Learning Historical Thinking With Oral History Interviews: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Intervention Study of Oral History Interviews in History Lessons

BackgroundSecondhand smoke can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet there is a lack of effective smoking cessation interventions targeted at expectant fathers. We examined the effectiveness of a video-based smoking cessation intervention focusing on maternal and child health in promoting quitting among expectant fathers.Methods and findingsA single-blind, 3-arm, randomized controlled trial was conducted at the obstetrics registration centers of 3 tertiary public hospitals in 3 major cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Foshan) in China. Smoking expectant fathers who registered with their pregnant partners were invited to participate in this study. Between 14 August 2017 to 28 February 2018, 1,023 participants were randomized to a video (n = 333), text (n = 322), or control (n = 368) group. The video and text groups received videos or text messages on the risks of smoking for maternal and child health via instant messaging. The control group received a leaflet with information on smoking cessation. Follow-up visits were conducted at 1 week and at 1, 3, and 6 months. The primary outcome, by intention to treat (ITT), was validated abstinence from smoking at the 6-month follow-up. The secondary outcomes included 7-day point prevalence of abstinence (PPA) and level of readiness to quit at each follow-up. The mean age of participants was 32 years, and about half of them were first-time expectant fathers. About two-thirds of participants had completed tertiary education. The response rate was 79.7% (815 of 1,023) at 6 months. The video and text groups had higher rates of validated abstinence than the control group (video group: 22.5% [75 of 333], P < 0.001; text group: 14.9% [48 of 322], P = 0.02; control group: 9.2% [34 of 368]) with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 2.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79–4.37, P < 0.001) in the video group and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.06–2.74, P = 0.03) in the text group. The video and text groups differed in the rates of validated abstinence (22.5% versus 14.9%, P = 0.008; adjusted OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.10–2.46, P = 0.02). The video and text groups had higher rates of 7-day PPA than the control group at 6 months (video group: 24.6% [82 of 333] versus 11.4% [42 of 368], P < 0.001; text group: 17.4% [56 of 333] versus 11.4% [42 of 368], P = 0.02). The video and text groups also differed in the rates of 7-day PPA (24.6% versus 17.4%, P = 0.02). Excluding the quitters, the video and text groups had higher levels of readiness to quit than the control group at 6 months (video group: 43.5% [109 of 251] versus 31.6% [103 of 326], P = 0.002; text group: 40.6% [108 of 266] versus 31.6% [103 of 326], P = 0.01), No such difference was detected between the video and text groups (43.5% versus 40.6%, P = 0.29). The study was limited in that the long-term effectiveness of the intervention is uncertain.ConclusionsThis smoking cessation intervention for expectant fathers that focused on explaining the ramifications of smoking on maternal and child health was effective and feasible in promoting quitting, and video messages were more effective than texts in delivering the information.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03236025.

Oral life history narratives are a promising method to promote person-centered values of personhood and belonging. This project used resident oral history interviews to educate staff members in an assisted-living setting about personhood. A single group pre-post test design evaluated impacts on 37 staff members to assess their use of resident videotaped oral history interviews and impacts on their perceived knowledge of residents. Perceived knowledge of residents declined (p = .003) between pretest and posttest. Older staff members were less likely to view a video. Staff members are interested in resident oral history biographies and identify them as helpful for delivering care. Oral history methods might provide an opportunity for staff members to promote personhood by allowing them to expand their understanding of resident preferences, values, and experiences.

