Landscape Architectural Programming: An Approach to Exploring Design Basis

Gregory L. Heller Ed Bacon: Planning, Politics, and the Building of Modern Philadelphia Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, 320 pp., 25 b/w illus. $39.95 ISBN 9780812244908 Elihu Rubin Insuring the City: The Prudential Center and the Postwar Urban Landscape New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012, 256 pp., 50 b/w illus. $30.00, ISBN 9780300170184 On 9–10 April 1956, the Harvard Graduate School of Design convened a landmark conference on urban design, the intention of which was “to be exploratory, not didactic, and to try to find a common basis for the joint work of the Architect, the Landscape Architect and the City Planner in the field of Urban Design. In the minds of its sponsors, Urban Design is wider than the scope of these three professions, though all have vital contributions to make.”1 Many argue that this convocation initiated urban design as a discipline distinct from both architecture and planning and that the conference solidified the notion that urban design is a radically interdisciplinary field in which foregrounding public needs takes precedence over issues of beauty and scale. One invitee to that conference was the executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Edmund N. Bacon, whose plangent call for a more humanistic and holistic approach to urban design underscored the need for a new specialization: “Planners have traditionally considered the design of physical structures as detail. Administrators almost invariably think in terms of specific projects and procedures rather than the underlying correlative relationships. What we need is the architect-planner-administrator, and if we ever get it we will then really have an urban designer.”2 Bacon’s prescient plea for comprehensive interpersonal cooperation in the success of urban renewal was consistent with the views of others at the conference, but Bacon remained isolated in the larger context of American postwar urban policy. He had a history of iconoclasm but also of advocating for community participation as a way of supplementing the work of professional planners with input from members of the public.3 He instinctively understood not only that people make cities but also that cities make people. As simple as that formulation may …

The paper begins with a critique of contemporary urban design: the field of urban design is vague because it is an ambiguous amalgam of several disciplines, including architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning and civil engineering; it is superficial because it is obsessed with impressions and aesthetics of physical form; and it is practised as an extension of architecture, which often implies an exaggerated emphasis on the end product. The paper then proposes a meaningful (i.e. truly consequential to improved quality of life) approach to urban design, which consists of: being teleological (i.e. driven by purposes rather than defined by conventional disciplines); being catalytic (i.e. generating or contributing to long-term socio-economic development processes); and being relevant (i.e. grounded in first causes and pertinent human values). The argument is illustrated with a number of case studies of exemplary urban designers, such as Michael Pyatok and Henri Ciriani, and urban design projects, such as Horton Plaza and Aranya Nagar, from around the world. The paper concludes with an outline of future directions in urban design, including criteria for successful urban design projects (e.g. striking aesthetics, convenient function and long-term impact) and a proposed pedagogical approach (e.g. interdisciplinary, in-depth and problem-driven).

Two platforms, namely Eclipse and Android sdk, are adopted in this design for the development of the Android version of Weibo. To ensure a successful run of the APP in the Android system, a framework of image and windows programming designs is introduced into the programming procedure. A brief introduction to Android and Weibo is made in this paper before an analysis concerning the architecture of Android system, its kernel, and different parts of the Android applications being presented. In this connection, software development kits like Eclipse, JDK, Android SDK, and ADT are employed to establish a platform for the development of apps with a concise illustration of Weibo's different modules. Following this exists an introduction to the architecture of Android system and its kernel. Finally, technologies adopted in the design are examined in this paper, with a focus on image programming design, windows interface programming design, and windows function design with detailed design scheme and programming procedure being presented as well. This study is of practical value considering that a facilitated development platform for Android apps is offered.

This study establishes the evaluation index system of urban garden landscape planning program on the basis of the analysis of each evaluation index of urban garden landscape planning program. Using the combination of hierarchical analysis method and entropy weighting method, the comprehensive weight value of each evaluation index is calculated, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of urban garden landscape planning program is established. And according to the comprehensive evaluation cloud model based on uncertainty, a comparison of the comprehensive cloud evaluation results of garden landscape design before and after the integration of regional culture is derived. The results of the comprehensive cloud evaluation after the integration of regional culture changed from “medium” and “good” to “good” and “excellent”, indicating that the upgrading effect of regional culture into the landscape design was good, and the overall operation effect was improved.

This paper reports studies on Design proper, not for Design. We study for about 10 years, on the framework and the method of Design through the Design Process and System. We show the range of Design we study, and the differece between our study and other studies on Architectural Design in Japan. We discuss on Architecture and Man as users, clients, designers, maintain-ers and so on. From the point of view of a Designer we distinguish Design in a narrow sense from Design in a wide sense. And studies of Design in a narrow sense is situated onground of researches on Architectural Design. From our point of view of Design, we regard the Design Science as the Science of the Artifitial, not Natural Science. And we show our consciousness of the problem, aim, the range, the approach, the method, form of output and input, and development of our study. Finally, with a view to getting aid to gain better Design results by programming Design better, we study Design, especially its mechanism and Design Method to gain better results. Our aim and end is to lead to the theory and technics of the Design Programming.

