IoT Platforms Initiative

The rapid development of the IoT (Internet of Things) is bringing about a functional change of communication networks from “information transmission” to “information service”. First, the conception and characteristics of the IoT are introduced, i.e., an Internet of humans, machines, and things meant to achieve smart information services. Then, the technology requirements for realizing ubiquitous and smart information services are described. The corresponding key technologies are also discussed, including the integration of communications, computing and control technology (3C), heterogeneous network fusion theory and technology, intelligent sensor technology and short-distance networking theory, large-scale network transmission theory and technology, the network virtualization and intelligent computing technology geared toward information service, and the collaborative network system and service model geared to the application of the IoT. Finally, the development trends of information technologies and information networks in the next five to ten years are analyzed, and give some suggestions for main research areas to be explored and key issues to be resolved.

With the development of embedded devices and in-depth research and extensive application of networking technology, smart objects and types, increasing the number of networking devices continue to be popular in the people's daily lives. Development of digital and network technologies enables the controller node, sensor nodes, radio frequency identification, and household appliances such as television, air-conditioning equipment can use the Internet protocol, wireless communication protocol to achieve information transmission and exchange. Things technology triggered a new wave of the information industry, and unlimited commercial value. Things study based on real significance of architecture and key technologies of Web applications is very important. Introduction With the popularity of Internet technology and embedded devices deployed a large number of research and development, make the amount and type of smart objects are in constant growth, equipment and systems in use in people's everyday life is becoming more and more popular. The evolution of network technology, also makes the sensor nodes, the controller node, RFID, and some electrical appliances (TV, alarm clock, acoustics, air conditioning, etc.) through wireless communication protocol and the Internet network interconnection and information exchange. The digital and networked intelligent devices are widely used in smart home, intelligent logistics, intelligent transportation and intelligent agriculture and other fields, has a huge commercial value. The Internet of things is, as it were, following computer, Internet and mobile communications technology triggered a wave of information industry of core areas, the developed countries to carry out the layout in the field of Internet of things. With the Internet of Things to promote research and development and deployment of technology and a lot of embedded devices, the number and type of smart objects in the growing networking equipment and systems used in people's daily lives are becoming increasingly popular. Situation of Things application development but due Things equipment, high coupling and poor scalability issues, divisive, the threshold is high, long development cycle [1]. According to the background and problems, we propose a Web services environment (WoTSE). Its core idea is a variety of equipment resources seamless access to the Internet of Things, in the form of Web pages open, so the integration of heterogeneous networking equipment, reduce application development difficulty and networking technology, while ensuring that the system of distributed Features loose coupling and large-scale deployment [2]. The technology architecture of Internet of things Internet of things have full perception, reliable transmission and can only process characteristics. Due to the integration of many things now appear in the latest technology, so I do not like the Internet, by the International Organization for Standardization clear hierarchy model. But the Internet also has its own hierarchy, the Internet is recognized technical architecture is divided into three layers, top to bottom are things perception layer, the network layer of the Internet of things application layer [3-4], as shown in Figure 1.

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

The Internet of Things (IoT) has had a considerable influence on our daily lives by enabling enhanced connection of devices, systems, and services that extends beyond machine-to-machine interactions and encompasses a wide range of protocols, domains, and applications. However, despite privacy concerns shown by IoT users, little has been done to reduce and protect individual information exposure. It is extremely difficult to mitigate IoT devices from reidentification threats which is why it is still a major challenge for IoT users to securely protect their information. The trust controls how we regulate privacy in our IoT platforms in the same way that it governs personal relationships. As IoT devices become increasingly linked, more data is shared across individuals, businesses, governments, and ecosystems. Technologies, sensors, machines, data, and cloud connections all rely largely on trust relationships that have been formed. With the rapid growth of additional types of IoT devices that are being introduced, it, therefore, expands privacy concerns and is difficult to develop trust with an IoT system or device without the option to regulate information privacy settings. Privacy has always been a barrier for many devices as they race for the early adoption of IoT technologies. Several Internet of Things devices or systems will continue to pose privacy threats. As a result, the main objective of this study was to examine the individual understanding of privacy and to promote information privacy protection awareness not only to IoT users but also to organizations that use IoT devices or platforms to run their day-to-day business operations. Furthermore, the objective extends to compare user knowledge and concerns about IoT privacy, as well as to identify any common attitudes and variances. However, in terms of enhancing individuals’ knowledge, an artifact was developed to educate and enhance information privacy awareness among IoT users. A pre- and postquestionnaire was generated to test and validate user knowledge regarding information privacy protection in IoT. The study was conducted using a quantitative research method. Findings indicate that IoT users’ awareness of information privacy protection turned out to be average, suggesting a need for education and awareness. Several participants stated that information privacy protection awareness is required within the community to educate, raise awareness, eliminate human error, and enable individuals to be conscious of their privacy when surfing the Internet.

