Jewish Moneylenders and the Use of Notarial Registers in Late Medieval Provence

This book is a collection of the proceedings of the study seminar held in Verona on 14 November 2003. This was the occasion for the presentation of the results of archive research performed by young researchers on the Jewish presence in numerous cities and smaller towns of the Venetian hinterland in the fifteenth century (Vicenza, Verona, Treviso, Feltre, and the minor centres of the Polesine and Verona and Vicenza territory). The various themes that are developed though attentive and documented analysis include: the autonomous initiative of the civic communities in the relation with the Jewish moneylenders and the attitude of Venice, divided between protection and the anti-Jewish tensions that were widespread among the lagoon nobility; the encounter and dialectic between the Ashkenazi and Italian components in the communities settled within the cities and hamlets of Veneto; the difference of the social and cultural climate between the first and second half of the fifteenth century, marked by incisive Franciscan preaching and attempts at expulsion from the cities; a look 'from the inside' which opens up the role of women in the economic life of the Jewish communities. Over twenty years after the convention on 'The Jews and Venice' promoted by the Fondazione Cini, these contributions illustrate the revival of study and the ever-present need for comparison and exchange on the issue of the Jewish presence in Italy.

Explaining the continuum of social participation among older adults in Singapore: from 'closed doors' to active ageing in multi-ethnic community settings

The article is devoted to the analysis of the possibilities and prospects of the transition from theoretical and legal concepts of legal technique and technology to the doctrine of legal architecture and engineering in the field of rule-making. Such a transition is due to the intensive process of digitalization of public relations, including in the field of law-making, which, changing traditional forms of rule-making and translating them into digital reality, requires the development of an appropriate legal doctrine. A theoretical consideration of the rule-making process as legal engineering will not only significantly update its legal doctrine, but also see and explain the qualitative changes in it due to the possibilities of using innovative technologies. The aim is to form a theoretical and legal understanding of normative legal engineering as a result of the evolution of legal technology, legal technology and legal engineering, taking into account the availability of modern digital space and innovative tools. The research methods are based on a general scientific dialectical methodology that allows us to consider legal engineering in rulemaking in its dynamics and interaction with related phenomena (engineering, technology, engineering). The methods of formal and dialectical logic, ascent from the concrete to the abstract, from the abstract to the concrete, as well as such categories of dialectics as cause and effect, possibility and reality are used. Private scientific methods of cognition (historicallegal, formal-legal, comparative-legal) are applied. Results: a study of the evolution of the development of the doctrine of legal technique and technology has shown that it currently needs a new perspective and perspective to describe the process of rulemaking in modern digital reality. Conclusions: digitalization and informatization of public relations and social communications will inevitably change all spheres of human activity, including rule-making. The concept of legal engineering will allow us to describe the features of "electronic" rule-making, and at a practical level — to accompany rule-making at all stages — from the formation of the “idea of the law” to its recognition as invalid using modern technologies and processes (automation, robotization, artificial intelligence, etc.).

'Discourse of Tradition and Modernity among the Paite'

Sense of community and social life are two key concepts related to social cohesion, which have been the subject of extensive studies in several disciplines including sociology, psychology and built environment. Social life studies have been mostly conducted in the built environment discipline focusing on city centres; while sense of community studies were mostly the target of sociologists and psychologists focusing on neighbourhoods. As a result, the role of the built environment on the sense of community and social life of neighbourhoods is considered as a missing gap in the literature. This paper, through defining the concepts of social life and sense of community, aims to develop a conceptual framework for further implementation in future research. Accurate implication and interpretation of the concepts show that neighbourhoods can include the sense of community in the residential environment and the social life in the commercial environment. This is because residential environments are where residents’ requirements can be met through their commitment to the community and commercial environments are the fulcrum of interaction and communication.