The article is devoted to an actual problem of design innovation development, studying the signs of novelty of design solutions, changing stereotypes of the urban environment formation as an ecological system, providing conditions for the people’s productive life, making it more comfortable and beautiful. For the solution of environmental problems, it is necessary to apply a set of interrelated technical, social, environmental, aesthetic and other measures. It is useful to highlight in this regard that the innovative approaches of landscape design are examined for creating human’s stable life environment full of creative, spiritual, attractive, safe, harmonious and comfortable things. Authors stress the idea that the basis of prosperity is the individual citizens’ culture. The technocratic imbalance in the formation of a sustainable cities’ environment contributes to the serious environmental and social problems. Only the creative transformation of nature is a way of revealing the essential forces of a man, the realization of his nature, potential and culture. This position gives one the opportunity to take another look at landscape design, seeing it not in the narrow sense, as the part of the project activity, but as an innovative and versatile approach to the organization of natural and anthropogenic components’ interaction of the human environment, pursuing the main goal – the creation of highly comfortable the semantic subject-spatial environment of man.

In today’s business world, due to the constant changes and complexity of the situation in different fields, managers need to adopt marketing strategies to achieve competitive advantage and pioneer their target markets. One of the most effective approaches to formulation is the SWOT approach. The purpose of this study was to investigate the marketing strategy of knowledge-based companies in the northwest of the country and to create a SWOT matrix using a mixed research method to select the best marketing strategy. The statistical community in the qualitative section consisted of 30 managers, experts, consultants and support and related units in the surveyed companies. Participants in the quantitative section were also 100 persons, 80 of whom were selected according to Morgan table by simple random sampling. The data collection tools were qualitative interviews, focal interviews and quantitative questionnaires. The coding method, hierarchical analysis method was used for data analysis. The results of the focal interviews showed that 5 points were put into perspective. The results of Question 2 and 3, respectively, indicated that the threat of opportunity was greater and the strength of the weakness was higher, reflecting the position of companies in the home of competitive strategy (ST).

As the climate crisis intensifies, achieving carbon neutrality has become a global consensus. Urban residential communities constitute a vital component of cities. The carbon sequestration function of residential community green space systems plays a significant role in reducing urban CO₂ levels. By combining a literature review and field investigation, this paper focuses on urban residential communities in Taigu District, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, China. These communities are categorized into three types based on factors such as green space area, plant cultivation and growth, and design. The analysis identifies negative impacts on carbon sequestration efficiency in terms of spatial layout, green landscape design, plant growth and maintenance, and plant configuration. A design approach integrating "vertical (roof-to-ground) and horizontal (planar) dimensions" and "ecology-technology-human participation" is proposed. This aims to achieve carbon sequestration increments across different community types, thereby reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. At the same time, landscape quality and residents' experience are also taken into account. This strategy provides a reference design methodology for areas with scarce green space resources and high carbon dioxide emissions.

Since the first edition was published in 1992, Nick Robinson's The Planting Design Handbook has been widely used as a definitive text on landscape architecture courses throughout the world. It examines the horticultural, ecological and aesthetic characteristics of plants, discusses the structural and decorative roles of planting, spatial composition, species selection, planting plans and spacing, and the vital role of management. With its fresh look at aesthetic principles and its analysis of the design process, it reveals how a systematic approach can allow the greatest freedom for the creative imagination. This revised second edition still provides a complete examination of both the principles and the practice of design with plants, for public, institutional and private landscapes, taking account of developments in professional practice and reflecting a variety of media and approaches currently used. It incorporates conceptual design approaches to planting, a range of design methods as well as tried and tested analytical and objective procedures, and a wide range of new international examples of planting design. The ecological basis for planting design has been broadened to include examples from warm temperate and subtropical vegetation types as well as those of the cool temperate and Mediterranean climate area. The layout of the book is clear and spacious, with colour illustrations. While retaining the beautiful and detailed line drawings of the Chinese architect and painter Jia-Hua Wu, it includes an international range of new photographs and professional drawings, updated since the second edition. These illustrate a range of media now effective and useful in professional practices of various sizes.

Science and technology park is a gathering place for high and new technology industry and its planning and design is different from common parks in many factors. As the construction basis, graphic design can promote the uniqueness and integrity of a cultural industry block, to highlight the location value. This article takes the case of the graphic design project of a science and technology park in Shanghai as an example, and adopts design method of system layout to make planning research on its total plane layout. By analysis of the functional elements including planning and layout, vertical design and building height, traffic organization and design, greening and landscape design and other functional elements, corresponding solution and the advice of resource sharing are provided. Then, the position correlation graph is drawn to form an overall optimization of the layout scheme, which can be taken as basis and reference for other similar project design.

Planning for sustainability: Historical data and remote sensing-based analyses aid landscape design in one of the largest remnant European floodplains

We investigated the effects on humans, in terms of skin conductance levels (SCLs) and positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) scores, of plant communities that differed in their vegetation structure (single-layer woodland, tree-shrub-grass composite woodland, tree-grass composite woodland, and single-layer grassland) through two perceptual methods: onsite surveying and photo elicitation. The results showed that (1) the choice of perception method significantly impacted the PANAS scores of the participants but had no influence on the SCL and (2) viewing a single-layer grassland reduced the SCL (representing the physiological stress level) and improved the positive affect score. The recovery effects for the four vegetation communities were ranked in the order of single-layer grassland > tree-shrub-grass composite woodland > single-layer woodland > tree-grass composite woodland. (3) Gender and professional background significantly impacted the plant community perception methods and landscape experience, and negative affect scores were lower for male participants than for female participants. Participants without backgrounds in landscape design exhibited higher positive affect scores under photo elicitation. Based on the conclusions drawn above, the onsite survey is preferable between the two perception methods. It is recommended that in future landscape designs, combinations of plant community types should be reasonably matched through onsite perception. These research results can provide a scientific basis for the future design of landscapes based on perception experience.

Abstract. Urban buildings are an important part of urban morphology, and building height has an important impact on the three-dimensional spatial morphology of cities. At present, research on the two-dimensional morphology of cities is relatively abundant, but there are fewer studies on the characteristics of the three-dimensional undulating morphology of cities and their spatial distribution patterns, and thus knowledge of the degree of utilization of the airspace above the city and its developmental pattern is still relatively lacking.Based on the multi-scale urban agglomeration, the landscape pattern is converted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, and the overall spatial differentiation can be analyzed more intuitively. The purpose of this paper is to explore the three-dimensional spatial differentiation law of urban architectural landscape pattern. Through in-depth spatial analysis of the architectural landscape in urban areas, it is found that the landscape patterns in different areas show significant differences, and the interrelationship between them and the urban landscape pattern is revealed through the study of three-dimensional characteristics of urban buildings, such as height, density, form and layout. It is found that the different characteristics of urban buildings have a significant impact on the landscape pattern, which leads to the differentiation of urban space. This study provides more comprehensive spatial information for urban planning, contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of urban architectural landscapes, and provides a scientific basis for future urban design and planning.

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsElectronic prescribing holds significant potential for improving healthcare quality and efficiency. However, its success relies on healthcare professionals' acceptance and use. This study investigated the factors influencing e‐prescribing adoption among physicians and pharmacists in Iran, where its use has been mandated since December 2021.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in 2024 using a structured questionnaire to gather data from 189 physicians and pharmacists in Kerman, Iran. The data collection tool was a structured questionnaire divided into two sections: demographic information and research variables. The questionnaire measured key constructs based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and MPLUS 8.3.2 software.ResultsA total of 171 individuals participated in our survey. The updated measurement model confirmed the presence of convergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability and fit. Analysis of the structural model indicated that, at the 95% confidence level, perceived ease of use positively influences perceived usefulness, which in turn enhances trust in the e‐prescribing system. Additionally, technology self‐efficacy has a positive impact on attitudes toward using e‐prescribing.ConclusionsThis study presents valuable insights into the factors influencing the adoption of e‐prescribing within the Iranian healthcare context. The findings carry significant implications for policymakers, system developers, and healthcare administrators aiming to enhance the implementation of e‐prescribing and promote its widespread adoption. Furthermore, this study contributes to the broader discourse on health information technology adoption by emphasizing the critical importance of contextual factors in technology acceptance research.

During the time half of the twentieth century, the utilization of Programmed computers has become huge. As an outcome, software programming has turned out to be increasingly differing and complex. Also, there are expanding requests on software programming – it must be less expensive, have more usefulness, be conveyed speedier, and be of higher quality than already. In the constantly changing environment and society of programming advancement, the procedures and strategies utilized when growing little projects are not adequate while developing extensive frameworks. As one response to this, distinctive improvement lifecycle models have been characterized. This paper portrays the three fundamental sorts of systems Development lifecycle models, from the successive models using incremental models to transformative models. The iterative advancement technique is additionally examined, and we additionally intricate the association of advancement lifecycle models to two rising fields in programming designing: programming design and part-based programming advancement.