Lab-on-paper: fusion with foil and inkjet printing

在山西运城盐池湖区采到的浮游绿藻共 3 3属 80种 (含变种),其中团藻目 5属 7种,四孢藻目 3属 3种,绿球藻目 2 0属 51种,鼓藻目 5属 1 9种.该区域的水体根据其含盐量的不同可分为 4种类型:淡水水体(含盐量 0.0 1 1%-0.0 5%)、混盐水体 (含盐量 0.0 5%-3%)、真盐水体 (含盐量 3%-4%)和高盐水体 (含盐量4%-3 4.7%).由于受含盐量的影响,浮游绿藻在 4种水体中的分布有明显差异,总的趋势是含盐量增加,种类数减少.;A total of 80 species of phytoplanktonic Chlorophyta.were collec:ted from the salt lake area in Yundieng, Shanxi Province, North China.Among them 5 genera 7taxa belong to Volvocales, 3 genera 3 taxa to Tet rasp or ales, 20 genera 51 taxa to Chlorococcales and 5 genera-19 taxa to Desmidiales-Concerning the salt concentration of the water, 4 types can be divided, i.e.fresh water (salt concentration 0.001%-0.05%), mesohalinous water (salt concentration d 05%-3%), euhalinous water (salt concentration 3%-4%) and polyhalinous water (salt concentration 4%-34.7%).Because of the effect of different saltc on cent ration the difference is evident in the distribution of phytoplank tonic Chlorophyta in 4 types of the water.It is shown that the higher salinity, the fewer number of species.

Мета: Метою цієї статті є дослідження процесу осадоутворення при розведенні розчину силікату морською водою. Проаналізіровано зміну процесу осадоутворення зі збільшенням рН вихідного розчину силікатно-лужної композиції. Методи дослідження: Для визначення відносної концентрації силікату в надосадовій рідині використовувалися методи прямого і зворотного титрування; рН-метрія – для контролю за зміною рН силікатно-лужних композицій в процесі експерименту. Результати: найбільш інтенсивно процес осадоутворення відбувається при співвідношенні силікату в морській воді в суміші 40 ÷ 60; зі збільшенням рН вихідної композиції кількість осаду при змішуванні з морською водою послідовно зменшується; для утворення гелю достатньо, щоб залишкова концентрація силікату в розчині становила 1,5–2 % мас; найбільш значні зміни рН композицій відбувається при вмісті в суміші морської води понад 50 %. Обговорення: З метою визначення мінімальної концентрації силікату, необхідною для утворення гелю при змішуванні силікатних композицій з морською водою, необхідно визначати концентрацію силікату в надосадовій рідині (фільтраті). Було встановлено, що кількість силікату в надосадовій рідині збільшується для всіх співвідношень силікату і морської води зі збільшенням рН вихідної композиції, причому для досягнення однакової концентрації силікату в надосадовій рідині зі збільшенням рН збільшується частка морської води в суміші. Виявлено, що утворення гелю (для композиції з вихідним значенням рН = 11,72) відбувалося при залишковій концентрації силікату в розчині 0,25-0,3 від вихідної. Таким чином, було встановлено, що мінімальна концентрація силікату в розчині може становити 1,5-2,0% мас.

The acoustic flows and the phenomena associated with them arising under the action of ultrasound of different power on distilled water and aqueous solutions of a mixture of NaCl and KCl salts of various concentrations are studied experimentally. It is found that in the distilled water, under the action of ultrasound, the appearance of inertial and non-inertial cavitation bubbles takes place, then the formation of stable clusters, the distance between which depends on the power of the ultrasound source is observed. Experiments show that an increase in the mass concentration of salts in water leads to the decrease in the average diameter of the arising inertial cavitation bubbles and to the gradual decrease in their number, up to an almost complete disappearance at nearly 13% of the concentration of the salt mixture in the water.

External corrosion on mature oil and gas field installation very challenging issues. External corrosion of pipeline riser on tidal zone is the most case for pipeline corrosion [2]. API 5L X52 is familiar pipeline for offshore oil and gas production facilities. Pipeline riser external corrosion on tidal zone have some consequences, time constrain related tidal cycle, production loss, oil spill impact to company reputation, costly maintenance. This research intended to find out effect of tidal cycle and salt water salinity to the rate and type of corrosion on API 5l X52 pipeline riser. Tidal cycle is modeling by wet and dry coupon on salt water. Corrosion rate measure by weight loss coupon. Corrosion product examine by XRD. Chloride contents and oxygen dissolve combination resulting maximum corrosion rate. Oxygen dissolve is main factor to corrosion on salt water. Maximum oxygen dissolve on salt water concentration 3.5% wt. On high salinity salt water corrosion rate depend oxygen dissolve [2]. Tidal cycle has impact to corrosion rate. General corrosion type happen on all coupon with corrosion product component Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 examined by XRD.