The problems of economic liberalization in a market town in south China raise theoretical and empirical questions concerning the role of the state at the local level, both in the past and in the present. The failure of the party‐state to disengage itself from society today is due to an administrative history to the unfolding of which the town residents have contributed their efforts. In an era of entrepreneurial vigor that is promoted officially, social life and economic choices continue to be guided by manipulations of and around bureaucratic power. State and local society have interpenetrated each other in ways that are overlooked by conceptual schemes that emphasize their mechanical opposition. What we have here is an example of “state involution,” of their inextricable interlocking.[rural China, socialist transformation, market revival, political culture, state involution, social change]

This research aims to analyze the social and spiritual meanings in the Cabur Bulung tradition of the Karo Ethnicity, as well as to understand its role and function in the context of the social and spiritual life of the Karo community. Based on Geertz's (1973) cultural theory, which suggests the importance of symbols and meanings in the interpretation of a community's social life, this research adopts an anthropological approach with qualitative methods. Techniques used include observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies to explore the meaning dimensions of the Cabur Bulung tradition. The results show that the Cabur Bulung tradition has two main dimensions, namely social and spiritual. Socially, this tradition functions as a means to strengthen relationships between community members, strengthen Karo ethnic identity, and demonstrate the value of solidarity and togetherness in social life. On the other hand, the spiritual dimension of this tradition reveals the Karo people's efforts to communicate with the spirits of ancestors, ask for healing blessings, and maintain balance with the universe. The symbols contained in the Cabur Bulung procession contain deep social and religious values, describing human relationships with the spiritual world and nature. This research provides an understanding of the Cabur Bulung tradition as an inseparable part of Karo ethnic culture, and reveals its role in shaping social structures, cultural identity and practices. he spirituality of the Karo people. Thus, this tradition is not only a ritual, but also a reflection of life that involves harmonious social and spiritual relationships between humans, communities and the spirit world.

This study aims to clarify the relationship between the elderly's social life in community and participation in community work. For this objective, 17 elderly living in one region which has animated community work were surveyed by means of deep interview and behavior observation in the community work. This survey was carried out 4 times from 1999.4 to 2002.3 to trace the changes of one's life in community. The results of the analysis are as follows. 1) By participating in the community work, each elderly gets acquainted with a fair number of people in the community. 2) However, each elderly selects the way of one's social relations according to one's life course. 3) When one's ADL declines, home and day-care center play important roles for keeping and forming one's social relations.

Sacred groves are protected areas of forests because of religious beliefs and constitute an important aspect of the cultural life of various communities throughout the world. The source of this culture can be traced back to prehistoric times. The sacred groves of Parinche valley, Pune district of Maharashtra, India were studied to understand their status and importance in relation to common natural resource bases and cultural aspects. Through formal interviews and non-participatory observation undertaken in all seasons between October 2002 and February 2004, 14 sacred groves were documented. Both EMIC and ETIC dimensions were incorporated in the choice of subjects. The results show that they are important for various communities as a common natural resource base. They promote cultural bonding among various communities and maintain harmony in social life. This can be evidenced during annual village festivals and family celebrations, which invariably take place within the premises of sacred groves. They are also important for biodiversity as many groves function like mini sanctuaries and harbour endemic and threatened plant species. The natural vegetation of the groves comprises many medicinal plants that are regularly harvested by local medicine men (Vaidus). Water is a precious resource, especially during summer months, and the perennial water sources that are present in the sacred groves are the only remaining water sources for seven villages. There is a compunction, on the other hand, of the sacred groves being influenced by urbanization, resulting in the building of concrete temples by clearing natural vegetation and planting ornamental and other economically useful trees in the cleared areas of the groves. Such actions alter these fragile ecosystems and deplete or destroy the natural resource base for which this ancient culture is believed to have been originally evolved. We conclude here that sacred groves were originally a common natural resource which were assimilated into the social and cultural life of villages in the Parinche valley. Hence their protection and enhancement should become part of village and forest planning.

When it comes to social sustainability debates, public life is either neglected or is little discussed in the research. In fact, for us, it is important to understand public and social life as part of how cities could become healthier and more sustainable. In doing so, we are able to promote peace through quality public life, which would also determine the quality of life (QoL) and other well-being measures in cities and communities.

