Isócrates y el crítico anónimo del Eutidemo de Platón

This text intends to compare the ideas from Adorno and Horkheimer's book “Dialectic of Enlightenment” with the musical thinking of Adorno presented in several other texts written in differents periods. It is possible to observe pertinent relationships between the texts “Negative Dialectc” and “Dialectic of Enlightenment”, in which Adorno points to the existence of two distinct, co-existing and antagonistic musical aesthetics at the beginning of the last century. At the same time, myth and reason also are co-existing and antagonistic, and can be seen in the transition from myth to reason. It is also possible to observe antagonisms in each of the musical genres analyzed by Adorno, as well as opositions between popular music and modern music (dodecaphonic music). These antagonisms represent the concept of the “Negative dialectic” which Adorno developed towards the end of his life. Key-words: musical aesthetic, negative dialectic, Enlightenment, contradiction.

Ubiquitous access to internet has resulted in more and more people going online to get their daily dose of news. In a 2010 survey conducted by the Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism, 41% of the respondents said they get most of their news online, 10% more than those who said they got most of their news from a newspaper. A lot of socio-technical factors have contributed to this phenomenal rise in adoption of online news in recent years. One of the biggest reasons why people are increasingly reading news online is because it facilitates discussion with peers (Nguyen 2010), offering different viewpoints which aid in forming a rounded personal opinion about the news story. The Pew survey found that 37% of online news users (and 51% of 18-29 year olds) think that commenting on news stories is an important feature to have. A lot of people tend to shape their opinion by reading discussion comments, reflective articles, blogs and even tweets about the news. Hence, an increasing number of people rely on online sources of news – be it news websites or news aggregator services like Digg, Reddit, Google Reader, Flipboard, Pulse etc. The problem with these news websites and aggregators is that the only way people can gather public opinion is by actively searching through the endless stream of comments and feeds, filtering out spam (which is a growing problem) and then reading the relevant posts. A top trending story on Twitter will typically see multiple tweets per second, and keeping up with the rapid flow of incoming tweets is quite cumbersome and cognitively taxing. Hence it becomes increasingly difficult and time consuming for someone who wants to get the pulse of the people affected by a news story. Furthermore, in certain scenarios people might want to look at more fine grained opinions. Currently, there is no elegant way to extract geographic and demographic impact of a news story. What is the public sentiment in Indonesia about the Arab Spring? How did the public opinion about the Wikileaks disclosures change as the story unfolded during the course of a year? It is very difficult and tedious to observe such patterns using the currently available news providers. This work attempts to solve these problems by proposing a news aggregator platform which pulls news stories from various sources and also aggregates public responses, reflections, opinions and sentiments associated with those stories. This data is presented in ways that are easily understandable so readers can make better sense of the stories unfolding across the globe. Such a news aggregator platform that gathers and display public opinion and sentiments about a story, must deal with various challenges – 1. Opinions are very subjective. Different people feel about a story in different ways. With such an enormous amount of diverse opinions and subjectivity, how can we possibly aggregate the responses into something that makes sense as a whole? ________________________________ Acknowledgements: Prof. Yardi, S. for the guidance Sethi, P. (2013). Public opinion aggregation by annotation and tagging of online news stories. iConference 2013 Proceedings (pp. 891-894). doi:10.9776/13453 Copyright is held by the author. iConference 2013 February 12-15, 2013 Fort Worth, TX, USA 892 2. There isn’t really a unified web standard for expressing opinion (in textual form). Some people tweet in 140 characters, while others write elaborate blog posts. Some websites employ tags which a reader can use to define and classify their public opinion, while others rely on threaded comments and comment ranking systems. How can a platform be flexible enough to adapt to all these varied standards so that it can extract valuable data from various sources? Perhaps the platform can create a new standard of expression on the web which is flexible and comprehensive enough to be used to express diverse views about every news story in the world. 3. How to filter out spam while extracting public opinion? 4. Once the platform has access to the data it needs, how should it be displayed to the reader in a way that makes sense? What forms of visualizations, illustrations and graphical representations can be employed to give the reader a holistic view of how people feel about a story? 