LCD display screen performance testing for handheld thermal imaging cameras

Police, firefighters, and emergency medical personnel are first responders that use thermal imaging cameras (TICs) every day. However, few performance metrics have been developed to assist first responders in evaluating thermal imaging technology. This paper describes a metric for evaluating the nonuniformity of commercial TICs. Three TICs, each employing a different thermal detection technology, were examined. Each TIC was considered a ‘black box’ while being tested. An extended area blackbody (178 mm square) was used as the thermal target, and was placed very close to the objective lens of the TIC under test. The resulting National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) video output signal of the TICs was collected, digitized, and processed. The nonuniformity was calculated using the standard deviation of the digitized image pixel intensities divided by the mean of those pixel intensities. This procedure was repeated for each TIC at several blackbody temperatures in the range from 30 °C to 260 °C. It was observed that the nonuniformity increased in a roughly linear manner with temperature. The testing procedure described herein was developed as part of a suite of tests to be incorporated into a performance standard addressing TICs used by the fire service.

The melting characteristics of cheese play a pivotal role in determining functional performance in various applications. Measuring the meltability and melting point of cheese is a challenge and requires sophisticated equipment, a laboratory setup, and personnel training, and the cost can be prohibitive. Over the years, many tests have been developed to determine the meltability or melting point of cheese. Currently, the melting point of cheese is measured using a specialized instrument, a rheometer for dynamic stress rheology values, to calculate the transition temperature (tan δ). It measures the transition of cheese from the solid to the viscous phase as the cheese is heated. However, the test is time-consuming. A thermal infrared (IR) image camera and software analysis can be used to quickly measure cheese's meltability and melting point. The study was designed to develop a method to estimate the melting point of cheese using a thermal imaging camera, providing a more practical and cost-effective alternative to conventional rheological analysis. Commercial samples of cheeses, including natural Cheddar and various processed cheese slices, were procured from the market. The samples were analyzed for meltability using the tube melt, Schreiber melt, and rheological (G', G″, and tan δ) tests. The thermal IR image camera test method was developed, and the data were processed using software to determine the melting point. The experiment was conducted in triplicate using different lots of cheese. The collected data were statistically analyzed using RStudio. The melt temperature points from the thermal image camera after 1 min were then correlated with the rheological analysis, and the R2 was calculated. The melt characteristics differed significantly according to cheese type. The melting points (tan δ) obtained using a rheometer for cheeses varied between 46.66°C and 64.33°C, and the corresponding values from image analysis were between 48.07°C and 64.61°C. The R2 values for the correlations ranged from 0.804 to 0.813, demonstrating a strong relationship between the rheological and image analysis methods. Additionally, thermal images identify the cheese's melting point and heat distribution. The detailed interpretation aids researchers in understanding the thermal properties and structural changes during melting, while also providing sales professionals with informative visual representations to effectively showcase product quality and performance. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that a thermal imaging method provides a practical, quick, and cost-effective approach for estimating the melting point in cheese compared with conventional rheological analysis and can be used on-site.

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of thermal imaging camera in the identification of perforators using peroperative visual inspection as gold standard. Descriptive study. Place of Study: Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Centre / Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, from October 2017 to September 2018. Patients undergoing pedicled or free perforator flap for reconstructive surgery of upper and lower limb, abdomen, groin, and head and neck region, where soft tissue defect was caused by trauma (road traffic accidents and electric burns), were included in this study. All patients underwent the same treatment protocol of identification of perforator location with Flir One camera preoperatively. Later, it was confirmed peroperatively by visual inspection. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Diagnostic accuracy in identification of perforators in pedicled (n=154) and free flaps (n=30) by thermal imaging camera was calculated as sensitivity of 86.2%, specificity of 80.0% with the positive and negative predictive values of 98.7%, and 25.0%, respectively. Flir One, a smartphone-compatible miniature thermal imaging camera, is useful for the detection of perforators and is highly sensitive and specific. Key Words: Flir One, Perforators, Thermal imaging, Thermal imaging camera.

