Knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and Self-Care Activities before and after an Educational Program: A Pilot Study

Adherence to diabetes self-care activities (DSCA) has been recognised as a major factor to reduce complications and improve the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with diabetes. However, despite the increasing cases of diabetes and its complications in Ghana, there are few or no studies in Ghana that have explored how sociodemographic and clinical factors influence diabetes self-care activities and HRQOL among patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess sociodemographic and clinical variables influencing the performance of DSCA and its influence on HRQOL of patients with type 2 diabetes in Ghana. This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted among adults (N=310) with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were accessing healthcare at two public hospitals in Ghana. The performance of DSCA and HRQOL was examined using the summary of the Diabetes Selfcare Activities (DSCA) Questionnaire and the EQ-5D Questionnaire for HRQOL. The differences and associations between the variables were analysed using the chi-square test, multiple ANOVA, t-test, and Tukey’s HSD for post-hoc tests. -based. The participants were more likely to adhere to medication and a healthy diet and less likely to adhere to self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and foot care. Most patients adhere to medication and diet, but less to foot care and blood glucose monitoring. Men and patients with diabetes education reported higher adherence to self-care activities. Diabetes education and regular monitoring of diabetes self-care activities are essential to improve HRQOL in patients with type 2 diabetes in Ghana.

Diabetes self-care activities are essential for achieving optimal glycemic control. However, little investigation has been conducted in Ethiopia to evaluate the relationship between the rate glycemic controland self-care activities among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study was conducted to assess self -care activities and their association with glycemic control among patients with T2DM in Northwest Ethiopia general hospitals. This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Ethiopia general hospitals diabetic clinics. Diabetes self-care activities were measured using the Amharic version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA-Amharic). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used to assess the rate of glycemic control. A linear regression model was used to identify predictors of self-care activities and glycemic control. P-value of < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI) was considerd as statistically significant. Of 413 participants included in the final analysis, two-thirds (66.3%) had poor glycemic control, with a mean HbA1c of 7.94% (SD = 1.75). Blood glucose testing was the most important self-care activity domain for predicting better glycemic control [β=-0.36, 95% CI (-0.48, -0.24); P = 0.0001] followed by diet [β=-0.29, 95% CI (-0.39, -0.083); P = 0.0001], foot-care [β=-0.28, 95% CI (-0.3, -0.061); P = 0.003], and physical activity [β=-0.27, 95% CI (-0.29, -0.056); P = 0.004], respectively. Moreover, unable to read and write [β = 0.72, 95% CI (0.57, 3.8); P = 0.037], overweight [β = 0.32, 95% CI (0.011, 0.62); P = 0.042], obesity [β = 0.67, 95% CI (0.39, 0.94); P = 0.0001], and low level of medication adherence [β = 0.7, 95% CI (0.39, 1.1); P = 0.0001] were significant predictors of poor glycemic control. Previous diabetes education [β=-0.88, 95% CI (-1.2, -0.57); P=0.0001] was a significant predictor of good glycemic control. The prevalence of poor glycemic control and poor self-care activities were high among patients with T2DM. Self-care activities were independent predictors of glycemic control among patients with T2DM. Therefore, management interventions for patients with T2DM should focus on improving self-care activities and other predictor variables.

