between SUR and SDI without SDI-T30 treatment. Fruit yields (Mg/ha) were 57.0 and 56.9 (SDI-T10), 56.0 and 60.5 (SDI-T20), 40.9 and 41.2 (SDI-T30) and 56.6 and 54.3 (SUR-T20) for 2010 and 2011, respectively. Slightly higher total yield was observed in tensiometer placed 20 cm below the soil surface, although no significant differences were found between SDI-T10 and SDI-T20 under SDI treatments. In addition, nitrogen application rates and daily irrigation rates were lowest in SDI-T20 compared with other SDIs and SUR treatments. Nitrogen and daily irrigation application under SDI-T20 was lower than that under SUR-T20 by 6.0%. These findings suggested tensiometer 20 cm depth under SDI systems was best for cucumber production in greenhouse.

The influence of undercanopy sprinkler and drip irrigation systems on growth and yield of bananas (cultivar ‘Williams’) in the subtropics

Nitrate leaching under vegetable field above a shallow aquifer in Slovenia

Water retention θ(h) and hydraulic conductivity K(h) are mandatory soil hydraulic properties (SHP) for consistent hydrological modeling and for an efficient irrigation management. Most commonly, SHP are determined by conventional methods (CM), based on hydrostatic equilibrium and the independent measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity, which is used as a matching point for K(h) function. Alternatively, inverse-modeling experiments allow simultaneous parameter estimation using data from transient water flow conditions. This study aims to investigate the implications of these two protocols on simulations of soil water content (θ) and crop evapotranspiration (ET), and how they affect irrigation management and scheduling for different irrigation systems and crops. The SHP obtained from CM and IM were used in simulations with the Richards equation-based SWAP hydrological model. ET and θ were simulated for passion fruit under high-frequency drip irrigation and for pasture under conventional sprinkler irrigation. The simulation performance was evaluated using measured θ and ET obtained with passion fruit under drip irrigation. Both methods (CM and IM) gave similar results in the wetter range, while in the drier soil, CM estimated higher θ than IM. These differences affected the simulated ET and irrigation scheduling. Regarding the ET and θ simulations, for the drip irrigation scenario, in which the water content in the root zone remains near saturation, both SHP determination methods produced similar results. On the other hand, for scenarios with larger irrigation intervals such as sprinkler irrigation, simulations were affected significantly, with CM likely biasing irrigation frequency and depth.

Tomato nitrogen accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

not spread evenly among the people. Most people still use traditional methods and depend on the uncertain climate to meet their food needs, such as vegetables and fruits. Based on this, an Internet of Things (IoT) based Smart Greenhouse Design with Arduino Uno Microcontroller was created as a solution that is expected to help make it easier for farmers to cultivate plants. The greenhouse is a building that has the function to protect plants from external disturbances such as pests, heavy rain, strong winds, and excessive humidity. Meanwhile, what is called a smart greenhouse that uses technology such as the Internet of Things (IoT), is designed to automatically monitoring uses the Arduino Uno microcontroller as the control center for each sensor used, namely DHT22 (air temperature and humidity sensor), Soil Moisture (soil moisture sensor), GUVA-S12SD (UV light intensity sensor). The sensor will obtain the required data and will be automatically sent to the server (blynk application) with the help of ESP8266 (wifi module). The method used in this study is engineering design in the manufacture of the automation system. The results of this research are in the form of a smart greenhouse that can regulate, adjust, and modify the climate to optimize the conditions and processes of plant growth in the greenhouse equipment through microcontrollers and monitoring devices such as sensors and can be controlled remotely via mobile phones or computers everywhere.

Investigation of different irrigation methods on plants is necessary due to limited water resources and the increasing need for food products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems and hormones on morphological and physiological characteristics of potato. Treatments included sprinkler and drip irrigation systems and hormones (gibberellic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, epi-brassinolide, and no use of growth regulators) as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons at a research farm located in Malayer. Results showed that the highest level of tuber dry matter (TDM) was related to epi-brassinolide hormone + drip irrigation after using 80% of the field capacity(FC) in 2015 and epi-brassinolide hormone + drip irrigation after using 70% of the FC in 2016. The lowest amount of water use efficiency (WUE) was seen in sprinkler irrigation + no use of regulators in both years. The highest value of WUE was seen in epi-brassinolide hormone along with drip irrigation after using 80% the FC and drip irrigation after using 70% of the FC in 2015 and also in epi-brassinolide hormone + drip irrigation after using 70% of the FC in 2016. There were high and significant correlations between water use efficiency and relative water content with morphological characteristics. In order to increase the production and potato water use efficiency in cold dry climate, drip irrigation along with epi-brassinolide hormone is recommended.

Drip irrigation system is very efficient in irrigating vegetables and crops. Conventional drip irrigation systems provide water to crops based on predetermined doses and schedules regardless of farmland conditions. Drip irrigation control that ignores soil conditions causes too little or too much water to be supplied which makes conventional drip irrigation still not optimal. This condition can be optimized by adjusting water supply according to soil conditions. In this study, drip irrigation is controlled by a Proportional-Integral (PI) control system using information from soil moisture sensor as a feedback signal. This system uses pressurized water generator from direct water pumping driven by brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Combination of PI control, soil moisture sensor and BLDC motor driven pump makes this system more efficient in using water and electricity than conventional drip irrigation systems. In the future, this drip irrigation system will be combined with solar panels to make it more efficient.