Skin temperature assessment is essential for the diagnosis of cellulitis and monitoring treatment response, but is currently subjective and can contribute to overdiagnosis. We aimed to characterise skin temperature changes over time in cellulitis and compare two objective measurement approaches, a thermal imaging camera (TIC) and a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT). A device comparison study nested within a prospective cohort. We measured limb temperatures daily for 4 days using a TIC and two NCITs. Two acute hospitals in the UK's National Health Service. 202 adults (age ≥18 years) diagnosed with lower limb cellulitis who attended hospital for antibiotic treatment. We used linear mixed-effects models to quantify changes in temperature over time and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to assess reliability. We compared temperature measurements between devices using Lin's concordance coefficients and Bland-Altman plots with estimated 95% limits of agreement. 202 patients were included: 95% white ethnicity. Baseline limb temperature differences varied between 2.4°C and 3.4°C, depending on the device. All devices showed significant reductions in affected limb temperature per day, with the largest decrease recorded by the TIC (-0.34°C per day, 95% CI -0.48°C to -0.19°C, p<0.001). Only the TIC and NCIT-1 showed significant reductions in limb temperature difference per day. All devices had excellent reliability (ICCs ≥0.98). However, the magnitude of daily temperature change estimates was small relative to the repeatability coefficients of each device. The NCIT-2 consistently recorded the smallest differences in limb temperatures and demonstrated evidence of proportional bias. Daily temperature changes may be too small for reliable monitoring at the individual patient level, but cumulative changes from day 0 to day 3 may be sufficient for clinical interpretation, despite limitations in the precision of device measurements. NCITs' measurement capabilities differ widely, so these devices cannot be used interchangeably. Due to this and the potential benefits of advanced thermal image analysis, TICs should be prioritised for further study in cellulitis. Future research should confirm our findings in different skin tones and explore the clinical utility of thermal imaging in enabling earlier diagnosis or detecting signs of therapeutic failure.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming an increasingly important tool for wildlife surveys and equipping UAVs with thermal imaging cameras could make these surveys even more effective. In my thesis I examined the feasibility of using a UAV equipped with a thermal imaging camera to conduct mesocarnivore surveys, search for duck nests built over water, and conduct duck brood surveys in southern Manitoba. For my first objective, I conducted nighttime mesocarnivore surveys with the UAV and thermal camera. I used a modified point-count survey from six waypoints and surveyed 29.5 ha in each replicate. I conducted a total of 200 flights over 53 survey nights during which I detected 32 mesocarnivores of eight different species. The UAV and thermal camera were effective at locating mesocarnivores, however given the large home ranges of mesocarnivores, my surveys should be considered estimates of minimum abundance and not a population census. For my second objective I conducted a two-part survey: 1) I evaluated the effectiveness of a UAV and thermal camera to locate duck nests relative to traditional surveys, and 2) tested the hypothesis that technician visits to nests may influence predation rates. Over the course of my 1st study the UAV located a total of 47 nests that were not located by technicians, however, the technicians located 164 nests missed by the UAV, and both survey methods located 71 of the same nests. There was also no difference in survival rates for nests monitored with the UAV versus those monitored by technicians. Though the UAV completed surveys faster than technicians, the usefulness of this technology was limited, because the UAV has a relatively low detection rates. My third objective was to evaluate the efficacy of using a UAV and thermal camera to conduct brood surveys. In 2018 and 2019, the UAV and thermal camera located a total of 1569 broods, compared to 666 located by ground technicians, and had higher detection rates (0.48 vs. 0.20). The UAV reliably located twice as many broods as ground technicians and completed surveys four times faster, indicating this technology has great utility for waterfowl biologists.

