Law and Economics Scholarship in Malaysia

डॉ. आंबेडकरांचे शेतीविषयक विचार (Dr. Ambedkar's Thoughts on Agriculture)

The thesis „Everyday Decision Making: A Theoretical and Empirical Study“ analyzes the individuals' decision-making and the role of institutions in creating incentives and influencing individuals' choices. The first part is descriptive and theoretical and deeply rooted in behavioral public economics. It aims at understanding how people make decisions and the factors that affect their decision-making process. Therefore, Chapter 2 provides a critical discussion on the validity of the neoclassical rationality paradigm as a normative standard and discusses the need of the alternative, behavioral approach to bounded irrationality. Chapter 3 examines individuals' behavior regarding healthy good consumption by conducting a theoretical analysis of government's intervention in the decision-making of individuals with self-control problems. The second part of this thesis provides an empirical analysis of higher education and is at the heart of research in economics of education. It focuses on the interaction between individuals' characteristics and choices that determine their performance within a given institutional framework, namely university. Chapter 4 examines individual and institutional factors, e.g. the high school leaving grade or the chosen field of study, as determinants of students' academic performance at university. Chapter 5 empirically analyzes professors' effect from a fundamental first-year course in Economics on students' later performance in follow-on courses. It focuses on the differences in grading policies between different professors assigned to the same mandatory course.

Modern economics courses require high mathematical proficiency, and low proficiency may reduce grades or cause students to avoid economics courses. The article’s authors sought to improve students’ mathematical skills and grades with a simple intervention based on repeated quizzing of building-block concepts. They analyzed data from four semesters of a first-year course. During the first two semesters, there were five online quizzes, and each concept appeared on only one quiz. During the latter two semesters, important basic concepts appeared repeatedly across quizzes. Performance with repeated concepts improved across quizzes, and repeated quizzing was associated with slightly higher final exam scores. Mid-semester exam scores, which preceded most quizzes, were not consistently associated with the quizzing approach, helping to rule out cohort effects and other alternative explanations.

One of the severe global threats facing the world today is flooding. Similarly, Malaysia is faced with monsoon and flash floods which are the most severe "climate-related natural disasters" for the country. The Malaysian government is the main stakeholder and provider of aid in every stage of disaster. Consequently, the involvement of flood risk communities is said to be minimal and overlooked. Researchers have also stated that there is still a lack of research on human involvement and response. Thus, addressing these gaps, we take on a social constructionist view to situate flood disaster as a social practice and discourse to investigate how government officials ‘talk’ about their involvement in flood disaster mitigation and management. Our analysis is based on the perspective that their ‘talk’ evokes specific disaster discourses which relate to the different ways of understanding flood disaster, and that these discourses in turn shape and impact their response and action for flood mitigation and management as well as community empowerment. To this end, we adopt Van Leeuwen’s representation of social actors and social action framework to identify the disaster discourses drawn upon by the officials. The findings show that government officials employ various discourses that draw on the ‘ traditional framework of relief and rehabilitation ’ and a ‘ top-down government centric approach ’ that focus less on community empowerment. We see a need for the inclusion of a ‘ discourse of shared responsibility ’ that is part of a ‘ proactive approach ’, and sees all parties as partners, and in particular, flood risk communities.

The modern approaches of clinical and economic analysis used to study the economic efficiency of medical technologies in medicine are described. It is known that one of the main directions of increasing the effectiveness of medical care is the optimization of healthcare costs. The criterion for assessing this activity is a clinical and economic analysis, which is based on a comparative assessment of the quality of two or more methods of prevention, diagnosis, drug and non-drug treatment, rehabilitation as well. In world practice, five basic methods of clinical and economic analysis are used: analysis of «minimizing costs», analysis of «costs – efficiency, analysis of «costs – benefits», analysis of «costs – utility», methods of economic modeling. In Russia, according to the industry standard «Clinical and economic research. General Provisions» (InStd 57525-2017), that is improved by order № 655-st of the Federal Agency for technical regulation and metrology on july 6-th 2017, distinguish between the main (correlation between costs and results obtained) and auxiliary clinical and economic analysis methods. It has been established that the most common option for clinical and economic analysis in urological practice is the «cost minimization» methodology, which allows one to evaluate the economic efficiency of two or more medical treatment methods with the same clinical performance but different cost. An insignificant number of publications on this problem may indicate insufficient attention of specialists to the issues of clinical and economic analysis in the treatment of urological diseases.