There have been many attempts to predict new markets, including a new market for internet of things (IoT)-based healthcare and the IoT platform’s ability to offer a variety of applications. It is anticipated that the market for these devices will continue to grow as the healthcare sector undergoes fast expansion. IoT can measure a user’s kinetic data (calorie consumption, distance, number of steps, etc.) using wearable healthcare equipment. Most of the recent top research on IoT-based healthcare wearable devices (IWHDs) has, up to this point, concentrated on potential users. The medical industry and healthcare are being quickly changed by the use and adoption of wearable healthcare devices. This study intended to uncover the mediating impacts of “perceived ease of use”, “perceived usefulness”, and “community immersion” on the interactions between influencing factors (personalization, service convenience, interactivity), and the intention to utilize IHWDs. The moderating role of a consumer’s innovativeness in the influence link between IHWD features on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness was also examined. The study found that personalization has a direct (+) impact on usage intention. Through this, it would be feasible to raise the intention of wearable medical devices being accepted if customized benefits that are thoroughly examined just for individuals are supplied. The association between personalization and continued use intention was shown to be partially mediated by perceived utility and community immersion. Additionally, the association between interactivity and continued use intention, was fully mediated by perceived usefulness and community immersion. By analyzing the elements influencing the usage intention of wearable healthcare devices, this study offers a marketing plan to increase the number of users. The internet of medical things (IoMT) sector has had compound growth of approximately 26% from 2018 to 2021, which is a remarkable accomplishment. The effectiveness of factors affecting IoT usage was examined in this study when applied to the actual IoT industry. First, patients with diabetes who previously had to check their blood sugar levels through a blood test can now check it through lifestyle management and steady glucose monitoring through IoMT glucose monitoring when the convenience and individuality of the service are improved. So far, 10% of all Americans have benefited from this device. Second, as an illustration of interactivity, an IoMT-connected inhaler used to assist asthma sufferers with breathing, notifies the user when the inhaler is left at home and reminds them of appropriate times to use the device. This subsequently resulted in saving 1 life out of every 3 deaths. In addition, the findings of this study may also provide a turning point for the design and development of cutting-edge IoT-based healthcare goods and services.

Some Internet of Things (IoT) platforms use blockchain to transport data. The value proposition of IoT is the connection to the Internet of a myriad of devices that provide and exchange data to improve people’s lives and add value to industries. The blockchain technology transfers data and value in an immutable and decentralised fashion. Security, composed of both non-intentional and intentional risk management, is a fundamental design requirement for both IoT and blockchain. We study how blockchain answers some of the IoT security requirements with a focus on intentional risk. The review of a sample of security incidents impacting public blockchains confirm that identity and access management (IAM) is a key security requirement to build resilience against intentional risk. This fact is also applicable to IoT solutions built on a blockchain. We compare the two IoT platforms based on public permissionless distributed ledgers with the highest market capitalisation: IOTA, run on an alternative to a blockchain, which is a directed acyclic graph (DAG); and IoTeX, its contender, built on a blockchain. Our objective is to discover how we can create IAM resilience against intentional risk in these IoT platforms. For that, we turn to complex network theory: a tool to describe and compare systems with many participants. We conclude that IoTeX and possibly IOTA transaction networks are scale-free. As both platforms are vulnerable to attacks, they require resilience against intentional risk. In the case of IoTeX, DIoTA provides a resilient IAM solution. Furthermore, we suggest that resilience against intentional risk requires an IAM concept that transcends a single blockchain. Only with the interplay of edge and global ledgers can we obtain data integrity in a multi-vendor and multi-purpose IoT network.