BP gas production operations in North America manages over 15,000 miles of onshore pipelines that make up our vast, complex, and aging gas gathering networks. Surveying these for leaks presents a huge resource challenge using current ground based technology and, in turn, impacts the assurance of the safety and integrity of these operations. The Exploration and Production Technology Group evaluated new leak detection technologies using laser, thermal imaging camera and a high speed gas sampling detector that were deployed on aircraft and used global positioning systems coordinates to survey gas gathering pipelines. Field trials on gas gathering systems in the North Texas, Anadarko asset showed that the laser and gas sampling based leak detection systems were the most accurate, but the video imaging from the thermal camera made a powerful statement. Helicopters proved to be more suitable in leak detection surveys on gas gathering pipelines than that of fixed-wing aircraft. The aerial leak detection technologies produce a significant increase in efficiency and productivity in managing the integrity of BP’s gas gathering systems. While that improves business performance, perhaps more importantly is the fact that small gas leaks can be easily found before they become big ones. That reduces environmental damage and the potential for leaks to impact the public. The development and implementation of aerial leak detection in BP is being recognized as an integrity tool in providing a significantly improved integrity assurance to its gas gathering operations. A. Introduction The Exploration and Production Technology Group (EPTG) has worked closely with leading companies in the development of aerial gas leak detection technologies capable and suitable to the BP North America operations in gas production. Also potential applications lie in operations outside of North America as well as future capital projects. The safety and integrity of BP operations has become increasing important as the oil and gas industry has become closely watched and scrutinized by stakeholders, government agencies and the public. BP has been working diligently in providing assurance to its facilities and processes especially its gas gathering systems. BP strives to achieve its safety values where No Accidents, No Harm to People, and No Damage to the Environment within its operations. Several companies that were evaluated employing leading technologies in gas leak detection systems (LDS). Three different technologies for gas leak detection systems are laser, thermal camera, and sophisticated gas sampling based detection technologies and were tested in field trials. All of these technologies were installed on aircraft either helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft and can be deployed on the ground via vehicle mounted or hand held use. The remote detection capabilities of these technologies were attractive features that showed promise in using it on the BP gas gathering systems in order to meet its safety and integrity in the operation of gas gathering systems (GGS). B. Leak Detection Technologies The following technologies were reviewed: lasers, thermal camera and gas sampling based systems for leak detection systems (LDS). These hardware technologies have remote capabilities and can detect and locate leaks from a distance that can be deployed on fast moving aircraft giving them rapid measurement capabilities. There are obvious advantages in using aircraft compared to ground methods and will be discussed in the following section. Lasers (in the infrared wavelength) using light detection and radar (LIDAR) principles, similar to that of

To determine the accuracy of the thermal imaging camera for the detection of vascular insult before the onset of permanent tissue damage. Descriptive study. Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, from July to December 2019. The thermal image was used as an adjunct to clinical assessment in 84 flaps. Both pedicled and free flaps were performed in the study with a frequency of 68 (81%) and 16 (19%), respectively. Flap monitoring was performed regularly for five days by same team of surgeons and nurses. Flap vascularity was assessed by temperature gradient colour coding of thermal image taking the clinical assessment like colour, temperature, capillary refill, as a gold standard. Sensitivity and specificity of the thermal camera were calculated. The age range of patients was from 5 years to 55 years. The diagnostic accuracy of thermal imaging camera was calculated to be 96.43% with a sensitivity of 98.7%, specificity of 75%. The positive predictive value was found to be 97.4%, negative predictive value was 85.7%, the false-negative value was 14.3%, and the false-positive value was 2.6%. Thermal imaging camera is an effective and useful adjunct for clinical assessment, as it is an easy and contactless technique. Key Words: Flir one, Flap monitoring, Thermal imaging camera.

