Just-in-time Quantum Circuit Transpilation Reduces Noise

Aircraft operational activities, especially in the airport area, are a major source of noise that can affect environmental comfort and health, including aircraft operations at Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport. This study aims to determine the noise level due to aircraft operations and map the noise distribution pattern as a basis for environmental management planning. The method used in this research is a descriptive quantitative method. Measurements of noise and environmental conditions (wind speed, wind direction, and air humidity) were carried out at a distance of 0 m, 30 m,175 m, 300 m, 500 m, and 1 000 m. The noise level was measured using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) measuring instrument in decibel units. Analysis and mapping were done using Surfer 28 software. The results showed that the noise level ranged from 44 to 97 dBA. At a distance of less than 100 m, the noise level threshold value, as stipulated in the Minister of Environment Decree Number 48 of 1996. In addition, the resulting noise distribution shows a radial pattern. The radial pattern is characterized by the spread of sound that spreads from one point source in a circular manner, and the intensity tends to decrease as the distance increases.

This paper presents the results obtained from environmental noise measurement at selected locations in Ilorin metropolis. Forty-two (42) different locations throughout Ilorin were selected to establish background noise level and dominant noise sources at these selected locations. Noise level measurements and analysis for the locations were based on the noise descriptors LAeq, L1, L10, L50, L90, and LD. The results from comparative study indicated that the equivalent noise level (LAeq) and peak noise level (L1) have the highest and lowest values at road junctions/busy roads (86 dBA, 88 dBA) and low density residential areas (46 dBA, 63 dBA) respectively. The background noise level (L90) has the highest and lowest values at passengers loading parks (73 dBA) and low density residential areas (34 dBA) respectively. The result of this study shows that the major source of noise in Ilorin metropolis can be attributed to traffic noise. Other intrusive noise sources include noise from record player, electric generators, and hawking with loud speakers. Based on the recommendations of CEOH, WHO and HUD, only 6 locations out of 42 are under normally acceptable situation while the noise levels of other areas are not acceptable. Noting the noise emission standards, technical control measures, planning and promoting the citizens awareness about the high noise risk may help relieve noise problem in the metropolis. These data are useful as reference and guideline for future regulations on noise limit to be implemented for urban areas in Nigeria

Quantum computing is conceived as a promising and powerful next-generation platform for information processing and it has been shown that it could bring significant accelerations to certain tasks, compared to its classical counterparts. With recent advances in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, we can process classical data from real-world problems using hybrid quantum systems. In this work, we investigate the critical problem of designing a gate-based hybrid quantum neuron under NISQ constraints to enable the construction of scalable hybrid quantum deep neural networks (HQDNNs). We explore and characterize diverse quantum circuits for hybrid quantum neurons and discuss related critical components of HQDNNs. We also utilize a new schema to infer multiple predictions from a single hybrid neuron. We further compose a highly customizable platform for simulating HQDNNs via Qiskit and test them on diverse classification problems including the iris and the wheat seed datasets. The results show that even HQDNNs with the simplest neurons could lead to superior performance on these tasks. Finally, we show that the HQDNNs are robust to certain levels of noise, making them preferred on NISQ devices. Our work provides a comprehensive investigation of building scalable near-term gate-based HQDNNs and paves the way for future studies of quantum deep learning via both simulations on classical computers and experiments on accessible NISQ devices.

With the evolution of quantum computing, researchers now-a-days tend to incline to find solutions to NP-complete problems by using quantum algorithms in order to gain asymptotic advantage. In this paper, we solve $k$-coloring problem (NP-complete problem) using Grover's algorithm in any dimensional quantum system or any $d$-ary quantum system for the first time to the best of our knowledge, where $d \ge 2$. A newly proposed comparator-based approach helps to generalize the implementation of the $k$-coloring problem in any dimensional quantum system. Till date, $k$-coloring problem has been implemented only in binary and ternary quantum system, hence, we abide to $d=2$ or $d=3$, that is for binary and ternary quantum system for comparing our proposed work with the state-of-the-art techniques. This proposed approach makes the reduction of the qubit cost possible, compared to the state-of-the-art binary quantum systems. Further, with the help of newly proposed ternary comparator, a substantial reduction in quantum gate count for the ternary oracle circuit of the $k$-coloring problem than the previous approaches has been obtained. An end-to-end automated framework has been put forward for implementing the $k$-coloring problem for any undirected and unweighted graph on any available Near-term quantum devices or Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices or multi-valued quantum simulator, which helps in generalizing our approach.