BackgroundChinese Americans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) face many linguistic, cultural, and social determinants of health–related barriers to accessing evidence-based diabetes interventions. Our team developed the culturally and linguistically tailored Chinese American Research and Education (CARE) program to provide evidence-based diabetes education and support to this group and demonstrated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the intervention on improving hemoglobin A1c levels. However, it remains unclear whether the CARE program also improves diabetes self-efficacy and psychosocial outcomes in the same study sample.ObjectiveThis is a secondary analysis to examine the potential efficacy of the CARE program on secondary outcomes, including diabetes self-efficacy, self-care activities, beliefs in diabetes self-care activities, and diabetes distress among Chinese Americans with T2D.MethodsA 2-arm, pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the CARE program between March 1, 2021, and April 21, 2023. The trial included 60 Chinese Americans aged 18 to 70 years who had a diagnosis of T2D and a baseline hemoglobin A1c level of 7% or higher. Participants were recruited from various health care settings in New York City, including community health centers, private primary care providers, and NYU Langone Health and its affiliates, and were randomly assigned to either the CARE intervention group (n=30) or a waitlist control group (n=30). The intervention consisted of 2 culturally and linguistically tailored educational videos per week for 12 weeks, covering diabetes self-care topics such as healthy eating, physical activity, and medication adherence. These videos were delivered via the WeChat app. In addition, community health workers provided support calls to assist them in setting goals, problem-solving, and addressing social determinants of health barriers every 2 weeks. Secondary outcomes included patient self-reported diabetes self-efficacy, self-care activities, beliefs in diabetes self-care activities, and diabetes distress. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 54.3 (SD 11.5) years and 62% (37/60) were male, 78% (47/60) were married, 58% (35/60) were employed, 70% (42/60) had a high school education or lower, and 88% (53/60) reported limited English proficiency. Intervention participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements in self-efficacy at 3 months (estimated difference in change: 8.47; 95% CI 2.44-14.5; adjusted P=.02), diabetes distress at 6 months (estimated difference in change: –0.43; 95% CI –0.71 to –0.15; adjusted P=.009), and adherence to a healthy diet at both 3 months (estimated difference in change: 1.61; 95% CI 0.46-2.75; adjusted P=.02) and 6 months (estimated difference in change: 1.64; 95% CI 0.48-2.81; adjusted P=.02).ConclusionsThe culturally and linguistically tailored intervention showed promise in improving self-efficacy and diabetes self-care activities among Chinese Americans with T2D, warranting validation through a large-scale randomized controlled trial.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03557697; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03557697.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent chronic disease in Pakistan, ranking third globally concerning diabetes prevalence, with more than 33 million adults affected. The effective management of Diabetes management is essential for regulating blood glucose levels, mitigating complications, and improving patient outcomes. quality of life. Self-care practices include medication adherence, dietary changes, regular physical activity, and blood glucose monitoring, are all integral parts of good diabetes management. management However, there is a scarcity of research examining the self-care behaviors of Pakistani DM patients, which impedes the development of targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.PurposeThis study aims to assess the self-care management practices among patients with diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Specifically, it seeks to evaluate the self-perceived importance of various self-care activities, identify socio-demographic factors influencing these practices, and highlight strengths and areas for improvement in current self-care behaviors. The ultimate goal is to inform healthcare providers and policymakers to develop culturally tailored strategies that promote effective diabetes self-management.MethodAn analytical cross-sectional design was employed to evaluate self-care management practices among DM patients. A convenient sample of 258 participants was recruited from inpatient and outpatient services at Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi. Data were collected using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire, which assesses various domains of self-care, including diet, exercise, medication adherence, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care. Socio-demographic information was also gathered through structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistics to identify socio-demographic predictors of self-care management scores.FindingsThe study revealed that while a significant proportion of DM patients demonstrated satisfactory self-care practices in medication adherence and blood glucose monitoring, practices related to diet and physical activity were less consistently maintained. The most important self-care activity identified was medication adherence, followed by regular blood glucose monitoring. Socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, education level, relationship with the patient, duration of hospital stay, and distance from home to the hospital were significant predictors of self-care management scores. Additionally, cultural beliefs and socio-economic status were identified as key barriers to effective self-care practices.ConclusionThere is a pressing need for a patient- and family-centered approach for the health-care system of Pakistan. Interventions considering socio-demographic and cultural variables are also important in improving self-management behaviors among the patients with diabetes mellitus. Recommendations include patient education, improved access to health services, flexible visiting hours, and culturally sensitive interventions that improve diet and exercise adherence. These will eventually result in improvement in the health trend and decrease the rate of diabetes in Karachi, Pakistan.

