Le secteur agricole dans les marchés du carbone ?

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories, which currently inform abatement policy discussions, are developed mostly from national scale data. Nevertheless, although the policy debate tends to take place in global and national arenas, action to abate GHG emissions is inherently within the provenance of local institutions and communities. The purpose of this paper is to examine how much information is lost by not estimating GHG emissions data at scales finer than the whole US. Such information may be critical in bridging global and local policy. Differences in the composition of GHG emission sources based on GHG emission inventories at three nested spatial scales (national, state, local) for four study sites (in Kansas, North Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania) are analysed, drawing upon initial results of a large collaborative study known as the ‘Association of American Geographers‐Global Change in Local Places (GCLP)’ project. The concept of spatial sovereignty of emissions is developed to test the cross‐scale reliability of emission inventories. For the test year 1990, close agreement is found in the by‐gas composition of GHG emissions among national, state and local inventories. Spatial sovereignty in this case is maintained. However close agreement is not found in the by‐source composition of GHG emissions among national, state and local inventories. Spatial sovereignty in this case is not maintained. Regular compilation of state and local emissions source inventories may be necessary to track important spatial and temporal deviations from national trends.

The pandemic effect on GHG emission variation at the sub-national level and translation into policy opportunities

In greenhouse gas emissions a significant part is accounted for by livestock production. The largest amount comes from ruminants including the manure collection and storage facilities. As existing farms are modernized and new farms are built, the proportion of loose housing systems in them is increasing. They are characterized by a shift from solid manure to liquid manure production. The study is aimed at estimating the greenhouse gas emissions from different modern manure collection and storage systems on cattle farms. The estimation was based on data from one of the agricultural enterprises of the Northwestern Federal District following the Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the developed national methodology for the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. The study considered three most common manure handling technologies. The results showed that the transition to liquid manure production systems contributed to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to higher methane production. At the agricultural enterprise studied, methane emissions increased from 1894.17 kg/year to 36137.02 kg/year. The application of manure separation into solid and liquid fractions followed by their individual treatment, reduced methane emissions to 6269.70 kg/year. Nitrous oxide is released during the solid manure processing. It can be reduced by controlled aeration.

Greenhouse gas emissions in Chicago: Emissions inventories and reduction strategies for Chicago and its metropolitan region

China has implemented an emission trading system (ETS) to reduce its ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining rapid economic growth. With low carbon prices and infrequent allowance trading, whether China's ETS is an effective approach for climate mitigation has entered the center of the policy and research debate. Utilizing China's regional ETS pilots as a quasi-natural experiment, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of ETS on firm carbon emissions and economic outcomes by means of a matched difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The empirical analysis is based on a unique panel dataset of firm tax records in the manufacturing and public utility sectors during 2009 to 2015. We show unambiguous evidence that the regional ETS pilots are effective in reducing firm emissions, leading to a 16.7% reduction in total emissions and a 9.7% reduction in emission intensity. Regulated firms achieve emission abatement through conserving energy consumption and switching to low-carbon fuels. The economic consequences of the ETS are mixed. On one hand, the ETS has a negative impact on employment and capital input; on the other hand, the ETS incentivizes regulated firms to improve productivity. In the aggregate, the ETS does not exhibit statistically significant effects on output and export. We also find that the ETS displays notable heterogeneity across pilots. Mass-based allowance allocation rules, higher carbon prices, and active allowance trading contribute to more pronounced effects in emission abatement.