Hayat bilgisi dersi, öğrencilerin kendisi, ailesi ve yakın çevresini tanımasına yardımcı olmayı amaçlar. Bu tanıma sürecine yardımcı olan unsurlardan biri de tarih öğretimidir. Öğrenciler, tarih öğretimi sayesinde öncelikle kendi ailelerini tanırlar. Sonrasında ait olduğu milletin tarihini ve kültürünü öğrenirler. Tarihi ve kültürü tanımak, onların toplumsal kurallara anlam vermesini, dolayısıyla geçmişle ve günümüz arasında bağ kurmasını sağlar. Bu da onların tarihsel anlayış geliştirmelerinin temelini oluşturur. Literatürde yapılan çalışmalar, ilkokulda yalnızca ders kitaplarına bağlı tarih öğretiminin öğrencilerde tarihsel anlayışı geliştirmekte başarısız olduğunu göstermektedir. Buradan hareketle araştırmanın amacı, çeşitli sözlü tarih etkinliklerini kullanarak yapılan tarih öğretiminin 3. sınıf öğrencilerine ne tür katkılar sağladığını ortaya koymak olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada Diekema (1989) tarafından tasarlanan “Benim Bir Tarihim Var” adlı ders planı, 7 hafta boyunca takip edilmiştir. Ayrıca Hickey (2017) tarafından hazırlanan “Hayatta Olan Kuşaklar” ve “O Zaman-Bugün” adlı etkinlikler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın modeli, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden eylem araştırmasıdır. Çalışma grubunu, İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren özel bir okulun 3. sınıf öğrencileri (9) oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın verileri; sözlü tarih öğrenci görüşmeleri, katılımcı öğrencilerle yapılan yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler, aile ağaçları, aile haritaları, zaman çizelgeleri, zaman kapsülleri, sözlü tarih görüşme öz değerlendirme formları, “Aynı Anda Yaşayan Kuşaklar” ve “O Zaman-Bugün” etkinlik formlarından toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları, sözlü tarih etkinliklerinin öğrencilerin zaman ve kronolojiyi algılama, neden-sonuç ilişkisi kurabilme ve değişim ve sürekliliği algılama gibi tarihsel düşünme becerilerini geliştirdiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca öğrenciler, kendilerinin kişisel bir tarihleri olduğunu ve tarihin bir parçası olduklarını fark etmişlerdir. Bunların yanında “zaman” ve “kuşak” gibi ilkokul öğrencileri için anlaşılması zor kavramları somutlaştırma ve anlamlandırma fırsatı bulmuşlardır. Sınıf öğretmenleri, öğrencilerin geçmişle günümüz arasında bağlantı kurmalarına yardımcı olmak için sözlü tarih yöntemini tercih edebilirler.

The essays in this anthology represent, in the broadest sense, an interpretive perspective of inquiry that has flourished in oral history for the past 15 years. This perspective considers oral history interviews as subjective, socially constructed and emergent events; that is, understanding, interpretation, and meaning of lived experience are interactively constructed. The impetus for this volume was the editor's fascination with the multifaceted complexity of the oral history interview method coupled with the belief that, despite many books that address methodological issues, no single work takes as its focus those complex, interactive processes which constitute the oral history interview. The editors' purpose in developing this anthology, therefore, was to provide a variety of essays which taken together address the possibilities and constraints inherent in oral history interviewing.

Cataloging oral histories presents many difficulties, especially for catalogers who have primarily worked with published materials and for institutions without funds or staff dedicated to managing oral history collections. Methods for cataloging oral histories can vary widely among institutions. In this article I examine the issues and considerations involved in providing intellectual access to oral history interviews and offer a possible cataloging method to libraries holding unprocessed oral history materials. The cataloging procedures discussed here have worked well from a workflow standpoint as one of the initial steps to create access to oral histories at Columbus State University, a medium-sized academic library.

Objectives : This research aimed at investigating the relationship between compliance and quality of life among adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1). The study explored the impact of an information giving intervention on compliance and quality of life in adolescents with DMT1 and factors related to compliance and its effect on the quality of life. Methodology : This study was a randomised control trial, with an intervention and wait list control group. In this study, data was collected from participants aged 16 to 19 years. Main outcomes: Compliance to treatment, impact about diabetes and worries about diabetes were highly significant at follow up in the intervention group and seemed to have had impacted positively in the lives of the adolescents and also influenced positive behaviour change to the treatment regime prescribed to them by the doctors. This indicated that there was a relationship between compliance and quality of life among adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1. Measures : Instruments used by the researcher at both pre intervention and post intervention periods included: Social demographic questionnaire, the rating scale for compliance (RSC) and Diabetes Quality of Life Scale modified for youths (DQOL) Procedure : Permission was obtained from the study site. Approval was obtained from Research Ethics committee, University of Zambia. The baseline measures for intervention and control group was done in week 1(time 1), where the 40 adolescents answered the demographic questionnaire, quality of life scale modified for youths and the rating scale for compliance. In week 2 to week 9, the researcher was with the intervention group and had 1 meeting with them once in a week. In week 10; time 2, follow up measure (same used at time 1 with intervention and control group) was done. The researcher met both groups at the Diabetes Association of Zambia Centre DAZ in University teaching hospital UTH. The participants were asked to complete the demographic questionnaire, rating scale for compliance and the diabetes quality of life scale modified for youths. These questionnaires were completed one after the other in both baseline intervention and follow up (post assessment). Instructions were read to them before they started answering each questionnaire in a plenary setup. Results : The demographic results indicate an even distribution of participants by age in both the control and intervention groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the control and intervention group at follow up in compliance to treatment were P= .000, impact of diabetes P= 0.045 and worries about diabetes P=.001. However, satisfactions with life showed a significant difference between the control and intervention group at follow up were P= .000, the control group showed more satisfaction with life compared to the intervention group at follow up. Conclusion : The information that the adolescents received during the intervention period seemed to have had impacted positively in the lives of the adolescents and also influenced positive behaviour change to the treatment regime prescribed to them by the doctors. Key words : Adolescents, diabetes, compliance, quality of life

In the course of gathering oral histories from women who served in the Navy and Coast Guard during World War II, an unusual conversational pattern has emerged. The women almost invariably diminish the importance of their wartime contributions; a common refrain is “I didn’t do anything important.” Their individual experiences, as revealed during the interviews, belie that assertion. In this paper, I will use the women's words to parse what is meant by this rhetorical move. Do the women really believe they did not do anything important? If so, why do they find it necessary to participate in the very public process of oral history, placing their names and life stories within the historical record? Considering both the content and the context of the women's words from a feminist pragmatist philosophical base will help explain this seemingly incongruent act. This article demonstrates that the women do not really mean to belittle their life experiences (and military service), but instead are using the phrase as a way to acknowledge society's expectations. The oral history interview, meanwhile, is used by the women to not only place their experience into the historical record but also to affirm the importance of their wartime work.

The thesis explores the rundown process of one large long-stay hospital for people with learning difficulties in the north west of England during the later years of the twentieth century. It does this through a multi-voiced account which draws on oral history interview and documentary data relating to managers, staff and relatives. This polyphonic approach, focused upon those who had agency in the rundown of the institution, enables an in-depth examination of the processes and meanings of such an immense organisational change. The research found that the contraction of the Royal Albert Hospital, Lancaster was a complex process, involving high levels of managerial acumen, compassion and enthusiasm. However, although presented by those implementing change as being predicated upon sound ethical and ideological principles, the study also indicated that this institutional rundown was shaped significantly by a neo-liberal agenda bound up with imperatives of logistics and cost. Tensions and contradictions associated with the latter were partly reflected in the viewpoints of staff and families who were critical of elements of the policy and practice of organisational downsizing. The oral history data in particular suggests, however, that these oppositional perspectives were discredited and distanced within the constraints of a dominant organisational narrative which espoused the absolute rightness of institutional closure. Furthermore, this ethically infused rhetoric underplayed the negative impact of the rundown on employees as they experienced insecurities associated with the loss of a meaningful and, in many instances, long-standing workplace. The research contributes to the literature on the social history of learning disability,especially pertaining to institutional closures and deinstitutionalisation; organisational studies (the management of change); deindustrialisation; and oral history methodology.

Oral history interviewing is a viable qualitative research orientation for many qualitative researchers in various disciplines. Oral history is the collection of stories, statements, and reminiscences of a person or persons who have firsthand knowledge of any number of experiences. It offers qualitative researchers a way to capture the lived experiences of participants. The techniques of oral history are those of the qualitative researcher, including interviews, document analysis, photographs, and video. The current digital era offers many opportunities to address issues and possibilities for the oral historian as qualitative researcher. Three major issues that emerge are those of social justice, arts-based approaches to oral history, and transdisciplinarity. Possibilities are endless in terms of using digital techniques for data presentation, data analysis, and dissemination. The power of oral history is the power of storytelling. By using current technology and working in a transdisciplinary context, oral history may now be more readily accessible and available to a wider population thus moving toward social justice.

Objective: This study aims to discuss clinical improvement of nursing intervention in swallowing dysfunction of elderly stroke patients. Methods: A total of 120 elderly stroke patients with swallowing dysfunction admitted in our hospital from February 2016 to September 2017 were chosen and randomly divided into control (n=60) and intervention groups (n=60). The control group was provided with conventional nursing service, and the intervention group was provided with nursing intervention. Improvements of swallowing dysfunction, living quality, pulmonary infection, and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: The total efficiencies in improving swallowing dysfunction are 96.67% and 83.33% for the intervention and control groups, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The scores of physical functions, psychological functions, social functions, and material life are higher in the intervention group than those in the control group (P<0.05). The pulmonary infection rate in the intervention group (1.67%) is also lower than that in the control group (11.67%, P<0.05). Nursing satisfaction was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). The scores of nursing satisfaction are 98.33% and 88.33% in the control and intervention groups, respectively. Conclusions: Nursing intervention exerts a significant clinical effect on improving swallowing dysfunction of elderly stroke patients. Such intervention can also improve the living quality and nursing satisfaction of the patients and reduce pulmonary infection rate. Hence, nursing intervention is worthy of clinical research and promotion.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often coexists with hypertension, significantly increasing cardiovascular risks. Lifestyle modification counseling has shown promise in managing T2DM and its comorbidities. However, the optimal frequency and structure of counseling for blood pressure control remain uncertain. Our study examines the best approach for managing blood pressure in T2DM patients by comparing the outcomes of two counseling strategies: a single session and periodic counseling over time. Methodology A total of 110 diabetic patients were enrolled, with 52 patients in each group after loss to follow-up.A randomized controlled trial compared one-time counseling (control) to six months of periodic counseling (intervention) on lifestyle modification. A weighing machine, stadiometer, 24-hour dietary recall, food frequency questionnaire, biochemical blood sugar level analysis, and telephonic follow-up were the essential tools used. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), employing descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, graphs, mean, and standard deviation. Statistical significance at the 5% level was tested using probability (p) calculations. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed normal distribution (p > 0.05). Parametric tests, specifically independent t-tests, were used for between-group comparisons of continuous variables, while categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Intragroup comparisons over time employed repeated-measures analysis of variance for continuous variables. Changes within groups after six months were assessed using paired t-tests. All statistical analyses adhered to a significance level of p < 0.05. Results The gender distribution at baseline was similar between the control (55.8% male, 44.2% female) and intervention (46.2% male, 53.8% female) groups, with no significant differences (p = 0.327).The mean weight was 66.67 ± 11.51 kg in the control group and 67.14 ± 11.19 kg in the intervention group (p = 0.835), and the body mass index was 25.61 ± 4.09 kg/m² and 26.29 ± 6.01 kg/m², respectively (p = 0.503).Clinical parameters such as fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, and blood pressure showed no significant differences between the control and intervention groups at baseline (p > 0.05).After six months, the intervention group exhibited a trend toward lower blood pressure compared to the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. The mean systolic blood pressure was 132.15 ± 14.867 mmHg in the control group and 129.15 ± 9.123 mmHg in the intervention group (p = 0.218). Changes in blood pressure over the six-month period showed significant decreases within the intervention group, while changes in the control group did not reach statistical significance. The mean difference in systolic blood pressure in the intervention group was 5.54 ± 9.77 mmHg (p = 0.0001), indicating a notable reduction, while the control group had a smaller and statistically insignificant increase of 2.308 ± 9.388 mmHg (p = 0.082). Conclusions This study addresses a significant gap in the literature by comparing the efficacy of one-time vs. periodic counseling in T2DM management. While periodic counseling shows promise in improving diastolic blood pressure, further research is needed to understand its nuanced effects and optimize lifestyle interventions for T2DM patients.

To evaluate how a structured interactive two-day education programme for clinical nurses on end-of-life (EOL) care for older people affects nurses' attitudes and knowledge. Non-randomised controlled trial. Nurses were recruited separately for intervention and control groups. The intervention group assisted older patients with EOL care and recruited patients for the programme. To prevent sampling bias, control group nurses were recruited from a facility with numerous EOL care opportunities. The intervention was a two-day educational programme. Using valid and reliable scales, we evaluated the attitudes (total score range: 26-130) and knowledge (total score range: 0-51) of the intervention group four times (pretraining, post-training, 3months, 6months) and the control group three times (baseline, 3months, 6months) between January 2016 and April 2017. Analysis of covariance examined both groups' score changes at 3 and 6months while adjusting for confounding factors. Participants were 338 nurses caring primarily for older people (intervention group: 164; control group: 174); 142 responded at all measurement points. The change in mean value of the attitude scale from baseline to 3months (differences in the groups' attitude scores=7.33; 95% CI=2.43-12.24; p=.004) and 6months (differences in groups' attitude scores=5.77; 95% CI=0.17-11.37; p=.044) was greater in the intervention group. Moreover, the mean knowledge scale score change from baseline to 3months was greater in the intervention group (differences in groups' knowledge scores=5.74; 95% CI=4.07 to 7.39; p<.001). There was no evidence of a change in this score between baseline and 6months. The programme improved nurses' medium- to long-term attitudes and knowledge. Thus, it may help nurses enhance the quality of care they provide. A two-day educational program improves nurses' medium- to long-term attitudes and knowledge on end-oflife care. For quality end-of-life care for older people, a structured and evidence-based educational program should be provided to nursing staff.

A recent randomized controlled trial showed the safety and feasibility of direct oral feeding following a minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE). However, significant differences were found regarding complication rate between hospitals, potentially influencing the effect of direct oral feeding. This study aimed to investigate the effect of direct oral feeding compared to the standard of care in a center with low anastomotic leakage and overall complication rates following a MIE. Methods Patients in this single-center prospective cohort study received either direct oral feeding (intervention group) after a MIE with intrathoracic anastomosis or nil-by-mouth for 5 days postoperative and tube feeding (standard of care). Primary outcome was time to functional recovery—defined as adequate pain control with oral analgesics, recovery of mobility, sufficient caloric intake, no intravenous fluid therapy and no signs of active infection—and length of hospital stay. Secondary outcomes included anastomotic leakage, pneumonia, cardiopulmonary complications and other (surgical) complications. Results Baseline characteristics were similar in the intervention (n = 85) and control (n = 111) group. Median time to functional recovery was respectively 7 versus 9 days in the intervention and control group (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Median length of hospital stay was respectively 8 versus 10 days in the intervention and control group (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Thirty-day postoperative complications were significantly lower in the intervention group (p = 0.037). Anastomotic leakage and pneumonia rates did not differ between the intervention and control group (respectively 11.8% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.834; 27.1% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.651). Chyle leakage only occurred in the control group (18.9%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). All other postoperative complications were similar between groups. Conclusion Direct oral feeding in a center with a low postoperative complication rate after a MIE results in a reduced time to functional recovery and a shorter length of hospital stay. Importantly, the 30-day postoperative complication rate was significantly lower in patients directly starting oral feeding.

BackgroundAdmission of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit limits the mother’s interaction with their infants, delaying accepting and playing the motherhood role. Besides, mothers of preterm infants have low self-esteem due to their infants' condition. Accordingly, the present study explored the effect of implementing the training program on maternal role adaptation and self-esteem of mothers of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.MethodsThis study employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups. The participants were 80 mothers of preterm infants. The participants were selected using convenience sampling and simply randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The instruments included a demographic information questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Maternal Role Adaptation Scale. The participants in the intervention group attended the training program, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires were completed by the two groups before and 2 weeks after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, a significance level of 0.05.ResultsThe maternal role adaptation scores before the intervention in the control and intervention groups were 134.222 ± 11.84 and 138.800 ± 12.42, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference (P = 0.096). The corresponding scores after the intervention for the control and intervention groups were 139.17 ± 12.46 and 154.05 ± 8.57, showing a significant intergroup difference (P < 0.001). Similarly, the pre-intervention self-esteem scores in the control and intervention groups were 30.30 ± 3.79 and 30.95 ± 8.61, showing no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.664). Besides, the post-intervention self-esteem scores in the control and intervention groups were 31.52 ± 3.42 and 36.001 ± 7.74, respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionGiven the insight from this study, implementing training programs is a suitable solution for improving maternal role adaptation and increasing mothers' self-esteem. Furthermore, nurses’ training packages can help the mother accept the maternal role more quickly and improve the mother's self-esteem for better care of the baby.Trial registration The registration number for this study was obtained from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, and the number of the grant was 98000150.

The digital turn has had a profound impact on the practice of oral history. This article calls for a robust and critical reflection on how this turn has impacted both the process of conducting interviews and our efforts to analyze and disseminate them. Using a feminist and humanistic approach to oral history, we examine the ethical and methodological implications of databasing and indexing software, of putting our interviews on the Web, and of engaging with tech capitalism. We argue that oral history interviewing and interpretation are, ideally, intentionally slow processes, while digital technology prides itself on its speed, leading us to ask: how do we reconcile the two?