This book makes an important and interesting contribution to the wider debate on European regional development. It looks beyond the confines of the EU proper and combines interesting and relevant case studies from a broader pan-European perspective. Also, the approaches adopted are informed by a variety of theoretical positions. By addressing the changing roles of SMEs in different regions of Eastern Europe, readers will gain insights into the different dimensions of SME development and the link between SMEs and regional growth. The book will appeal to academics researching European development and teaching courses in Economics, Social Policy, Urban Studies, Regional Development and Economic Geography, students in various faculties and departments with a regional perspective, economic and regional planners and researchers, and policy makers at national and regional levels.

The purpose of the article is to provide theoretical and empirical evidence that narrative analysis in economics is not an integral part of qualitative research and is quite compatible with the methodology of quantitative research. The development of methods for collecting and processing data is one of the significant directions in the development of both empirical and theoretical research in economics. Of particular importance to this direction is the consistent expansion of the consideration of social factors in the study of decision-making processes, both at the micro and macro levels. Narrative economics, which has emerged and developed in the last decade, is an integral part of this trend. The article proposes and substantiates a methodology for empirical analysis of narratives considered as sources of quantitative information used in decision making. This distinguishes it from the methods of narrative analysis used in qualitative research in the social sciences, although they are not always distinguished in the literature. The technique combines the search for the frequency of occurrence of various phrases on the Internet with interview analysis, which significantly reduces the time and effort required to search and analyze the necessary information about social factors. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is tested on the example of the analysis of narratives that characterize personal entrepreneurial networks, no statistical information about which is collected, although the networks themselves play an important role in the formation of new small businesses. The presented results of the analysis show that the technique makes it possible to obtain useful quantitative data on such objects of economic research.

The sad and lonely profile of late twentieth-century Christian scholarship in economics has enjoyed a refreshing makeover in the past two decades. Encouraging new research on the overlapping interface of faith and discipline has attained critical mass and fruitful momentum. This interface includes contributions under the umbrella term “economics of religion,” and somewhat-less-often cited contributions to “positional” and conflict economics, and to institutional mechanism design in law and economics. Beyond interface lies scholarly “integration of faith and discipline” that alters and cross-leavens the foundational frames for analysis in both economics and careful Christian thinking about divine and human nature and society. Such integrative scholarship is still in its infancy. But some of it—in the ethical underpinnings of national economic growth and flourishing, and in the economics of identity and social identification—is attracting noteworthy scholarly attention, as measured by the citation counts used recurrently in this survey.

Based on income alone, nearly half of all adults in the United States can be considered "middle class," complete with the reassurance of a steady job, the ability to raise a family, and the comforts of owning a home. And yet, for many, because of structural forces reshaping the finances of the American middle class, the margin between a stable life and a fragile one is narrowing. The new edition of Middle-Class Meltdown in America: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies tells the story of the struggling American middle class by weaving together sociological and economical research, personalized portraits and examples, and a profusion of current data illustrating significant social, economic, and political trends. The authors extend their analysis to include the COVID-19 pandemic, a focus on the effect of race and ethnicity, as well as the ever-increasing costs of housing, health care, and education. In clear, accessible writing, the authors provide a sociological and balanced understanding of the causes and implications of increasing middle class precarity. Middle-Class Meltdown in America is particularly well-suited for courses in sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, and American Studies.