We investigate the reconstruction of an environmental scalar field using robotic mobility and heterogeneous sensing. Using two land-based, immobile, co-located spectrally selective cameras, and a non-contact infraredbased temperature sensor on a quadcopter, we study the problem of reconstructing the surface temperature of the ground under survey. Both land units — a thermographic camera for low-resolution thermal images and a commercial digital camera for high resolution truecolor images — are mounted on an elevated camera rig. We explore methods for field reconstruction using a combination of the three imaging sensors. First, we show that the quadcopter data is correlated with the synoptic snapshots obtained by the thermal imaging camera. Next, we demonstrate upsampling of the low-resolution thermal camera data with truecolor images. This results in high-resolution reconstruction of the temperature field. Finally, we discuss adaptive sampling techniques that utilize the mobility of the quadcopter to ‘fill the gaps’ in data acquired by the thermal imaging camera. Our work experimentally demonstrates the feasibility of heterogeneous sensing and mobility to effectively reconstruct environmental fields.

The cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen has recently been replaced by liquid crystal display (LCD) screens as visual stimulators for pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (p-VEPs). The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of LCD screen to elicit p-VEPs. The waveforms of the p-VEPs elicited by a LCD panel were compared with those elicited by a conventional CRT screen. The changes in the luminance of each screen were measured with a photodiode, and the mean luminance change was measured with a luminance meter. VEPs and electroretinograms (ERGs) were also recorded when the monitor was covered by a diffuser. The p-VEPs elicited by the LCD consisted of the N75 and P100 components of the conventional VEPs and had good reproducibility. The average latency of these components was significantly delayed by 9.8ms for N75 and 10.2ms for P100, and the N75-P100 amplitude was significantly larger than the conventional p-VEP elicited by the CRT screen. During the reversal phase, especially from black-to-white, the luminance of the LCD screen was transiently reduced, and it elicited a flash VEP and ERG. A reduction in the contrast of the checks minimized the transient change in the luminance, and the VEP waveform was more similar to that elicited by the CRT screen. The results suggest that when an LCD monitor is used as an alternative visual stimulator to elicit p-VEPs, the delay in the luminance change and the flash effect needs to be taken into account.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of infrared thermography for measuring body temperature. We compared a commercially available infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR One) with a medical-grade oral thermometer (Welch-Allyn) as a gold standard. Measurements using the thermal imaging camera were taken from both a short distance (10cm) and long distance (50cm) from the subject. Thirty young healthy adults participated in a study that manipulated body temperature. After establishing a baseline, participants lowered their body temperature by placing their feet in a cold-water bath for 30 minutes while consuming cold water. Feet were then removed and covered with a blanket for 30 minutes as body temperature returned to baseline. During the course of the 70-minute experiment, body temperature was recorded at a 10-minute interval. The thermal imaging camera demonstrated a significant temperature difference from the gold standard from both close range (mean error: +0.433&deg;C) and long range (mean error: +0.522&deg;C). Despite demonstrating potential as a fast and non-invasive method for temperature screening, our results indicate that infrared thermography does not provide an accurate measurement of body temperature. As a result, infrared thermography is not recommended for use as a fever screening device.

The article presents results of research on the dynamics of passenger car fire development that was made at SGSP. To collect data, a fire test was conducted on a passenger car from segment A. The experiment was made in an open terrain in natural conditions. During the test basic fire parameters were determined and presented compared to other results obtained in similar tests made also at SGSP, and compared to literature data. In the test, the fire gases temperature was measured with thermocouples and the surface temperature of the car body with thermocouples and a thermal imaging camera. Events related to fire development were recorded: falling out of windows, bursts of tires, explosions of actuators and elements of the braking system that could pose a threat to third parties or firemen. Moreover, difficulties associated with temperature measurements of a burning car were presented using a thermal imaging camera, and those are closely related to the incorrect emissivity coefficient. The benefits of the thermal imaging camera in measurements of the surface temperature of the object under the fire test were shown.