Comprehensive assessment of refined greenhouse gas emissions from China's livestock sector

Urban water cycle systems(UWCS), including water treatment facilities, distribution facilities, sewers, and wastewater treatment facilities, are energy intensive and significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making the reduction of GHG emissions and the transition to eco-friendly energy essential. This study identifies specific GHG emission sources at each stage of the UWCS and proposes detailed methods to achieve a 40% reduction in GHG emissions, implement RE100, and attain Net Zero by employing insets and offsets. This study develops scenarios for insets and offsets based on the baseline process of the UWCS, and investigates potential pathways to reduce GHG emissions by quantifying emissions from each process. Internal insets, which are self-implemented and technical measures, are prioritized, while external offsets are applied to compensate for the remaining emissions. Internal insets include the application of anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power(CHP), improvements in energy efficiency of equipment, reduction in water pipe leakage, implementation of water footprint labeling, and installation of on-site photovoltaic system. External offsets comprise renewable energy certificates(REC), power purchase agreements(PPA), green hydrogen fuel for vehicles, natural sequestration improvement, and emission trading system. GHG emissions at each stage within the UWCS are quantified using modeling software. Based on these results, the effectiveness of insets and offsets in achieving a 40% GHG emissions reduction, Net Zero, and RE100 goal is analyzed. The baseline total GHG emissions for the UWCS are estimated at 4,732.8 tCO2eq/yr, of which 56.8% is identified as targets for internal insets, and the remaining 43.2% is reduced through external offsets. A 40% GHG reduction can be achieved through internal insets, and Net Zero can be attained by incorporating additionally applying external offsets. The total power demand of UWCS facilities and equipment is calculated as 572.8 kW. Renewable energy is generated through anaerobic digesters and CHP(116.1kW) as well as on-site PV(395.0 kW), while RE100 compliance is achieved by securing an aditional 61.7 kW through REC/PPA. Achieving Net Zero and RE100 requires prioritizing strategies for insets, offsets and efficient resource allocation. For this, the technical feasibility and self-implementation potential of reduction efforts and the external conditions for offsets, should be carefully reviewed to optimize implementation strategies. GHG reduction and renewable energy utilization in the UWCS are key priorities for addressing the climate crisis and achieving sustainable water resource management, requiring technological innovation and institutional support. The comprehensive and systematic application of GHG insets and offsets is the optimal approach to achieving these goals. Furthermore, modeling software serves as a key tool for quantifying GHG emissions and formulating concrete, viable GHG reduction strategies. In addition to the technical and institutional approaches proposed in this study, achieving Net Zero and implementing RE100 requires the integrated consideration of economic factors in the future.

Carbon Trading: Who Gets What, When, and How?

What explains the choice of corporate political strategy in environmental politics? Drawing on recent models of actor strategy formation in political economy, this article argues that basic material interests of firms are translated into strategies in the context of institutional environments. I advance a typological model that posits how distributional effects—positive versus negative—and perceived regulatory pressure—low versus high—interact in leading firms to adopt one of four ideal-type strategies: opposition, hedging, support, and non-participation. This article examines the model through the case of corporate strategies in the making of the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme. The article contributes to theory-building on business strategy in environmental politics by offering a probabilistic explanatory model, and it flags hedging strategies as an increasingly prevalent form of business behavior.

Managing Business Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Greenhouse Gas Protocol – A Strategic and Operational Tool

The purpose of this report is to review greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change mi􀆟ga􀆟on data and models. Building an evidence base to monitor and assess the impacts of ini􀆟a􀆟ves is explicitly men􀆟oned in Aotearoa New Zealand’s First Emissions Reduc􀆟on Plan (05/2022). Economic-Environmental modelling plays an important role in decision making to achieve emission reduc􀆟on targets. Data is hosted by a range of organisa􀆟ons and collected using different frameworks and methodologies. There is less awareness of data available through Stats NZ which may have led to it being underused. Main collated data sources are the GHG emissions account and the GHG emissions inventory. Sector specific data are available through relevant agencies. A detailed stock-take of New Zealand’s modelling capacity iden􀆟fied 84 climate change or climate change mi􀆟ga􀆟on models: 13 mul􀆟-sector models, 23 land use and agricultural models, 25 energy models, and 23 transport models. The stock-take iden􀆟fied at least one model for each sector of the ERP, except for Building and Construc􀆟on. Modelling capacity varies between sectors with those that are more developed, demonstra􀆟ng greater interdependency between models. Almost all modelling takes a produc􀆟on-based approach. Capacity for a consump􀆟on-based approach was much more limited. Two examples of formal collabora􀆟on are iden􀆟fied through the review. No formal interna􀆟onal collabora􀆟on (outside of interna􀆟onal repor􀆟ng requirements) was iden􀆟fied. A preference was expressed for modelling in-house to facilitate alignment with policy development. However, this may have contributed to lack of collabora􀆟on on progress towards common targets. Connec􀆟ons with groups outside of government are also limited.