Background: Diabetes self-care is primarily the patient's responsibility. Adherence to diabetes self-care regimens can be challenging with a greater focus on complication avoidance. The patient has to make several changes in his diet and lifestyle by taking diabetes self-control. These improvements are called coping mechanisms. The coping ability affects glycemic control of the patient for the long term through possible risks, this affects self-management adherence.Aims of the study: To assess a coping style and self-care activities of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at endocrinology and diabetes center in Al-Basra city and found relationship between them.Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive purposive study is conducted through the period of 17th November, 2020 to 3rd April, 2021 in Al-Basra city/ Iraq. The study was purposive (non-probability) composed of (60) patients.Results: The study findings Shows that participant's age group at a level (46-65 years) were (62%). (51.7%) were males. The study shows a significant statistical correlation between coping and exercise on one hand and blood tests and medications on the other hand (p values &lt;0.05), the correlation coefficient was not large enough to consider strong correlations. All other parameters were not correlated.Conclusion: Findings of the study shows the association of diabetes self-care activities and socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. There is a significant correlation between self-care activities and coping style.Recommendations: Educating patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 to maintain self-care activities to control, and prevent complications of diabetes.

Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between (a) the manual abilities of children with cerebral palsy (CP), assessed with the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) in a school rehabilitation setting, and (b) the children's performance of self-care activities at home, assessed with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). In addition, we assessed the interobserver reliability of the MACS. Sixty-one children with CP were included (mean age = 10.3 yr, range = 5-14). The MACS was classified by 2 independent raters. The PEDI was scored in a structured interview. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the MACS and the self-care domain of the PEDI Caregiver Assistance Scale was high and statistically significant (r = .72). The interobserver reliability of the MACS was good (weighted kappa = .86). The MACS is a reliable instrument in a school environment and is related to the performance of daily life self-care activities at home.

To analyze the self-care activities of elderly people with diabetes mellitus and its correlation with the nurse-patient interpersonal relationship. Cross-sectional quantitative study, with 144 elderly people followed up in Family Health Units, with data collected by the Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire and Interpersonal Relationship Questionnaire in Nursing Care, being analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. There was a greater accomplishment of the activities Take insulin injections as recommended (6.74), Take diabetes medications as recommended (6.55) and Take the indicated number of diabetes pills (6.52). The interpersonal relationship showed moderate effectiveness (80.6%). The correlation between self-care with diabetes and interpersonal relationships showed a positive and significant value in the dimension Specific feeding. The effectiveness of the interpersonal relationship in nursing care resulted in greater compliance with activities related to specific food.

Aim: It has been determined that the education given according to the information, motivation, and behaviour model is effective in AIDS, chronic diseases, glucose control in diabetes, and self-care behaviours such as diet and exercise. The aim of this study, which is planned from this point of view, is to evaluate the effect of education given according to the information, motivation, and behaviour model on diabetic self-care management. Material and Methods: This study was conducted as an experimental study with a nonrandomized control group that included 90 diabetes mellitus individuals, with 45 in the intervention group and 45 in the control group. The control group were given formal diabetes mellitus education. In contrast, the intervention group received an education based on the information, motivation, and behaviour model and diabetes mellitus cases were followed for six months. Data were collected with a questionnaire on the essential characteristics of the patients, an evaluation form on the level of knowledge about diabetes, an evaluation form on their motivation about diabetes, and a diabetes self-care activities questionnaire. An Independent Sample-t test was used to analyze the data, and Paired Sample-test statistics were used to compare two dependent groups. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the measurement values of two independent groups that did not have a normal distribution. Wilcoxon test statistics were used to compare two dependent groups. Results: At the end of the study, it was determined that while HbA1c in the intervention group decreased for 6 months, knowledge scores, motivation levels and self-care skill scores increased (t=7.067, p