The operation of ring spinning frames in textile mills can create spinning room noise levels of 90 to 95 dBA. The spindle bobbin mechanisms (generally 300 to 400 per machine) which are operated at spindle speeds of 6,000 to 14,000 rpm are major sources of noise in this type of machinery. The rotating unbalance force in the spindle-bobbin mechanism creates high frequency vibrations in the spindle blade and in the spindle bolster which contains the bearings on which the blade rotates. The vibrations generated by the spindle bobbin mechanism and the bearings are transmitted through the spindle bolster to the rail structure of the spinning frame where they cause sand energy to be radiated. This paper describes the use of two types of elastomeric vibration isolators located between the spindle bolster and the rail to achieve reductions of vibration and noise levels associated with the spindle-bobbin-rail subsystem of spinning frames. The two types of elastomeric isolators employed are: (1) a single-stage isolator where a bonded elastomeric mounting of annular design is placed between the bolster and the rail, and (2) a two-stage isolator which incorporates an annular intermediate mass element between two annular elastomeric sections that provide the interfaces to the spindle and to the rail. The two stage isolator is a novel design for rotating spindle type applications and employs the classical two stage isolator principle to achieve greater attenuation of vibrations. While it has been known for some time that single stage elastomeric isolators provide an effective means of reducing vibrations and noise in textile spinning and twisting machines, recent emphasis on reducing machine noise levels has motivated increased effort to better describe and apply elastomeric isolators. The two-stage isolator concept has been employed in an attempt to achieve higher operating speeds and, therefore, higher productivity while keeping noise levels within acceptable limits. In order to demonstrate the degrees of noise and vibration reductions that can be attained using the two types of isolators in comparison with the non-isolated or hard-mounted spindle, tests were performed using a single oil base type spinning spindle with a full bobbin. The spindle-bobbin mechanism was mounted to a representative rail by the three mounting methods described previously and operated at speeds of 11,000 rpm and 14,000 rpm in a reverberation room. Octave band sound power level measurements and one-tenth octave band sound pressure measurements were made to compare the performance of the mounting methods. These measurements were made using six microphones at different locations and sampling their output signals at a high rate over an extended interval of time. One-tenth octave horizontal and vertical rail acceleration responses were obtained concurrently with the noise responses. These noise and vibration responses are presented and discussed in the paper. The results show that the elastomeric isolators provide significant reductions in rail vibration response levels in the spindle bearing vibration frequency range of 500 to 2000 Hz. The corresponding overall sound power levels for the two operating speeds when using one stage isolators were 8 to 18 dBA below the hard-mounted spindle condition. When using the two-stage isolator, the overall sound power levels for the two operating speeds were 9 and 20 dBA below the hard mounted spindle condition. The results demonstrate the importance of properly designing the mounting to tune the system for low noise responses while minimizing the impact on other operatonal criteria such as spindle static deflection and dynamic motion. A discussion of the isolator design parameter trade-offs is presented along with comments regarding the limitations of the testing and the constraints involved in predicting the noise level reduction to be expected for a whole spinning frame.

Background. Most schools in Ibadan, Nigeria, are located near major roads (mobile line sources). We conducted an initial assessment of noise levels and adverse noise-related health and learning effects. Methods. For this descriptive, cross-sectional study, four schools were selected randomly from eight participating in overall project. We administered 200 questionnaires, 50 per school, assessing health and learning-related outcomes. Noise levels (A-weighted decibels, dBA) were measured with calibrated sound level meters. Traffic density was assessed for school with the highest measured dBA. Observational checklists assessed noise control parameters and building physical attributes. Results. Short-term, cross-sectional school-day noise levels ranged 68.3–84.7 dBA. Over 60% of respondents reported that vehicular traffic was major source of noise, and over 70% complained being disturbed by noise. Three schools reported tiredness, and one school lack of concentration, as the most prevalent noise-related health problems. Conclusion. Secondary school occupants in Ibadan, Nigeria were potentially affected by exposure to noise from mobile line sources.

Noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) systems are susceptible to errors that culminate in near-one hundred percent data loss. This is due to quantum state fragility and the incredibly high quantum communication error rates caused by decoherence, or quantum noise. As such, stabilizing qubit operational imprecision in quantum information processing is a critical area of research in quantum computing. Adaptive quantum machine learning (QML) methods, like unsupervised and fully entangled quantum generative adversarial networks is one such technology theorized to provide a breakthrough in quantum error suppression. Mechanizing the quantum error detection and correction process with QML provides a path forward from today’s monolithic quantum computers running almost exclusively single-core quantum processing unit (QPU) designs, to the next generation of federated quantum computers using multi-core QPUs. Automating the detection and correction of quantum errors in powerful NISQ devices will pave the way for fault-tolerant quantum computing, making quantum speeds at quantum scale suddenly achievable.

