José M. Estevez.

About the Authors

Scientific psychology started developing in Argentina soon after Wundt's 1879 establishment of the first laboratory for experimental research in psychology. In 1891, Víctor Mercante (1870–1934) founded the first psychology laboratory in the city of San Juan, Argentina. Horacio Piñero (1869–1919) also created an experimental psychology laboratory at the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires in 1898, and a psychophysiology laboratory at the University of Buenos Aires in 1901 (Papini, 1976). In 1906, two other research laboratories were created: Félix Krueger, disciple of Wundt, founded a short‐lived center at the Instituto Nacional de Profesorado Secundario (National Institute of Secondary Teaching), and Víctor Mercante set up a laboratory at the Department of Education within the School of Law and Social Sciences, at the University of La Plata (Talak & García, 2004). Scientific research in psychology took its first steps in Argentina almost hand in hand with the psychological scientific activity in the world's most important academic centers in Europe and the United States.

Synthetic biology in plants promises to transform basic and applied research by rewiring entire developmental modules, signaling cascades or metabolic pathways. Yet, this requires expression of many genes simultaneously, very difficult with classic transgenic approaches, especially for the generation of stable traits. CRISPR activation systems work in plants and could greatly facilitate multiplexed gene activation. Current CRISPR activation systems are efficient for transient or ubiquitous expression. Yet, to fulfill their potential, CRISPR activation needs to perform robustly in specific organs and tissue types. Here, we present a CRISPR activation system that efficiently drives expression in a cell-type-specific manner in stable lines, which requires assessing expression on a cellular basis using fluorescent reporter lines. Our CRISPR systems consistently re-wire gene expression at the cellular level, inducing genes with cell-type specific expression to efficiently express in a new cell layer, such as root endodermis or epidermis. We demonstrate the power of our system to drive functionally relevant, multiplexed gene activation by achieving endodermis-specific production of wild-type levels of flavonoids, detectable by in-situ fluorescence, in a root-flavonoid deficient myb12 mutant.

Nine researchers, editors and science communicators share their views about the barriers that Asian scientists encounter in publishing their work and becoming more visible on the international level. Shravan Hanasoge has been a faculty member in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, since 2013. He received his Ph.D. at Stanford University and then pursued a postdoctoral fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research and the Department of Geosciences, Princeton University. Noriaki Horiuchi is a senior editor at Nature Photonics, based in the Springer Nature Tokyo office. He obtained a Ph.D. from Universite Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, and then pursued postdoctoral research at Toyota Technological Institute and RIKEN. He joined Nature Photonics in 2009. Congcong Huang is a team manager and senior editor at Nature Communications, based in the Springer Nature Shanghai office. She obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge, UK, then pursued postdoctoral research at Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in the USA. She joined Nature Communications in 2012. Hepeng Jia is a science communication researcher at the School of Communication, Soochow University in China and a science journalist, writing for the Nature journals and Chemical & Engineering News. He has a Ph.D. in science communication from Cornell University. Na Young Kim is an associate professor at the Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Canada, leading her Quantum Innovation laboratory. She has a Ph.D. from Stanford University and has also worked in industry for Apple Inc. Mio Murao is a professor at the Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan. She has a Ph.D. from Ochanomizu University in Japan, then pursued postdoctoral research at Harvard University, Imperial College London and RIKEN before joining the University of Tokyo as a faculty member. Minah Seo is principal research scientist at the Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea. She has a Ph.D. from Seoul National University, then pursued postdoctoral research at Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA. Rebecca Tan is the Editor in Chief of Asian Scientist Magazine, a science and technology magazine that highlights research and development news stories from Asia to a global audience. She has a Ph.D. from the National University of Singapore. Jens Wilkinson is communications officer at the International Affairs Division in RIKEN, Japan. He has been working in Japan for over 15 years.