The electro-kinetic technique, which involves a direct electric current within porous media, has been studied extensively and applied in many areas. The technique is considered a promising method to dewater soil. However, uncertainty still exists as to the electro-osmotic coefficient, which is of great significance to the electro-kinetic dewatering effect. Therefore, the effective electro-osmotic coefficient and total electro-osmotic coefficient have been distinguished in this article. Influence of external factors (electric potential gradient, electrode material, and electrode spacing) and internal factors (initial water content, types of electrolytes, salt content, and humus content) on the electro-osmotic coefficient were investigated by laboratory experiments with Hangzhou silt. Results demonstrate that the external factors had a significant impact on the total coefficient but little influence on the effective coefficient. Internal factors such as initial water content, salt content, and humus content of the soil were found to have considerable impact on the effective coefficient whereas no obvious effect was noticed for varied electrolyte types. Moreover, critical values of the initial water content, salt content, and humus content were highlighted for the effective coefficient. The trend of the effective coefficient with a certain factor varies when the factor is within or beyond the critical value. As for the Hangzhou silt that was studied, critical values of the water content, salt content, and humus content were suggested to be between 70% and 79%, ∼0.5%, and between 10% and 20%, respectively. The electro-osmosis technique is believed to be inapplicable for soils with water content less than 70%, salinity higher than 2%, or humus content higher than 20%. The results obtained can provide guidance for evaluation of the applicability of the electro-osmosis technique.

In southern Texas, the lack of free-standing water that results from low rainfall or poor water quality can be deleterious to wildlife. Water quality can deteriorate rapidly due to evaporation during summer in southern Texas, and high concentrations of salts in water can cause physiological distress; however, little research has addressed water quality and needs of wildlife in arid environments. Our objectives were to: 1) establish water use patterns of wildlife during summer, 2) correlate visitation rates to temperature and rainfall events, and 3) monitor water quality in earthen stock ponds and concrete troughs during summer. We recorded visits to water by 17 species of wildlife and cattle. Cattle, feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had peak watering times that differed from one another. Track surveys showed a generally negative correlation between rainfall and wildlife watering frequency. Troughs had significantly higher total dissolved solids and pH than p...

Banana orchards in arid and semiarid regions require the use of irrigation. However, the presence of high concentration of salts in water can impair the development of plants, requiring the evaluation of new technologies to mitigate the effects of stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and leaf area in banana seedlings of the cultivar Prata Catarina inoculated with strains of Bacillus spp. under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza, Ceará state, Brazil. The design used was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with the first factor being the inoculation treatments: without any application; slow-release fertilizer; Strain 186 and Strain 109, and the second factor being the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 dS m-1), in five blocks and each plot consisting of three plants. The electrical conductivity of irrigation water negatively influenced the gas exchange of banana cv. Prata Catarina in the vegetative stage, during the 89 days of cultivation. The Bacillus spp. strains 186 and 109 did not improve the gas exchange and leaf area of plants under salinity conditions.

Effects of water flow rate, salt concentration and water temperature on efficiency of an electrolyzed oxidizing water generator

Inkjet printers are the most commonly owned printers because of their low cost, high printing quality, and ease of use. The four major inkjet printer manufacturers are Canon, Epson, Hewlett-Packard, and Lexmark. The inkjet printer business has adopted the “bait and hook” business strategy, offering the basic printer product at a low (possibly below cost) price while charging a higher price for their proprietary ink cartridges. Table 1 shows the pricing of different ink jet printers and ink cartridges from the four major manufacturers. With technology advancement, inkjet printers have improved in quality and reduced in price. As seen in Table 1, the printer (being more technologically complex to make than the ink cartridge) is relatively inexpensive. This is a business tactic used to attract more people to buy the printer. The manufacturers are trying to improve their overall profit margin by charging higher prices than they would have normally done for their proprietary ink cartridges. The setting of printer and cartridge prices must therefore be closely linked and studied, as they affect the overall profitability and survival of the printer company. According to LYRA research (http://www.lyra. com/), the total revenue from inkjet printers and ink cartridges exceeded $45 billion in 2006. I.T. Strategies (http://www.it-strategies.com/) expects the inkjet printer market to grow to $58 billion by 2009. It expects the largest segment of the revenue to come from ink cartridges, with the revenue rising from $20 billion in 2004 to $33 billion in 2009. The printer business is very lucrative, and it is crucial for the survival of a company that produces printers to use a “good and flexible” business decision tool to price the printer and ink cartridges. Allan Table 1 Sample Inkjet Printer and Cartridge Prices

The demand for clean water is vast, whether it is used for human consumption, agricultural activities or industrial applications. To find a solution for this important issue, a small attempt has been made in the present work towards developing reinforced monopolar and bipolar membranes based on functionalized polysulfone and evaluated for electrodialysis of salt water. Polyvinyl pyrrollidone was used as the intermediate layer for the preparation of the bipolar membrane. The concentration of salt water taken for the bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) process ranged from 5 to 25 g/L. A commercially procured monopolar and bipolar membranes made of polystyrene divinyl benzene was also evaluated for the purpose of comparison. The BPMED performance reached a highest current efficiency of 75.8 and 53.6 % with the energy consumption of 0.36 and 1.39 Wh for the synthesized and commercial membranes respectively. Also the performance of the fabricated unit was assessed in terms of electrical conductivity, salinity and ion (sodium and chloride) concentrations in the feed solution after 8 h duration. The reproducibility performance of the membranes was also analyzed for various concentrations of the synthetic salt solution.