Understanding the sources and quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is critical to developing an emissions inventory that accurately represents oil and natural gas industry operations. In response to continued interest by its member companies about consistency in emissions estimation, the American Petroleum Institute (API) developed a Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry. The Compendium is a result of more than a year long effort by API to screen, evaluate and document a range of calculation techniques and emission factors that could be useful for developing GHG emissions inventories. In this work all oil and gas industry segments from exploration and production to transportation, refining and distribution were considered. Particular emphasis has been placed on including estimation techniques that depend on knowledge of oil and gas processing simulation, along with a ranking of preferred and alternate methods. Initially distributed in June 2001 as a "Road-Test" document, API will continue to gather comments from end users and other interested parties for a one-year trial period. API has reached out to governmental, non-governmental and industry associations during the development process to ensure broad peer-review. Additional opportunities will be sought for further discussions prior to finalizing the document in 2002. This paper will summarize the technical approach adopted for the Compendium and introduce some of the techniques for estimating GHG emissions from specific oil and gas industry operations. It will discuss decisions that need to be made when designing a GHG emissions inventory. It will also present findings from users of the Compendium and feedback from end-user reviews.

The results of an analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory in Poland in the years 1988–2015 are presented, paying special attention to the impact of road transport on the intensification of greenhouse effect. The analysis was made based on the official results compiled by the National Centre for Emissions Management and Balancing (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute. It was found that carbon dioxide emission represented the dominant part of the total GHG emissions, despite that there were other gases having far greater greenhouse effect potential. There was a general downward trend for the national annual emission of basic GHGs. The estimated share of road transport in the GHGs emission was not high: from 4% in 1988 to around 12% in 2015. For motor vehicles, there is a dominant share in the GHGs emissions of passenger cars: (50 ÷ 60)%. In the years 1988–2015, there was a relative decrease by about 32% in the national annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent from all sources covered by the inventory. That notwithstanding, the national annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent arising from transportation increased generally by about 93% and that from the road transport increased by as much as 117%. The increase in GHGs emissions from motor vehicles resulted mainly from a significant growth in car numbers. Technical progress in the construction of motor vehicles can be evaluated by considering the average annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent from a conventional car, which has been decreasing since 1998.