Macro-Energy Systems: Toward a New Discipline

April 01 2009 What Makes Terrorists Tick Erica Chenoweth, Erica Chenoweth Erica Chenoweth is Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Nicholas Miller, Nicholas Miller Nicholas Miller is an undergraduate Government major at Wesleyan. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Elizabeth McClellan, Elizabeth McClellan Elizabeth McClellan is an undergraduate Comparative Government and Studio Art double major at Wesleyan. For a longer, more detailed version of this letter, see Erica Chenoweth's website, http://wesfiles.wesleyan.edu/home/echenoweth/web/home.htm. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Hillel Frisch, Hillel Frisch Hillel Frisch is Associate Professor in the Departments of Political Studies and Middle East History at BarIlan University. He thanks Stuart Cohen, Efraim Inbar, and Gordon McCormick for their helpful comments. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paul Staniland, Paul Staniland Paul Staniland is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science and member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Research Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs in the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. The author would like to thank Brendan Green, Vipin Narang, Joshua Rovner, and Cyrus Samii for helpful comments. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Max Abrahms Max Abrahms Max Abrahms is a Social Science Predoctoral Fellow in the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. He would like to thank Mia Bloom, Martha Crenshaw, Matthew Gottfried, Peter Krause, Jessica Stern, Paul Stockton, and Robbie Totten for their helpful comments. He is especially grateful to Richard English for sharing his expertise over the years on the Irish Republican Army. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Erica Chenoweth Erica Chenoweth is Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan University. Nicholas Miller Nicholas Miller is an undergraduate Government major at Wesleyan. Elizabeth McClellan Elizabeth McClellan is an undergraduate Comparative Government and Studio Art double major at Wesleyan. For a longer, more detailed version of this letter, see Erica Chenoweth's website, http://wesfiles.wesleyan.edu/home/echenoweth/web/home.htm. Hillel Frisch Hillel Frisch is Associate Professor in the Departments of Political Studies and Middle East History at BarIlan University. He thanks Stuart Cohen, Efraim Inbar, and Gordon McCormick for their helpful comments. Paul Staniland Paul Staniland is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science and member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Research Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs in the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. The author would like to thank Brendan Green, Vipin Narang, Joshua Rovner, and Cyrus Samii for helpful comments. Max Abrahms Max Abrahms is a Social Science Predoctoral Fellow in the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. He would like to thank Mia Bloom, Martha Crenshaw, Matthew Gottfried, Peter Krause, Jessica Stern, Paul Stockton, and Robbie Totten for their helpful comments. He is especially grateful to Richard English for sharing his expertise over the years on the Irish Republican Army. Online ISSN: 1531-4804 Print ISSN: 0162-2889 © 2009 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.2009 International Security (2009) 33 (4): 180–202. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.180 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Erica Chenoweth, Nicholas Miller, Elizabeth McClellan, Hillel Frisch, Paul Staniland, Max Abrahms; What Makes Terrorists Tick. International Security 2009; 33 (4): 180–202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.180 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsInternational Security Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2009 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.2009 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Silicon mobilisation by root-released carboxylates.

The Venus flytrap, Dionaea muscipula, is perhaps the world's best-known botanical carnivore. The act of prey capture and digestion along with its rapidly closing, charismatic traps make this species a compelling model for studying the evolution and fundamental biology of carnivorous plants. There is a growing body of research on the genome, transcriptome, and digestome of Dionaea muscipula, but surprisingly limited information on changes in trap transcript abundance over time since feeding. Here we present the results of a comparative transcriptomics project exploring the transcriptomic changes across seven timepoints in a 72-hour time series of prey digestion and three timepoints directly comparing triggered traps with and without prey items. We document a dynamic response to prey capture including changes in abundance of transcripts with Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to digestion and nutrient uptake. Comparisons of traps with and without prey documented 174 significantly differentially expressed genes at 1 hour after triggering and 151 genes with significantly different abundances at 24 hours. Approximately 50% of annotated protein-coding genes in Venus flytrap genome exhibit change (10041 of 21135) in transcript abundance following prey capture. Whereas peak abundance for most of these genes was observed within 3 hours, an expression cluster of 3009 genes exhibited continuously increasing abundance over the 72-hour sampling period, and transcript for these genes with GO annotation terms including both catabolism and nutrient transport may continue to accumulate beyond 72 hours.