The macroelement (HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ + K+, as well as NO3−, NO2−, and PO43−) and microelement (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and V) composition of natural waters in different physiographical provinces of the Altai have been studied and characterized. It has been found that the concentrations of dissolved forms of metals in the waters of the examined rivers generally do not exceed the MACwm, though in some cases, they exceed the world averages and depend on the features of water nourishment of rivers and the concentrations of mineral salts in water. A considerable portion of metals in Altai surface waters has been found to be transported as a component of suspension, though the specific concentration of metals in suspension decreases with increasing water turbidity. The effect of the structure and properties of the soil cover on the drainage basins of various physiographic provinces of the Altai on surface water chemistry is most distinct in the case of macrocomponents and typomorphic elements (Fe, Mn, Ca), as well as under anthropogenic impact on the watershed.

We describe a novel self-assembling supramolecular nanotube system formed by a heterocyclic cationic molecule which was originally designed for its potential as an antiparasitic and DNA sequence recognition agent. Our structural characterisation work indicates that the nanotubes form via a hierarchical assembly mechanism that can be triggered and tuned by well-defined concentrations of simple alkali halide salts in water. The nanotubes assembled in NaCl have inner and outer diameters of ca. 22 nm and 26 nm respectively, with lengths that reach into several microns. Our results suggest the tubes consist of DB921 molecules stacked along the direction of the nanotube long axis. The tubes are stabilised by face-to-face π-π stacking and ionic interactions between the charged amidinium groups of the ligand and the negative halide ions. The assembly process of the nanotubes was followed using small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. Our data demonstrate that assembly occurs through the formation of intermediate ribbon-like structures that in turn form helices that tighten and compact to form the final stable filament. This assembly process was tested using different alkali-metal salts, showing a strong preference for chloride or bromide anions and with little dependency on the type of cation. Our data further demonstrates the existence of a critical anion concentration above which the rate of self-assembly is greatly enhanced.

Saturated concentration of rock salt in water is determined by a simulation of brine in contact with a crystal in the slab geometry. The NaCl crystals are rotated to expose facets with higher Miller indices than [001] to brine. The rock salt melting point is obtained by both the standard and adiabatic simulations in the slab geometry with attention paid to finite size effects as well as to a possible influence of facets with higher Miller indices and applied stress. Two force fields are used, the Lennard-Jones-based model by Young and Cheatham with SPC/E water and the Kiss and Baranyai polarizable model with BK3 water. The latter model is refitted to thermomechanical properties of crystal NaCl leading to better values of solubility and the melting point.

Determination of small quantities of phenol in water

A distillate is a basis for the blend of a spirit drink. Distillate ripening is necessary to stabilize the physicochemical composition and achieve certain flavor characteristics. Softened water is the second ingredient of the spirit drink blend in terms of volume. The mineral composition of water influences the consumer properties of a drink. The aim of this work is to reveal factors that influence quality indicators of a spirit drink from a new type of a raw material. The objects of the research were the samples of the distillate from baking waste, commercial batches of softened water and experimental blends of a spirit drink. The authors determined the volume fraction of ethanol, organoleptic characteristics and mass concentration of the main volatile components by the gas chromatography method in the objects of the research. It was established that upon distillate ripening, the most intensive oxidative processes occured in a period of 10 to 20 days. This led to an increase in the acetaldehyde concentration by 6–27% depending of a raw material type. At the same time, an increase in the mass concentration of ethyl acetate by 15 to 30%, as well as the total concentration of ethyl caproate, ethyl caprate, ethyl caprylate by 27–38% was observed. An effect of the strength of the spirit drink on its organoleptic characteristics was revealed. The mineral composition of the soften water samples prepared by the method of ion exchange and reverse osmosis was studied. Based on the analysis of the taste and aroma profiles of spirit drinks, an effect of the concentration and ratio of mineral salts in water on product quality characteristics was shown. The authors recommend the optimal duration of distillate ripening before blending — not more than 20 days, the blend strength 40–42% vol. The necessity to use soften water prepared by the method of ion exchange or reverse osmosis with the controlled content of ions of calcium (not more than 9 mg/dm3), sodium (not more than 60 mg/dm3), sulfates (not more than 65 mg/dm3) and hydrogen carbonates (not more than 80 mg/dm3) for blending was substantiated.