IntroductionT2DM is a chronic health condition that requires routine self-care. Despite T2DM patients being able to manage self-care behaviors, psychosocial factors, including social support, have been considered effective in improving diabetic self-care behaviors.ObjectiveThis study aimed at examining the influence of social support on self-care behavior among T2DM patients in Dr. Soliaman Fakeeh Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. The study was carried out at Dr. Soliaman Fakeeh Hospital using a sample size of 192 T2DM patients. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprised of a demographic section, the Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) section, and the Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire (DSCAQ) section. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.ResultsThe study analyzed data from 192 complete responses (91.86%) out of 209 respondents. Regarding gender, most of the respondents were female T2DM patients (n = 103, 53.6%), while males (n = 89, 46.4%) The highest level of social support was from the family (mean of 5.49). The highest performing self-care activity performed by the respondents was blood glucose monitoring (mean of 6.01). Analysis of the correlation between the Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the DSCAQ revealed positive and significant correlations (r = 0.370, p = 0.001).ConclusionsThis study showed that social support influenced self-care behaviors in patients with T2DM. Therefore, interventions should be developed focused on enhancing the levels of social support and self-care behaviors.

This study investigated self-care activities and identified their related factors in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangzhou, China, between September 2016 and February 2017, involving 202 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Measures included the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire and Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire. Self-care activities in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were suboptimal overall. Foot care and blood sugar testing were the self-care activities that were performed the least. One fifth of patients smoked. Some subscales of illness perceptions, receiving health education on diabetes, employment status, education level, body mass index, age and time since type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, were related to self-care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Health-care providers and nurses should encourage greater engagement in self-care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially foot care and blood sugar testing. Illness perceptions may be used as a framework to guide interventions.

Aims: Diabetes self-care requires a multipronged approach, wherein the diabetic patient has a significant role to play. This study was undertaken to explore self-care practices of diabetic patients residing in two sub-metropolitan cities of Nepal.&#x0D; Study Design: A cross-sectional comparative study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out from March 2019 to June 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was done among 415 diabetic patients aged above 25 years. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured questionnaire was adopted and making necessary contextual to collect the data. Descriptive statistics along with association between means, t-tests and ANOVA were calculated and a p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant for data analysis.&#x0D; Results: Regarding the diabetes self-care activities in different domains with respect to sociodemographic independent variables, blood sugar testing and foot care was a statistically significant associated with education i.e. (p= 0.018) and (p=0.003) simultaneously. The study also reveals that specific diet, physical activity/exercise and blood sugar testing are significantly associated with HbA1c of diabetic patients. i.e. (p=0.003), (p=0.004) and (p=0.037) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The general awareness regarding both general and specific diet, physical activity/exercise, blood sugar testing, foot care and medications were poor in our study. More strategies need to be explored to make sure patients adhere to self-care activities.

Self-management in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease is associated with incremental benefit in HRQOL