Although the Internet of Things (IoT) will play a key role in the development of next generation information, network, and communication technologies, many are still unclear about what makes IoT different from similar concepts.Answering fundamental questions about IoT architectures and models, Unit and Ubiquitous Internet of Things introduces essential IoT concepts from the perspectives of mapping and interaction between the physical world and the cyber world. It addresses key issues such as strategy and education, particularly around unit and ubiquitous IoT technologies. Supplying a new perspective on IoT, the book covers emerging trends and presents the latest progress in the field. It also: Outlines a fundamental architecture for future IoT together with the IoT layered model Describes various topological structures, existence forms, and corresponding logical relationships Establishes an IoT technology system based on the knowledge of IoT scientific problems Provides an overview of the core technologies, including basic connotation, development status, and open challenges The book examines ubiquitous sensing, networking, and communications, as well as information management involved in unit IoT. It describes global IoT applications and includes coverage of ubiquitous, local, industrial, national, and transnational IoT. Presenting detailed case studies that illustrate various application scenarios, the text considers the main IoT supporting technologies including resource management, loop control in actuation, session management, space-time consistency, security and privacy, energy management, spectrum management, nanotechnology, quantum technology, and big data.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is leading today’s digital transformation. Relying on a combination of technologies, protocols, and devices such as wireless sensors and newly developed wearable and implanted sensors, IoT is changing every aspect of daily life, especially recent applications in digital healthcare. IoT incorporates various kinds of hardware, communication protocols, and services. This IoT diversity can be viewed as a double-edged sword that provides comfort to users but can lead also to a large number of security threats and attacks. In this survey paper, a new compacted and optimized architecture for IoT is proposed based on five layers. Likewise, we propose a new classification of security threats and attacks based on new IoT architecture. The IoT architecture involves a physical perception layer, a network and protocol layer, a transport layer, an application layer, and a data and cloud services layer. First, the physical sensing layer incorporates the basic hardware used by IoT. Second, we highlight the various network and protocol technologies employed by IoT, and review the security threats and solutions. Transport protocols are exhibited and the security threats against them are discussed while providing common solutions. Then, the application layer involves application protocols and lightweight encryption algorithms for IoT. Finally, in the data and cloud services layer, the main important security features of IoT cloud platforms are addressed, involving confidentiality, integrity, authorization, authentication, and encryption protocols. The paper is concluded by presenting the open research issues and future directions towards securing IoT, including the lack of standardized lightweight encryption algorithms, the use of machine-learning algorithms to enhance security and the related challenges, the use of Blockchain to address security challenges in IoT, and the implications of IoT deployment in 5G and beyond.

Internet is an important part of the Internet in the future. The future the Internet will not only is the simple evolution of the existing Internet, in order to adapt to the future application, more need to have the new architecture, interface, data management mode and the Internet could access various heterogeneous entities and sensor etc. Future objects are identification, telecommunications, mobile, exchangeable, intelligent trusted entities can be created and destroyed and at the same time some objects can build communication network, the network and can be connected to the local and even the global other network, and can provide required services for various users. As with the Internet, mobile is as important as a network, industry experts predict that as the technology application of growing popularity, the Internet of things will be developed into the trillions of high-tech market size, for the late in the first two information wave, China runs slowly which is of great significance [1-2]. In the structure of the Internet of things and stored in the RFID tag specification which has the interoperability information, through the wireless data communication network automatically collect them to the central information system, realize the identification of the item and then through the calculation of open network to realize information exchange and sharing transparent management of goods. The Internet of things is the next big changes after the Internet. Governments, enterprises and academia have attitude towards the Internet of things to take very seriously and have a lot of countries and related organizations have long carried out the research of Internet of things and continues to this day. Ubiquitous network is based on individual and social demand, people, people and things, content and content through the on-demand access to information, information transmission, information storage, information processing which has the environment perception, perception ability and related intelligence, for individuals and society provide ubiquitous and without excluding information network services and applications. Internet of things is to point to by deploying a certain perception, calculation, executing, and communication ability of various devices, such as access to the physical world information, through the network information transmission, and processing together, so as to realize the wide-area information exchange between the people and things, and things of interconnected networks. The real application could be found in the literatures [3-7]. The current research and development has some items or physical device connected to the Internet technology, makes some researchers only from the angle of special items or physical device connected to the Internet, the one-sided understanding of the Internet of things, to a certain extent, has formed a IoT understanding erroneous zone, makes people on the Internet of things technology the understanding of the two extremes: think all network and information technology is the Internet of things technology, the Internet of things is a new opportunity in the development of information technology or think beings not connected to the Internet technology an the Internet technology is just an integration of the existing network and information technology. Due to different sensor collected information content and the representation of different time intervals and output information is different, can feel the different object and the number of sensors, lead to information fusion technology to deal with the information of multi-source heterogeneous characteristics. So, the information fusion process is to establish a unified expression and unified description of language problems, multi-dimensional information of dimension reduction optimization problem and the related problems International Conference on Materials Engineering and Information Technology Applications (MEITA 2015)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a global network that links together living and/or non-living entities, such as people, animals, software, physical objects or devices. These entities can interact with each other, gather, provide or transmit information to the IoT. Although the Internet of Things is a relatively new concept, various platforms are already available. Some of them are open platforms, enabling both the integration of people, systems, and objects from the physical and virtual world, and the visualization of data. For example, there are already some IoT platforms used, like Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub, Amazon Web Services IoT Platform, IBM Watson IoT Platform, Nimbits, Open.Sen.se, ThingWorx, and ThingSpeak. But what if things could not only “work” and “speak”, but also “sing”? We propose a game in which the things connected to IoT can play in real time different sounds, according to the values of some monitored parameters. These things can be grouped in the IoT platform to create a virtual orchestra and make music. Besides this game allowing the creation of great songs, it can be widely used to explain the new ideas behind the fast emerging areas of the Internet of Things. In addition to many technical challenges, it is also worth considering the effect the IoT concept will have on people, society, and economy as a whole.