The detection of gas leakages is a crucial aspect to be considered in the chemical industries, coal mines, home applications, etc. Early detection and identification of the type of gas is required to avoid damage to human lives and the environment. The MultimodalGasData presented in this paper is a novel collection of simultaneous data samples taken using seven different gas-detecting sensors and a thermal imaging camera. The low-cost sensors are generally less sensitive and less reliable; hence, they are unable to detect the gases from a longer distance. A thermal camera that can sense the temperature changes is also used while collecting the present multimodal dataset to overcome the drawback of using only the sensors for detecting gases. This multimodal dataset has a total of 6400 samples, including 1600 samples per class for smoke, perfume, a mixture of smoke and perfume, and a neutral environment. The dataset is helpful for the researchers and system developers to develop and train the state-of-the-art artificial intelligence models and systems.

The microclimate of a residential landscape can affect both the energy use in your home and the human thermal comfort in your garden, ultimately affecting the heat in the neighbourhood or precinct. A thermal imaging camera provides information about the temperature of surfaces. By using Stefan–Boltzmann’s law and the surface properties, these temperatures can be used to calculate the emission of longwave radiation (radiant exitance) in W m−2. A thermal camera was used to determine the amount of radiant exitance from a range of residential landscape elements. A standard procedure for capturing these images was developed, taking into account factors which affect the quality of the radiometric data. A quantitative database comparing this radiation has been compiled for different times of day and different seasons. The sky view factor of these elements was chosen such that it was as close to 1 as possible. For a particular landscape design, areas of each landscape element can be measured and the amount of radiation reduced or emitted at different times can be calculated. This data can be used to improve landscape designs to reduce home energy use and human thermal comfort through shading and reduction of surfaces which emit longwave radiation close to the house.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has shown that the use of a contact thermometer to verify the elevated body temperature of a suspected person carries a risk of spreading disease. The perfect solution seems to be the use of thermal imaging as a diagnostic method in fever evaluation. The aim of the research is to develop an algorithm for thermovision measurements in fever screening standards in the context of the impact of various weather conditions on the temperature of people entering the public institution. Each examined person had two thermal images of the face-AP and lateral projection. Using a T1020 FLIR thermal camera with a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels; the mean temperature was measured from the area of the forehead, the maximum forehead, the corners of the eyes, the inside of the mouth and the external auditory canal temperature. On the other hand, using classic contact thermometers, the temperature in the armpit and ear was measured. The obtained preliminary results showed very strong and positive correlations between the temperature in the ear measured with an ear thermometer and the maximum, minimum and average forehead temperature. These correlations oscillate at approximately r = 0.6, but the highest value of Spearman coefficient was obtained for the mean temperature of the forehead. Moreover, high correlations were also obtained between the temperature in the ear, measured with an ear thermometer, and the maximum temperature in the corners of the eyes and in the ear, measured with a thermal imaging camera. These values were, respectively, r = 0.54, r = 0.65. In summarizing, remote body temperature measurement taken with a thermal camera can be useful in the assessment of the body's core temperature.

Book Review| December 01 2021 Night on Earth Jeffrey D. Sack, Jeffrey D. Sack Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Karen Cruse Suder Karen Cruse Suder Science Faculty, The Summit Country Day School, Cincinnati, Ohio 45208, suder_k@summitcds.org Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (2021) 83 (9): 613. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2021.83.9.613 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Karen Cruse Suder; Night on Earth. The American Biology Teacher 1 December 2021; 83 (9): 613. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2021.83.9.613 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search What happens when the sun sets? As the light dims, the biological world does not slow. It awakens with a flurry of activity not usually visible to the world. Netflix offers a documentary series entitled Night on Earth that dives into the unseen biological world with sophisticated night and thermal imaging cameras. The organisms featured range from large savanna mammals to pitcher plants to bioluminescent dinoflagellates. Organisms do not just go into hiding when the sun sets—reproduction, feeding, migration, and general survival continue under the veil of darkness. Night on Earth lifts that veil, allowing a glimpse into a previously unknown living world while crisscrossing the globe. This British nature documentary was produced by Plimsoll Productions and released by Netflix in January 2020 as six episodes with a rating of TV-PG for fear. Narrated by Samina Wiley, the 44- to 52-minute episodes are divided into the following categories: Moonlit Plains,... You do not currently have access to this content.