5. How can the platform determine and convey effects of geographical, demographic and temporal variations as the story unfolds? These are just a few out of possibly many issues which must be dealt with. Previous research on similar public opinion aggregation services has greatly focused on natural language processing, data mining and text categorization and clustering. Xiaojun (2010) proposed a framework for crawling the web for comments and applying various data mining algorithms on the data to extract relevant information. Diakopoulos and Shamma (2010) used tweets posted in conjunction with the live presidential debate between Barack Obama and John McCain to gauge public opinion. Brody and Diakopoulos (2011) studied the use of word lengthening to detect sentiment in microblogs. This research proposes a solution – The Opinionated Reader, which relies on sentiment tags and annotations associated with a news story. The essential idea is to create a commenting, discussion and sharing plug-in which can be used by news websites and aggregators as a commenting solution for their news pages. Users wanting to share or comment on a news story through the plug-in are asked to tag the news story with sentiment tags and annotate the story with their reaction (happy/positive or sad/negative). These tags and annotations are stored, aggregated and linked to each news story. A mobile application provides the front-end interface for users to access the news stories and the aggregated sentiment associated with each story. The basic architecture is explained as follows: The Opinionated Reader – Mobile/Tablet App The app fetches news articles from various web sources, based on the interests and preferences configured by the user. In every news article, a portion of the screen real estate is reserved for Opinions which shows graphical visualizations and illustrations of the public opinion surrounding the news story. These visualizations include: A Sentiment Graph indicating the popular tags associated with the story (E.g.: “Shocking”, “Inspiring”, “Amusing” etc.). See Figure 1 for example visualization. A Positivity Graph which plots the level of positivity associated with the story on a time scale from when the news broke. See Figure 2 for example visualization. Figure 1. Example Sentiment Graph Figure 2. Example Positivity Graph iConference 2013 February 12-15, 2013 Fort Worth, TX, USA 893 The user can choose to see these visualizations for a particular time period in the evolution history of the news story, or for a specific country. The app also facilitates people to tag and annotate news articles from within its interface. The Opinionated Reader – Commenting and Sharing Web Plug-in These days, a common way of adding discussion and commenting functionality to news websites is by using 3 rd party services (like DISQUS). The Opinionated Reader is a similar service which can be embedded into the news articles of various news websites to enable commenting and sharing. When someone wishes to comment on an article, the comment is directed through this plug-in, which allows the users to annotate the article with the sentiment tags and reactions along with their comments. The Opinionated Reader saves this information along with the commenter’s location and date of comment (See Figure 3). Figure 3. The Opinionated Reader Web Plug-in 'Add Comment' dialog mockup The Opinionated Reader – Back-end The Back-end maintains a database of news items extracted from RSS feeds of various news websites. Each news article is linked with the sentiment tags and reaction/positivity annotations extracted from the comments and annotations gathered by the commenting plug-in. This data is used by the mobile/tablet app to generate visualizations (Sentiment Graph and Positivity Graph). The back-end also performs data mining on the tags and annotations for geographies and tracks the opinions across time. The back end system responds to queries received from the mobile app with the news story and associated tags and annotations, which are then rendered by the mobile app for the user. iConference 2013 February 12-15, 2013 Fort Worth, TX, USA 894 Discussion and Conclusion This design idea is still in a nascent state and has long hours of research, brainstorming, designing and development to go before it can be realized into something tangible. Twitter has grown exponentially in importance as a news source and it would be vastly valuable to integrate Twitter with The Opinionated Reader. Possibilities include use of special hash tags and natural language processing of tweets to extract public sentiment. The current design supports only two reaction annotations – positive and negative. Not every news story fits this annotation paradigm. Further research about human reactions to news stories might unveil interesting insights which would help zero in on a more robust annotation rubric. Lastly, since this service is envisioned to be non-curated and non-moderated, the value served by the app depends on the users themselves. Greater adoption will lead to more annotations and tags, which translates into a more accurate public opinion as presented to the user.