One of the key challenges in current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers is to control a quantum system with high-fidelity quantum gates. There are many reasons a quantum gate can go wrong - for superconducting transmon qubits in particular, one major source of gate error is the unwanted crosstalk between neighboring qubits due to a phenomenon called frequency crowding. We motivate a systematic approach for understanding and mitigating the crosstalk noise when executing near-term quantum programs on superconducting NISQ computers. Here, we present a general software solution to alleviate frequency crowding by systematically tuning qubit frequencies according to input programs, trading parallelism for higher gate fidelity when necessary. The net result is that our work dramatically improves the crosstalk resilience of tunable-qubit, fixed-coupler hardware, matching or surpassing other more complex architectural designs such as tunable-coupler systems. On NISQ benchmarks, we improve worst-case program success rate by 13.3x on average, compared to existing traditional serialization strategies.

Quantum systems in excited states are attracting significant interest with the advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. While ground states of small molecular systems are typically explored using hybrid variational algorithms like the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), the study of excited states has received much less attention, partly due to the absence of efficient algorithms. In this work, we introduce the subspace search quantum imaginary time evolution (SSQITE) method, which calculates excited states using quantum devices by integrating key elements of the subspace search variational quantum eigensolver (SSVQE) and the variational quantum imaginary time evolution (VarQITE) method. The effectiveness of SSQITE is demonstrated through calculations of low-lying excited states of benchmark model systems including H2 and LiH molecules. A toy Hamiltonian is also employed to demonstrate that the robustness of VarQITE in avoiding local minima extends to its use in excited state algorithms. With this robustness in avoiding local minima, SSQITE shows promise for advancing quantum computations of excited states across a wide range of applications.

Quantum computing technology holds substantial promise as a reliable computational paradigm. However, current noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) systems, are significantly impacted by noise originating from hardware inconsistencies. This noise causes errors and lowers output fidelity. So we must find which basis states cause errors. However, there are two main challenges in analyzing noise corresponding to basis states. First, the noise distribution data is high dimensional in nature, thereby making its analysis challenging. Second, although functional box plots have been used in the state of the art research to understand such a high dimensional data, they suffer from clutter and occlusion issues because of overplotting. In this study, we introduce an innovative visualization pipeline to address the aforementioned challenges to provide a clear depiction of noisy and less-noisy basis states. Specifically, our proposed visualization pipeline comprises three stages namely, low dimensional embedding, clustering, and violin plot visualization, to reduce visual clutter and effectively analyze high-dimensional noise distribution data. Our analysis uses quantum machine learning (QML) circuits as case study for drawing a distinction between noisy and less noisy basis states.

Increase of stray losses in the skewed rotor is mainly due to the cross-currents flowing from the conductor into the laminations. These losses are strongly related to the contact resistance between the bar and the laminations which depends on several factors including the casting process. A substantial reduction of cross-current losses can be achieved by changing or removing skew and by employing various slot combinations. Skew removal will cause some parasitic effects such as increase in the noise level and undesirable dips in the starting torque characteristics. To minimize these effects the rotor design needs to be modified and this could be achieved by introducing modulated slots. Two such types of modulated rotor slot designs are proposed in this paper. As a first step in the performance analysis, magnetic forces, which are the major sources of noise and vibration excitations, is considered. In order to study the newly proposed modulated slot designs, a spectral method is employed and analytically calculated electromagnetic forces are validated against FEM results. The analyses shows that the proposed new designs have better force characteristics compared to the conventional design, which illustrate the fact that better performance characteristics can be achieved by removing skew and introducing modulated slots.

Noise pollution in hospitals is recognized as a serious health hazard. Considering this, the current study aimed to map the noise pollution levels and to explore the self reported non-auditory effects of noise in a tertiary medical institute. The study was conducted in an 1800-bedded tertiary hospital where 27 sites (outdoor, indoor, road side and residential areas) were monitored for exposure to noise using Sound Level Meter for 24h. A detailed noise survey was also conducted around the sampling sites using a structured questionnaire to understand the opinion of the public regarding the impact of noise on their daily lives. The equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) was found higher than the permissible limits at all the sites both during daytime and night. The maximum equivalent sound pressure level (Lmax) during the day was observed higher (>80dB) at the emergency and around the main entrance of the hospital campus. Almost all the respondents (97%) regarded traffic as the major source of noise. About three-fourths (74%) reported irritation with loud noise whereas 40% of respondents reported headache due to noise. Less than one-third of respondents (29%) reported loss of sleep due to noise and 8% reported hypertension, which could be related to the disturbance caused due to noise. Noise levels in and around the hospital was well above the permissible standards. The recent Global Burden of Disease highlights the increasing risk of non communicable diseases. The non-auditory effects studied in the current work add to the risk factors associated with non communicable diseases. Hence, there is need to address the issue of noise pollution and associated health risks specially for vulnerable population.