Purpose – To align with the global goal of keeping the temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, a market-based policy initiative, the "Emissions Trading System (ETS)," is to mitigate climate change. However, the carbon allowances traded at the ETS are held and traded not only by polluting companies, but also emissions non-compliance financial firms. These financial firms though engage in speculation, there has not been any compelling evidence of the extent to which speculation matters in carbon pricing. To bridge this gap, this study is premised on three separate but related essays to: (i) determine the accurate framework for modelling the dynamics of carbon pricing; (ii) determine the extent to which speculation matters in the predictability of carbon pricing; and (iii) determine whether speculation undermines or benefits the emission reduction effect of carbon pricing. Methodology –We employ the GARCH-MIDAS econometric technique to test the hypothesis that an all-inclusive framework that reflects the emission compliance and emissions noncompliance dynamics of the ETS is the most accurate approach to modeling carbon prices. We also employ some verifiable econometric procedures to arrive at the Feasible Quasi Generalised Least Square (FQGLS) as the most appropriate estimator to address some of the biases in the predictability of carbon prices. Findings – A modeling framework that captures both emissions compliance and emissions noncompliance dynamics of the ETS is the most accurate to modeling carbon prices. We find that speculation is a good predictor of carbon prices. We find that both emission compliance and emission non-compliance dynamics of the carbon market matter for the emissions reduction effect of the ETS and for enhancing the accuracy of climate change forecasts. Research Contribution – The literature on emission trading has continued to ignore the speculative behavior of the emissions non-compliance firms in the ETS. As a result, we construct a composite news-based speculation index to simultaneously capture the emissions compliance and emissions non-compliance dynamics of the ETS in a single framework. We provide the literature with a data-driven framework upon which the predictive power of speculation is examined both in the predictability of carbon pricing and in the forecast of emission reductions. Iqoqa. Inhloso – Ukuqondanisa izinjongo zomhlaba zokugcinwa kwezinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-2 degrees Celsius, ukusungula inqubomgomo eyame ezimaketheni, Indlela Yokuhweba Ekhiphayo "Emissions Trading System (ETS)," ngenhloso yokulungisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo seZulu. Yize-kunjalo, inani lecarbon elihwetshiwe ku-ETS ligcinwa liphinde lihwetshwe yizinkampani ezenza ukungcola kodwa hhayi zona kuphela kepha nezinkampani zezomnotho ezingathobeli ukukhipha okungcolisayo. Le zinkampani zezomnotho yize zisebenza ngokuqagula, bebungakabibikho ubufakazi obuqandula ikhanda ngendlela abaqagula ngayo inani le-carbon. Ukuvala leli gebe, lolu cwaningo lweyame kuma-eseyi amathathu ahlukene kepha ahlobene nolokhu: (i) ukuqonda uhlaka oluqondile ukwenza imodeli yokwehluka kwenani lecarbon; (ii) ukuqonda ukuqagulwa nokulinganisa amanani ecarbon; kanye (iii) nokuqonda ukuthi ukuqagula kucekela phansi noma kuyalekelela ekunciphiseni ukuphipha ukugcola ngokukhipha amanini ecarbon. Indlela yocwaningo–Kusetshenziswe iGARCH-MIDAS econometric technique ukuhlola isihlawumbiselo sohlaka olufaka konke oluveza okusemthethweni ngokuphipha ukugcola kanye nokungalandeli umthetho wokukhishwa kokungcola okunhlonhlobo nge-ETS okuyiyona ndlela eqondile ukumodela inani le-carbon. Kuphinde kwasebenza izindlela eziqinisekisiwe ze-econometric procedures ukufinyelela kwiFeasible Quasi Generalised Least Square (FQGLS) njengesiqaguli esinembayo ukuxazulula okunye ukwenzelela ekuguleleni kwenani lecarbon. Imiphumela – Uhlaka lokumodela oluqukethe ukulandelwa komthetho wokukhishwa kokungcola kanye nokungalandelwa komthetho wokukhishwa kokungcola okunhlobonhlobo ku-ETS iyona ekahle kakhulu ukumodela amanani ecarbon. Kutholakale ukuthi ukuqagula yikho okuyisiqaguli esihle kumanani ecarbon. Kutholakale nokuthi kokubili ukulandelwa komthetho nokungalandelwa kwawo kokukhishwa kokungcola okunhlobonhlobo ezimaketheni ze-carbon ukwehlisa kokukhishwa kokungcola kumthelela weETS kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kokuqagulwa ngokuguquguquka kwesimo seZulu. Umnikelo wocwaningo –Imibhalo ngokuhweba ngokukhishwa kokungcola kuveza ukuqhubeka kokushawa indiva kokungalandelwa kwemithetho yokukhishwa kokungcola ezinkampanini ze-ETS. Kungakho-ke kugcine sekwakhiwa uhlobo olusha oluqondile lokuqagula ukuqoqa ngasikhathi sinye nokukulandelwa nokungalandelwa komthetho wokukhishwa kokungcola okunhlonhlonhlobo kwe-RTS ohlakeni olulodwa. Kube sekubakhona nemibhalo enemininingo elawula uhlaka olunamandla okuqagula, kuhlole ukuqagula kanye namanani e-carbon ukwehlisa ukuqagula kokukhishwa kokungcola.