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is currently recognised as a major health issue. Individuals with T2DM are at higher risk of developing a number of microvascular, macrovascular and neuropathic complications. Globally, the prevalence of T2DM is increasing at epidemic rates and it is reaching alarming levels worldwide. Published data confirms that management of diabetes is more challenging among minority ethnic groups, compared to the general population, for several reasons: higher diabetes-related morbidity and mortality rates, worse glycaemic control, underutilisation of medical services, lower adherence rates, cultural and communication barriers. Understanding the relationship between patients’ cultural and health beliefs and diabetes self-care practices such as dietary behaviours, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose and medication-taking has been shown to provide an opportunity to inform development of culturally appropriate diabetes education. Drawing on substantial evidence documenting its effect on clinical outcome measures, the provision of culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education is widely acknowledged as an integral component of diabetes care among ethnic minority groups. Currently, there is a large body of research on cultural beliefs and diabetes experiences that have been conducted among ethnic minority groups such as Latinos/Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders and others. Anecdotally, it is known that ASB immigrants have a strong sense of cultural identity, adherence to their traditional and cultural norms and do not assimilate easily into western host society. There is, however, little research conducted among Arabic-speaking background (ASB) immigrants. Diabetes experiences from the perspective of ASB immigrants in Australia were needed to be explored to identify difficulties in performing self-management activities and to recognise modifiable health beliefs that are associated with non-adherence behaviours. This research, through the two stages reported herein, has investigated ASB immigrants’ views and beliefs about diabetes, identified issues in quality use of medicines, explored factors that influenced health care seeking behaviours, assessed diabetes learning needs and preferences, and measured the relationship between health beliefs, adherence and glycaemic control. Prior to this study, little was known about the diabetes profile, cultural and health beliefs and barriers to diabetes care among ASB immigrants in Australia. The results obtained highlighted poorer knowledge about diabetes and its management among ASB immigrants, compared to their English-speaking background (ESB) counterparts. Arabic-speaking background immigrants intentionally delayed accessing medical services when they experienced classical signs of diabetes, so diabetes complications were already developed at the time of diagnosis for the vast majority of them. Diabetes control of ASB immigrants was suboptimal and they were significantly less adherent to all aspects of diabetes self-care activities (dietary behaviours, exercise and physical activity, foot care, SMBG and medication-taking) than the ESB group. The negative health beliefs held by ASB immigrants were associated with non-adherence behaviours and with worse glycaemic control. This research has made a significant contribution to diabetes treatment adherence research in an ASB immigrant population. Findings of this research provide detailed information about the interplay between an individual’s cultural and health beliefs, adherence behaviour and glycaemic control. Such understanding, which has previously been lacking, may assist diabetes health professionals in planning culturally appropriate diabetes interventions and establishing best practice for this ethnic minority group.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among spiritual and religious beliefs and practices, social support, and diabetes self-care activities in African Americans with type 2 diabetes, hypothesizing that there would be a positive association. This cohort study used a cross-sectional design that focused on baseline data from a larger randomized control trial. Diabetes self-care activities (summary of diabetes self-care activities) and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed, in addition to spiritual and religious beliefs and practices and social support based on the systems of belief inventory subscales I (beliefs and practices) and II (social support). There were 132 participants: most were women, middle-aged, obese, single, high school educated, and not employed. Based on Pearson correlation matrices, there were significant relationships between spiritual and religious beliefs and practices and general diet. Additional significant relationships were found for social support with general diet, specific diet, and foot care. Based on multiple linear regression, social support was a significant predictor for general diet, specific diet, and foot care. Sex was a significant predictor for specific diet, and income was a significant predictor for blood glucose testing. The findings of this study highlight the importance of spiritual and religious beliefs and practices and social support in diabetes self-care activities. Future research should focus on determining how providers integrate patients' beliefs and practices and social support into clinical practice and include those in behavior change interventions.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are diseases that often appear together. DM patients with hypertension are at risk for microvascular and macrovascular complications. Self-care activities that are carried out regularly will improve the health condition of DM patients, thereby reducing the risk of complications. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-care activities and blood pressure in type II DM patients at the BPJS Kesehatan Palangka Raya Prolanis Club. The research design uses correlation analysis with a cross-sectional approach; the research population is all members of the Prolanis Club BPJS Kesehatan Palangka Raya. The number of samples was as many as 35 people with the purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire, The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure (SDSCA); the collected data was analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed that as many as (51.4%) of diabetic patients had good self-care activity status, totaling 18 respondents. As many as 51.4% of respondents have normal blood pressure status. The statistical results of this study obtained p value = 0.028 (p &lt;0.05), and r = 6.240, meaning that there is a relationship between self-care activities and blood pressure in type II DM patients. It means that the higher the self-care activity in diabetic patients, the blood pressure tends to be normal. Recommendations for further research are identifying the inhibiting factors in self-care activities for type II DM patients.