The major environmental concern in the field of opencast mining industries are the means of controlling and mitigating noise generated from different Heavy earth moving machineries (HEMM) like Excavators, Dozers, Dumpers, Loaders, Graders, etc. Continuous exposure of the operators to excess noise shall result in hearing impairment and other related health issues. Also, for the HEMM manufacturers, it is important to meet the statutory requirement and mine safety norms to qualify for the tenders. Crawler tractors also called Dozers are heavy earth-moving equipment used in open cast mines with metal blades attached in front of it for pushing or dozing of materials. Dozers being one of the major sources of such noise, in this paper we focus on noise control in dozers. The DGMS (Director General of Mine Safety) regulatory requirement specifies the noise generated inside the cabin should be less than 85dB. We present a detailed analysis of major sources of noise generation in dozers, including Structure borne, Air borne and Rattling noise. We also discuss the various stages and methodologies followed to mitigate the noise at different sources and inside the cabin to ensure that the noise level are within the accepted limits. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the noise control measures that can be implemented in dozers to reduce noise exposure and ensure safety and well-being of operators in open cast mining industries.

Background . Noise pollution is a burden exerting a harmful and irritating effect on human health. Children are particularly sensitive to noise burden. In this connection, it is especially important to control the noise pollution level in public education organizations where children spend significant time. Objective . The study is aimed at determining objective and subjective parameters of noise pollution in public education organizations based on the analysis of data obtained by measuring noise levels in school campuses in Saransk and directly in classrooms, as well as by questioning the teachers of these schools. Methods . The measurement of noise burden was carried out in 10 schools using the noise and vibration level meter “Assistant” with class I accuracy. Noise measurements in school campuses and classrooms were performed in accordance with the GOST 23337-2014 requirements. Assessment of results was conducted in accordance with sanitary standards 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 “Noise in the workplace, residential and public buildings and housing developments”. Results . Based on noise measurement results, the highest noise levels were found in school № 2 (65.5 dBА on the campus, 51.2 dBA in the classroom) which is located in the center of a traffic interchange. The lowest noise parameters were found in school № 35 (45.2 dBА on the campus, 37.7 dBА in the classroom) which is located in the residential quarter quite far away (242-321 m) from the main source of noise, the motorway. Conclusion . Study results attest that maximum noise levels at school campuses do not exceed the permissible exposure limit of 70 dBA. In all schools noise values conform to the noise standards (maximum sound pressure level in classrooms did not exceed 55 dBA).

Dresser-Rand single stage pipeline booster compressors have been popular for gas transmission applications due to their high efficiency. As more compressors are installed in natural gas compressor stations close to populated areas, the noise level emitted from the compressor stations becomes a concern. To address the potential community noise concerns, Dresser-Rand recently developed a very effective noise control device — the Duct Resonator array or DR array, to attenuate the internal noise of the compressor, which is typically a major noise source of a compressor station. This technology has been validated by extensive in-house experimental study to be acoustically effective and yet have no measurable adverse effect on aerodynamic performance. This paper discusses the application of DR arrays in two compressors that are in-service at a Williams Gas Pipeline compressor station. Note: the DR arrays are now included in the third unit addition. A successful collaboration among the compressor manufacturer, the compressor user, and a third party acoustics expert was coordinated to take acoustic measurements independently to evaluate the noise reduction provided by the DR arrays. The comprehensive acoustic data acquisition included sound pressure level and sound intensity level measurements around each of the two compressors and several noise level surveys both inside and outside of the compressor building. Noise testing was first performed on each of the two compressors prior to the installation of the DR arrays and was repeated after the compressor hardware modification with DR arrays. A comparison of the noise data recorded before and after the installation of the DR arrays confirmed that the compressor noise level inside the compressor building and the noise level outside of the building were reduced significantly. The DR array has proved to be an efficient and effective device for reducing noise and vibration levels of both existing and new centrifugal compressors and associated piping.