This paper (SPE 57080) was revised for publication from paper SPE 52672, originally presented at the 1999 SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference held in Austin, Texas, 28 February–3 March. Original manuscript received 13 January 1999. This paper has not been peer reviewed. Summary An emissions inventory is a powerful, multipurpose tool used by regulators, public-interest groups, and other stakeholders in the environmental protection arena. Given the growing conviction that market-based approaches are more effective than command-and-control regulations, inventories will increasingly be used to influence the behavior of companies in the marketplace. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions are becoming important elements in the emissions inventory. Under the Framework Convention for Climate Change and now the Kyoto Protocol, emissions inventory of nations, as well as of the regulated community, will come under additional scrutiny when emissions targets and timetables have to be met once the protocol is put in place. Data accuracy and consistency and the cost and timing of delivery of data from Texaco's worldwide business units (BU's) were important considerations in the selection of the company's emissions inventory method. This method is based primarily on the coupling of emissions factors with fuel or product throughput or with equipment-component count. The emissions source list is comprehensive, and, in some cases, the emissions factors used are based on more recent source measurements with greater accuracy. This paper describes the basis for generation of a worldwide emissions inventory for the company. Introduction In 1998, Texaco Inc. decided to inventory the 1997 GHG emissions that come from its worldwide operations. The purpose of the inventory is to provide data for GHG-emissions management and for participation in the ongoing GHG dialogue. The company took the following steps to complete the inventory.Management announced a corporate goal to complete the inventory in 1998 and commissioned an emissions inventory team for this inventory collection. The team included representatives from the Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) staff of the BU's; from technology and general engineering centers; from the corporate center; and from among other BU staff.The emissions inventory team prepared a guidance document that defined the scope and method for the inventory. A subteam created the questionnaire that was completed by the operating units within the BU's.The questionnaire was completed on schedule, with coordination, follow-up, and verification provided by BU HSE offices.The data from the BU's were compiled and organized by the inventory team to complete the corporate emissions inventory. The inventory team realized that issues regarding the scope of the inventory and choice of method needed resolution before the inventory could be completed. The issues at stake included inventory cost and reliability and data comparability and consistency within the company and over extended time frames. There was a need for agreement within the company before the BU's were asked to supply data or information necessary to do the companywide inventory. We had to be certain that the BU's were capable of supplying data within the time frame allotted for data collection. The inventory team considered these issues and formalized the conclusions into the Texaco Emissions Inventory Document. The method detailed in this document is summarized in this paper. Principles to Ensure Usefulness of Inventory Data Comparability and Consistency. The inventory method addresses oil and gas fields, refineries, oil and gas pipelines, gas plants, and petroleum-product marketing operations in many countries and from offshore operations. It also addresses emissions from joint ventures, including those that are operated by other companies and those that are the operating company for assets that are partially owned by other companies. Texaco's operations are operated with a high degree of autonomy by BU's, which have their own HSE organizations and generally manage their environmental issues to meet local environmental concerns and regulations. In consideration of cost and time, the BU's supplied data for the inventory that were already available or that could be obtained quickly. The guidance document stressed consistent emission factors for determining emissions across our companywide business segments. We needed to achieve comparability in the inventory that would allow quantitative assessment of the similarities and differences among different facilities and different sectors of the company. In addition, consistency was needed to allow comparison over time of information from the same facility, same sector, and even the company itself. Because the company plans to grow its business, correlation of product-production rate with GHG-emission rates was stressed. In areas of the world where environmental regulations are relatively mature, much of the data needed for the inventory data already existed in databases of operating units. These data typically would be obtained by methods that satisfied state or local regulatory agency requirements. For other segments of our company and in other parts of the world, emission data were either not available or not readily available.