About the Authors

The United States is a big country and the most important member in the camp of developed countries. Studying the historical development experience of the United States as a late-developing country that eventually surpassed the rise of Britain as a superpower can provide a reference for China’s own development. Chinese scholars often refer to this kind of research as crossing the river by feeling for ‘America’”. And when we explore the direction of China’s economic development, this method can also be used. Chinese economics is a big country’s economics, which can draw the experience and lessons of theoretical development from the history of American economics, which is also a big country’s economics. This paper finds that from the 19th century to the present, the three sets of economic theory systems, such as the American School, the American Institutional School and Neoclassical Economics, have dominated the US economic research and economic policy planning in turn. By matching the stage characteristics of American economics and economic thoughts with the staged periods of China’s economic existence, we can find the future development direction of China’s economic theory, and remind scholars to carry out relevant research in advance. By combing the American experience”of the development of economic theories, we explore the construction and future development of Chinese economics, and get some conclusions and inspirations: （1）If the national economy is at a different stage of development, the research objects and objectives of economics should be adjusted accordingly. Economic theories which cannot adapt to changes in the stage of national development will inevitably lose their mainstream status, thereby being marginalized and eventually withdrawing from the historical arena.（2）Neoclassical Economics is the economic theory adopted by the United States in the superpower stage. The reason why it can eliminate the American School and the American Institutional School is that Neoclassical Economics attaches great importance to the international economy.（3）The Chinese economy should pay attention to the construction of a theoretical system of international economics with Chinese characteristics. At the same time, it should start the accumulation of relevant theoretical materials and the exploration and research of theoretical foundations as soon as possible, in order to better serve the needs of building a socialist modernization country. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: （1）The evolution of American economic thoughts since 1815 is sorted out and divided into three stages, and the relationship between economic thoughts and economic reality is explained, which provides a relatively complete picture for understanding the evolution of American mainstream economic thoughts.（2）From the perspectives of the development stage of the great powers, the sources of competitiveness of the Neoclassical Economic Theory, and the defects of the Comparative Advantage Theory, we argue that the construction of China’s economic theory can draw lessons from American economic thoughts and their evolution process, and perfect its own theoretical system and content construction.

This chapter describes a framework for conducting economic analyses of health information technologies (HIT). It explains the basic principles of healthcare economic analyses and the relationships between the costs and effectiveness of a health intervention, and then uses these principles to explain the types of data that need to be gathered in order to conduct a health information technology economic evaluation study. A current health information technology study is then used to illustrate the incorporation of the framework’s economic analysis methods into an ongoing research project. Economic research in the field of health information technology is not yet well developed. This chapter is meant to educate researchers about the need for HIT economic analyses as well as provide a structured framework to assist them in conducting these analyses.

Artificial Intelligence and Economic Analysis focuses on three quite distinct lines of AI orientated research in economics: applications intended to extend neoclassical theory, applications intended to undermine neoclassical theory and applications which ignore neoclassical theory in the quest for new modelling techniques and fields of analysis. The contributors – all of whom are well established in the field – seek to identify those areas where the science of artificial intelligence could enrich standard economic analysis. It includes material from mainstream economists who are willing to express their own views about the limits of mainstream economic modelling and AI based economic modelling.

There is a need to act with regard to research ethics in the social and economic sciences in Germany. More recently, this realisation has led to a rise in ethics commissions at German social science and economics faculties, although this has been the result of individual and non-consolidated efforts. The following report is a first step towards a more comprehensive, interdisciplinary understanding of the principles of research ethics and review procedures in German social and economic research. The German Data Forum's recommendations are aimed at initiating the emergence of a new infrastructure comprised of local ethics commissions, which are embedded into a harmonised comprehensive concept for ethical reflexivity in research and build on existing structures, codes and international developments.

Increasing numbers of economic development practitioners, government officials, and scholars believe that the development of flexible manufacturing networks (FMNs) may provide answers to many of the economic questions troubling the nation. The Appalachian Center for Economic Networks (ACEnet) is a community development corporation located in Appalachian Ohio—one of many rural communities that has not participated in the economic recovery of the last several years. ACEnet is particularly interested in the development of FMNs as a strategy for economic renewal in our region, and has been researching and developing the concept for over two years. This paper is an attempt to move beyond description in order to present an analytical view of FMNs. We begin by examining the worldwide economic transformation and its impact on industrial organization. We then describe the various forms of response to that transformation that are labeled flexible manufacturing networks. Next, we examine those networks to extract the essential qualities of a flexible network and identify its underlying dynamics.