Ambiguity is the figurative appearance of the dialectic, the law of the dialectic at a standstill. (Benjamin, 1973, p. 171) And came down … (Delaney, 2003a, p. 91) This reflection reads Samuel R. D...

The thesis argues that clear stylistic contrast between painters Agnolo Bronzino and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio obscures what amounts to a shared understanding of, and response to, limits of representation. Drawing on theory of Jacques Lacan and texts of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Georges Bataille, as well as art historical texts and literary theory, it explores artists' ironic manner of interrogating classical conventions and engaging, always ambiguously, with erotic, in process exposing classical idiom- its matter and form- as a 'mask' concealing an instability at heart of appearances. Key aesthetic terms current at time - in particular, sprezzatura and grazia - are considered from perspective of their affinities with irony. Harnessing Lacanian notions of desire's 'impossibility' or 'desire as lack,' discussion focuses on artists' allusions to discrepancy or gap between ego ideal and lived reality. It is argued that, in giving primacy to aesthetic, these artists make a presence of absence; that is to say, desire makes its presence felt through naming effects, via metaphor. The thesis is concerned with limit to representation, explaining it as barrier to jouissance as determined by sexual difference. Every signifier carries lack. The phenomenon of repetition (Lacan's notion of drive as the mask of symbolic) informs my approach. Always more explicit than Bronzino, Caravaggio dramatizes imaginary relation - relation between self and other- for that is where gap is produced, where death makes itself felt. In demand addressed to Other there is always an element left in impasse. The thesis suggests that both artists, in confronting dilemma of naming unnameable, essentially create metaphors for emotional immobility and loss. I argue that viewer's relation to objet a or its complement, specular image i(a), is established via phantasm. The fictional nature of metonymic object is stressed. The paradox of unmoving movement, so characteristic of Bronzino's maniera, is amplified in Caravaggio's work. In both artists' work, unnameable manifests, not only as fixity of frozen form but also as a surplus, as excess - colour playing a primary role in this respect. I consider its relation to symptom. The distinction often drawn between narrative or representational and performative finds its parallel in difference between desire caught up in a dialectic - that is, mediated expression - and what is beyond conceptual, an ego-annihilating jouissance, a pleasure that does not end in harmony or resolution; in short, a nonsense sense or jouis-sens. The realm of non-meaning is evoked via rupture or disjunction in visual field.

The aims of this study is to determine the status and role of women in family and social structure of dairy farmer; the role of women in the income earning and household (domestic ) work and; the dialectic process of status and role of women. The methods used on this research is case study with qualitative approach. Qualitative data analysis was done by categorizing and organizing data through in-depth understanding (verstehen understanding), both textual and contextual that were interpreted afterward. The result showed that the values of the status and role of women in family structure indicate a bargaining through a process of dialogue between husband and wife based on the potential and contribution in both the work of raising livestock and household; in social structure, the role of women as breadwinners have been accepted as a social reality through its participation in the dairy cattle business; working hours of women who poured out in the dairy cattle business and household activities for 8-10 hour per day, far greater than the man (6-10 hours per day); The process of dialectics in the aspect of culture, structure and the relational patterns indicate there has been a shift the values of culture where women have gained high appreciation in society of farmers and have been positioned strategically (as decision maker) in business of the family’s livehood and there are a functional partnership relations between men and women in dairy farmer community in the study area.

In the context of the turbulent post-Napoleonic reconstruction of European political power in the nineteenth century, the Catholic Church faced several options for its own future. Faced with multiple assaults on its traditional political and doctrinal authority in relation to the world around it, the Church decided to consolidate its jurisdictional and intellectual power by forming itself into a closed, confessional organisation, with centralised, authoritarian leadership vested in the Papacy, both to ensure internal cohesion, unity and orthodoxy, as well as to insulate its members from the contamination of hostile environments, and ensure their loyalty. At the heart of this choice was the charismatic figure of Pope Pius IX. During his long Papacy, traumatized by the excesses of revolutionary liberalist movements, Pius decided he must regain control of as much of his world as he could possibly command, using the instrumentality of the growing ultramontane movement, a movement dedicated to putting absolute power into the hands of the Papacy. In making this choice, Pius made a firm decision to oppose all streams of thought favouring national autonomies and constitutional models of church order. Such streams had been in evidence since the papal sovereignty debates of the Middle and later ages. They were gradually being suppressed over the ensuing centuries, a suppression finally accomplished in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was, so this thesis contends, an improper, unauthentic suppression that subverted the proper dialectics of the Church’s doctrinal and structural development, imposing its will on the global Church by manipulation, vilification of alternatives, and the force of punitive sanctions to ensure compliance. The decrees of Vatican Council I ratified in 1870, dogmatised and institutionalised these ecclesial power structures, and provided the source for historical narratives to fit and sustain them. The development of the English Catholic Church from 1848 onwards presented an ideal environment in which to enforce this authoritarian form of church order. Between 1848 and 1878, the English Church, emerging from 300 years of proscription and virtual isolation, was intentionally reformed from its nationalist, cisalpine traditions into a stern adherent of the new centralist, ultramontane model. It is this development upon which the thesis bases its core contention, using England as an exemplar of the Church’s considered direction and tactics. It was in England during this period that suppression of the natural ecclesiastical dialectics between freedom and authority, change and continuity, the mystical and the organisational, constitutional order and absolute power became highly visible. Two successive Primates of the English Church, Cardinals Wiseman and Manning of Westminster, with the direction and support of Pius IX and the Vatican Curia, led this movement, transforming the Church’s natural revival into a new, ultramontane narrative of Catholicism in England, with effects lasting into the present day.

An overview of Hegel’s reception in Russia from the years of the October Revolution up to 1946. After a look at Hegel's presence in pre-revolutionary Russia (Herzen, Plechanov), I will focus on the evolution of Lenin's thought and on the Philosophical Notebooks, where Lenin overcomes the traditional distinction, established by Engels, between method and system in Hegel’s philosophy. The publication of Lenin’s Notebooks in USSR contributed to the debate between “mechanists” and “dialecticians” in the second half of the 1920s. While mechanists (Akselrod), deemed idealism as a form of superstition, dialecticians (Deborin) supported the need for a reconsideration of dialectic consistent with Lenin’s thought. n the 1930s some forms of rejection of the dialectic prevailed, whereas in 1946 Alexandrov put Hegel back at the core of the debate. Although most critics tend to dismiss Soviet philosophy as pedantic and doctrinaire, it is useful to shed light on a significant theoretical dispute that cannot be reduced to a clash between “heresy” and “orthodoxy”. Parole chiave: Hegel; Urss; Lenin; Mechanists; Dialecticians.

The following paper offers a contribution to the history of “Contemporary Legal Hermeneutics” (CLH). My final goal is to find out the underlying factor of such spiritual movement as well as its difference from other types of Legal Hermeneutics. The principle chosen for my purpose is historiographical. According to this latter the spiritual movements are explained only by their original question, otherwise they remain incomprehensible. In this sense, I reject the popular thesis that represents CLH just as the introduction of Gadamer’s hermeneutics into law studies. My counterargument is based on Gustav Radbruch’s writings, where the dialectic between law’s normative and factual elements – that constitute the hard core of CLH – is for the first time dissected. I support such conclusion by presenting Radbruch’s philosophy of law, especially its hermeneutical-legal concepts and gaps.

The main objective of this article is to reflect about the need to include sensitive themes to human soul and morals in the training of journalists and the importance of subjectivity in the construction of narratives and productions from this field of knowledge, which is journalism. For that, as a first objective, we propose to discuss the importance of a gradation that provides an epistemological, cognitive and interdisciplinary knowledge for the student (SANDANO, 2015). Afterwards, we reflect on subjectivity journalism (MORAES, 2015) as a possibility for a field, practice and production that is more sensitive, humanized and dialectic, that privileges the Other, as well as intellectual and interdisciplinary knowledge. In order to complement the reflection and contextualize the discussion, O nascimento de Joicy, Fabiana Moraes’s report book, was listed as the main empirical object. This choice, therefore, reveals the second objective of this article is a brief discussion and reflection on the insertion of the gender and sexuality themes in the curricula of journalism courses.

This thesis looks at the politics of recognition in post-Apartheid South Africa with specific reference to whiteness and affluence. The study proposes a white politics of acknowledgment with the aim to form a philosophical interpretation and critique of the life-world of suburban whiteness. The main hypothesis is that South Africa is a postcolonial heterotopia due to the continued proliferation of economic Apartheid. The study charts the way in which the dialectic of colonial times and Apartheid has become a postcolonial heterotopia after Apartheid. A postcolonial theory of recognition is outlined to show how mutual recognition is problematised beyond Apartheid.

The objective of this paper is to present an articulation theoretical and practical on the subject individualism-collectivism, from semi-structured interviews with women in the area of community-west of Rio de Janeiro. It discusses modern individualism in this urban setting, from a historical perspective. It is concluded through interviews, that the dialogic space is a political space and helps to walk toward the individual-society dialectic. Keywords: Individualism-Collectivism-Women-Community

resumen

Of the six systems of philosophy received among learned Hindus, four have been noticed in the preceding parts of this essay, viz. the theistical and atheistical Sánc'hyas, the dialectic Nyáya, and the atomical Vaiśéshica. The prior or practical Mímánsá will be now considered; reserving the later or theological Mímánsá, usually named Védánta, for a future disquisition, should it appear requisite to pursue the subject, much concerning it being already before the public.

Organism connotes a knotty dialectic: a living system makes itself into a entity distinct from its environment through a process that brings forth, through that very process, a world proper to the organism.

The Stranger now picks up the thread from 252E (end of § 12), expanding the conclusion then reached in the light of what we have since learned about dialectic and meta-dialectic: . . . some of the kinds will combine with one another, and some will not, some with a few and some with many, while some pervade all, and there is nothing against their being combined with everything (254 B7-C1).