Recent advancements in hardware and networking technologies have resulted in a large growth in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices connected to the Internet, which is likely to continue growing in the coming years. Traditional security solutions are insufficiently suited to the IoT context due to the restrictions and diversity of the resources available to objects. Security techniques such as intrusion detection and authentication are considered to be effective. Additionally, the decentralised and distributed nature of Blockchain technology makes it an excellent solution for overcoming the security issue. This paper proposes a chaotic bird swarm algorithm (CBSA)-based clustering technique based on an optimum deep belief network (ODBN) and Blockchain technology for secure authentication in an IoT setting. The CBSA-ODBN technique creates a clustering algorithm that utilises CBSA to pick cluster heads (CHs). The ODBN model is then utilised to identify the network, and the learning rate of the Deep Belief Network (DBN) model is optimally adjusted using the flower pollination technique (FPA). The suggested concept creates a layered security network paradigm for the Internet of Things using blockchain technology. Numerous simulations are run, with the outcomes analysed using a variety of measures, including detection rate, packet delivery ratio, energy usage, end-to-end latency, and processing cost. A careful comparison of the suggested model's performance to recently developed methodologies demonstrated the proposed model's superior performance.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is today separated by different vertically oriented platforms for integration of all the different devices. Developers who aim to access other platforms and access that data are forced to manually adapt their interfaces to the specific platform API and data models. This paper highlights the work of the BIG IoT project that aims at launching an IoT marketplace and ecosystem as part of the European Platform Initiative (IoT EPI). The project finished end of 2018, so I will be able to present the setup of and the final results of the integration of the use cases that have been implemented in Northern Germany, Italy and Barcelona. Please refer to www.big-iot.eu for further details.

The internet of things (IoT) transforms the world in many ways. It combines many types of hardware and software with a variety of communication technologies to enable the development of innovative applications. A typical IoT system consists of IoT device, IoT gateway, IoT platform, and IoT application. Developing these elements and delivering an IoT system for fulfilling business requirements encompasses many activities to be executed and is not straightforward. To expedite these activities, some major vendors provide software development kits (SDK), integrated development environments (IDE), and utility tools for developing software to be executed on IoT devices/gateways. Moreover, these vendors utilize their cloud platforms to provide fundamental services, such as data storage, analytics, stream processing, for developing IoT systems. These vendors also developed IoT specific cloud-based services, such as connectivity and device management, to support IoT system development. This chapter presents an overview of tools and platforms provided by five major vendors.

The Internet of Things (IoT) platform consists of numerous IoT devices and a small number ofservers. In order for the platform to operate efficiently and reliably, servers need to have completecontrol over many IoT devices. The advantage of using network boot in this environment is thatthe server has control over the device’s boot process. When applying network boot on an IoT platform,the server needs to be able to handle the network boot that many IoT devices request. If theserver does not have enough processing power for the network boot request, IoT device boot wouldbe delayed. In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient network boot to solve this problem. Theproposed framework has three mechanism. First, the server reserves the right to control which systemimage to transfer during the network boot process on the platform. Second, the server appliesdeduplication to the system image to minimize the amount of data required for transmission. Third,the server monitors network boot requests and performs file transfers appropriate to the situation,minimizing time spent on transfers. The proposed system allows the server to efficiently control numerousIoT devices when using network boot on the IoT platform.

This chapter covers the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) from different aspects. It focuses on 3GPP cellular IoT evolution for connectivity, that is, narrowband IoT (NB‐IoT). The chapter summarizes the IoT evolution from an end‐to‐end perspective, including the IoT platform, IoT protocols, connectivity, and the sensors layer. The IoT platform should support open standard protocols to communicate with different sensors, devices, and gateways from different vendors. The proposed IoT platform will support existing technologies including 2G/3G/LTE/Wi‐Fi/PLC/ Fixed and low‐power, wide‐area (LPWA) networks such as long‐range (LoRaWAN) and Sigfox as well as 3GPP standardized technologies such as LTE‐Machine‐Type Communications (MTC) and 3GPP NB‐IoT. The chapter shows link budgets for NB‐IoT with different subcarrier spacing. One machine‐to‐machine (M2M) is a global partnership developing standards for M2M communications, enabling large‐scale implementation of the IoT. The chapter addresses a high‐level architecture reference model, network elements, and reference point for cellular IoT (CIoT).