The smallholder-private forests initially developed through various catalysts, particularly the government's greening program. The various functions of smallholder-private forests in economic, social, and environmental life has encouraged the forests as an integral part of community life. This condition is termed as a status of adjusted to each other (couple state) between the forests and community life. The couple state needs to be studied to help in improving community lives through the development of smallholder-private forests. A systems approach is required in learning the couple state. The main topic of research was the system’s coupling between smallholder-private forest systems and livelihood systems. The degree of the system’s coupling was measured using the value of the coupling coefficient (R). This study aimed to determine the degrees of coupling in three main farmer livelihoods. The study began by developing the causal loop diagram (CLD) of the coupling of the two systems. Samples of 72 head of the family that work as full farmers, part-time farmers, and non-farmers were taken purposively in Semoyo Village, Gunungkidul Regency. Data of farmers conditions were obtained through interviews by using questionnaires, and the conditions of smallholder-private forests were obtained through tree measurements. The results found that there was a dynamic coupling of the community forest system with community life in the three main livelihoods studied. The highest order of coupling degrees was full-time farmers, part-time farmers, and non-farmers, respectively. The difference in degrees of coupling in the three main livelihoods can be used as a basis for stakeholder intervention in formulating regulations, policies, and coaching to improve the quality of life of the community. Keywords: system’s coupling, Gunungkidul, smallholder-private forests, systems approach

LAW IN DIGITAL REALITY

Research purposes This is to describe, Demutru Values as local wisdom of the Grim e Nawa Community in Ja y apura Regency-Papua and Demutru Values as Habitus in building religious and social life in Grim e Nawa Regency Jayapura-Papua. The research method used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis using an ethnographic approach. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation methods. The research subjects were traditional leaders, community leaders, young men and women leaders and parents in society. Data analysis techniques through data reduction, data provision and drawing conclusions. The results of this research found that Demutru's values as a habitus in building religious and social life in Grime Nawa, Jayapura-Papua Regency are: First, values as a manager who organizes all activities in society. Second, the value of being a servant who solves problems in society by consensus. Third, the value of being a spiritual person who serves as a spiritual leader who guides people to meet Allah or Woirom. Meanwhile, the value of Demutru as a habitus for building religious life and society includes, first, the field , namely a structured place that forms the strength to unite in society. Second, Habitus contributes to forming a meaningful life of mutual respect and acceptance. Third, the value of capital shown in the social sector is visible through the harmonious life between religious communities in society.

According to my conception, we can distinguish the four main spheres of modern human life: the spheres of private life, community life, social life, and coercive life. The modern state (or national) society is a heterogeneous society in which the main life spheres mentioned have been developed, and in which the sphere of social life is of fundamental importance. In this paper, the focus of inquiry is that the sphere of social life is also complex, from the point of view that it is differentiated into social sub-spheres. First, I point out the main conceptions regarding the differentiation of society into subsystems, fields, or spheres, especially Bourdieu’s field theory, and then I define the concept of social sub-sphere. After that, I distinguish the sphere of everyday social life on the one hand, and the sphere of political life on the other; and within the former sphere (or partly in the area of other life spheres) I make a distinction between further sub-spheres: the relatively pure social sub-sphere, the semi-social sub-sphere, and the mixed life sphere.

This study aims to understand the religious traditions in Tanjung Medan Village, which are an integral part of the social and cultural life of the local community. This study used descriptive qualitative methods with a religious anthropological approach. This approach was chosen to view religion as a social phenomenon that reflects identity, values, and symbols in the community. The research used a descriptive qualitative method. The approach used is religious anthropology, which aims to understand religious traditions in Tanjung Medan Village as a part of the social and cultural life of the local community. This approach helps researchers see religion not only as a spiritual aspect, but also as a social phenomenon that reflects the identities, values, and symbols that live in the community. The results of this research show that the tradition of reciting the Qur’an in graves in Tanjung Medan Village is a form of cultural acculturation between Islamic teachings and pre-existing local traditions. The people of Tanjung Medan Village solemnly carry out this tradition as a tribute to the deceased and as a reminder to those who are still alive about life after death. In its implementation, this tradition not only involves the immediate family but also the surrounding community, such as the Wirid group, who participate in reading prayers and verses from the Qur’an. In addition, this activity contains values of togetherness and solidarity, which are demonstrated in the reading of the Qur’an alternately by several people and in the provision of alms for participants. Overall, the tradition of reciting the Qur’an at graves In Tanjung Medan Village not only functions as a tribute to the dead but also as a means of conveying Islamic values in a way that is simple and easily accepted by the community