Cell-specific pathways recruited for symbiotic nodulation in the Medicago truncatula legume

The root endodermis is the primary boundary between the inner vascular tissue and the outer cortex, operating as an apoplasmic barrier for selective nutrient uptake and defence. How is the production of endodermal barriers regulated during development? New research in The Plant Journal (Cohen et al., 2020) describes a transcription factor that controls the establishment of the endodermal suberin lamellae. The discovery is an important milestone in understanding the formation of this hydrophobic barrier and its role in maintaining plant fitness. The root endodermal barrier requires the coordinated action of two hydrophobic polymers, lignin and suberin. Lignin is a building block for the Casparian strip, a ring-like structure that surrounds the walls of mature, fully elongated endodermal cells. The suberin lamellae appears later in development, at first as a ‘patchy’ zone, where endodermal cells are suberized intermittently, and later as a ‘continuous’ zone, when cells are fully differentiated (Barberon, 2017). Whereas the Casparian strip serves as an apoplastic barrier, the suberin lamellae limits solute transports intracellularly. Despite the important role that suberization plays at the root endodermis, the regulation of this process is not well understood. In a previous study, Asaph Aharoni and his team discovered two Arabidopsis transcription factors (MYB107 and MYB9) that play a role in suberin monomer biosynthesis and transport, as well as in their subsequent polymerization in the seed outer integument layer (Lashbrooke et al., 2016). In this follow-up study, the team discovered and characterized a related MYB-type transcription factor, MYB39, that regulates root endodermis suberization. The transcription factor, aptly named SUBERMAN, was able to activate the entire suberin metabolism machinery when expressed heterologously in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), even in leaves, which naturally do not deposit suberin lamellae in cell walls. Altering the expression of SUBERMAN resulted not only in changes in the deposition patterns of suberin, but also affected the nutrient uptake capacity of the root. The work comes from Aharoni’s lab at the Weizmann Institute (Rehovot, Israel), in collaboration with scientists at the Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China. Aharoni’s team has long focused on diverse aspects of plant metabolism, including the production, regulation, and role of secondary metabolites in plant development and stress responses. Hagai Cohen, first author of the paper, was a postdoctoral fellow in Aharoni’s group, and now directs his own lab at the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO, Volcani Center, Israel). Cohen’s group investigates plant lipophilic barriers and their role in pathogen response. Cohen et al. (2020) demonstrates that SUBERMAN triggers the expression of not only suberin biosynthesis genes, but also of genes required to assemble and deposit these unique structures at their correct subcellular sites (see Figure). The authors point out that SUBERMAN probably cooperates with other still-unknown transcription factors to execute the necessary steps for establishing the suberin lamellae. Their current work on root transcriptomics and other approaches has highlighted additional candidate genes with potential roles in suberin metabolism, which the team plans to investigate further to determine their role in suberin deposition in different plant tissues and cell types. The results from Cohen et al. (2020) open the way for dissecting the molecular mechanisms involved in establishing a major root barrier. According to Cohen and Aharoni, in the future, their discoveries could be used to implement metabolic engineering strategies aimed at designing novel barriers in roots or other plant parts. These barriers could make plants more resistant to diverse stress conditions, such as mineral deficiency or pathogen invasion. Other research groups are also likely to recruit SUBERMAN to the rescue. For example, one group is trying to engineer plants to overproduce suberin to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and thereby slow down climate change.

A Tale of Two Domains Pushing Lateral Roots.

PLANT BIOLOGY. For the article “Arabidopsis myosin XI mutant is defective in organelle movement and polar auxin transport,” by Carola Holweg and Peter Nick, which appeared in issue 28, July 13, 2004, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (101:10488–10493; first published July 6, 2004; 10.1073/pnas.0403155101), the authors wish to note the following: “We must retract the results published in the article. In further investigations of the mya2-1 knockout (SAIL_414_C04), we detected a second deletion upstream and adjacent to the MYA2 locus, and a complementation assay performed with the whole genomic sequence of MYA2, including the promoter (10.5 kb), revealed no significant differences between the dwarf phenotype of the original mutant line and the mya2-rescued line. The analysis included parameters such as shoot length, cytoplasmic streaming, hypocotyl length, epidermal cell length, and root hair length. Therefore, the phenotype of the original knockout line was probably due to the second deletion upstream of the MYA2 gene. Since our original publication, and consistent with our new results, others have observed no major defects resulting from inactivation of any of the 13 myosin XI genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome (1–3); inactivation of the MYA2 and XI-K genes resulted only in defects in root hair growth and organelle trafficking (2, 3).”

Membrane Transport: Regulation is the Buzzword

Toward an Atomistic Understanding of Solid-State Electrochemical Interfaces for Energy Storage

1Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, and School of Health Professions and Rehabilitation Sciences, Southampton University, Southampton, UK 2Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA