Large Chromatic Number and Ramsey Graphs

Proper conflict-free list-coloring, odd minors, subdivisions, and layered treewidth

The present paper is devoted to the study of the properties of distance graphs in Euclidean space. We prove, in particular, the existence of distance graphs with chromatic number of exponentially large dimension and without cliques of dimension 6. In addition, under a given constraint on the cardinality of the maximal clique, we search for distance graphs with extremal large values of the chromatic number. The resulting estimates are best possible within the framework of the proposed method, which combines probabilistic techniques with the linear-algebraic approach.

Um resultado de Erdos demonstra a existência de grafos com número cromático e cintura arbitrariamente grandes. Temos então que um clique suficientemente grande contém um grafo com número cromático e cintura grandes como subgrafo, porém muitos grafos de interesse não necessariamente contém cliques grandes, então é interessante encontrar outra condição que garanta a existência de subgrafos com número cromático e cintura grandes. Uma conjectura de Erdos e Hajnal diz que todo grafo com número cromático suficientemente grande contém um subgrafo com número cromático e cintura grandes. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar tal conjectura. O texto começa com uma breve apresentação de construções livres de triângulos. Em particular, é demonstrada uma construção de Codenotti, Pudlák e Resta, por meio de planos projetivos. O tópico principal do texto começa com uma demonstração de Rödl de que todo grafo com número cromático suficientemente grande contém um subgrafo livre de triângulos e com número cromático grande. Em sequência, apresentaremos uma demonstração de que grafos com número cromático suficientemente grande contém algum circuito ímpar grande. Apresentaremos também um resultado de Mohar e Wu, que demonstra que a família dos grafos de Kneser respeita a conjectura de Erdos e Hajnal. Outro resultado apresentado é de Gábor Tardos, demonstrando que a família dos shift graphs respeita a conjectura de Erdos e Hajnal. E por fim apresentaremos alguns breves resultados sobre os type graphs, mostrando casos que respeitam a conjectura de Erdos e Hajnal.

We study the computational efficiency of approaches, based on Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which use systems of linear equations for detecting non-colorability of graphs having large girth and chromatic number. We show that for every non-k-colorable graph with n vertices and girth g > 4k, the algorithm is required to solve systems of size at least n Ω(g) in order to detect its non-k-colorability.

A cycle with four blocks $C(k_{1}, k_{2},k_{3},k_{4})$ is an oriented cycle formed of four blocks of lengths $k_{1}, k_{2}, k_{3}$ and $k_{4}$ respectively. Recently, Cohen et al. conjectured that for every positive integers $k_{1}, k_{2}, k_{3}, k_{4}$, there is an integer $g(k_{1},k_{2},k_{3},k_{4})$ such that every strongly connected digraph $D$ containing no subdivisions of $C(k_{1},k_{2},k_{3},k_{4})$ has a chromatic number at most $g(k_{1},k_{2},k_{3},k_{4})$. This conjecture is confirmed by Cohen et al. for the case of $C(1,1,1,1)$ and by Al-Mniny for the case of $C(k_1,1,1,1)$. In this paper, we affirm Cohen et al.'s conjecture for the case where $k_2=k_4=1$, namely $g(k_1,1,k_3,1) =O({(k_1+k_3)}^2)$. Moreover, we show that if in addition $D$ is Hamiltonian, then the chromatic number of $D$ is at most $6k$, with $k=\textrm{max}\{k_1,k_3\}.$

Triangle-free graphs with large chromatic numbers

Induced subgraphs of graphs with large chromatic number. XIII. New brooms

We construct families of circles in the plane such that their tangency graphs have arbitrarily large girth and chromatic number. This provides a strong negative answer to Ringel’s circle problem (1959). The proof relies on a (multidimensional) version of Gallai’s theorem with polynomial constraints, which we derive from the Hales–Jewett theorem and which may be of independent interest.

Sparse Ramsey theorems for graphs originated with investigations of graphs having large chromatic number and high girth (where the girth of a graph is the length of the smallest cycle in G). Note that this can be viewed as a special kind of restricted graph Ramsey problem.

P. Erdős and A. Hajnal asked the following question. Does there exist a constant e>0 with the following property: If every subgraphH of a graphG can be made bipartite by the omission of at most e|H| edges where |H| denotes the number of vertices ofH thenx(H) ≦ 3.

Circular chromatic numbers of Mycielski's graphs

We say a graph has property $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$ when it is an induced subgraph of the curve graph of a surface of genus $g$ with $p$ punctures. Two well-known graph invariants, the chromatic and clique numbers, can provide obstructions to $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$. We introduce a new invariant of a graph, the \emph{nested complexity length}, which provides a novel obstruction to $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$. For the curve graph this invariant captures the topological complexity of the surface in graph-theoretic terms; indeed we show that its value is $6g-6+2p$, i.e. twice the size of a maximal multicurve on the surface. As a consequence we show that large `half-graphs' do not have $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$, and we deduce quantitatively that almost all finite graphs which pass the chromatic and clique tests do not have $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$. We also reinterpret our obstruction in terms of the first-order theory of the curve graph, and in terms of RAAG subgroups of the mapping class group (following Kim and Koberda). Finally, we show that large complete multipartite graphs cannot have $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$. This allows us to compute the upper density of the curve graph, and to conclude that clique size, chromatic number, and nested complexity length are not sufficient to determine $\mathcal{P}_{g,p}$.

Induced subgraphs of graphs with large chromatic number. I. Odd holes

Induced subgraphs of graphs with large chromatic number. IV. Consecutive holes

Matrices Φ ∈ ℝn × p satisfying the restricted isometry property (RIP) are an important ingredient of the compressive sensing methods. While it is known that random matrices satisfy the RIP with high probability even for n = logO(1)p, the explicit deteministic construction of such matrices defied the repeated efforts, and most of the known approaches hit the so‐called sparsity bottleneck. The notable exception is the work by Bourgain et al. constructing an n × p RIP matrix with sparsity s = Θ(n1/2 + ϵ), but in the regime n = Ω(p1 − δ).In this short note we resolve this open question by showing that an explicit construction of a matrix satisfying the RIP in the regime n = O(log2p) and s = Θ(n1/2) implies an explicit construction of a three‐colored Ramsey graph on p nodes with clique sizes bounded by O(log2p) — a question in the field of extremal combinatorics that has been open for decades. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.