Legacy in Action: How Event Legacies Fuel Community Development and Supportive Behavior

Research on human rights and large-scale sport events from 1990 to 2022: a scoping review

IntroductionPrior research has demonstrated that residents' perceptions of environmental legacy (PEL) following large-scale events yield several positive outcomes, such as subjective well-being and support of future events. However, the role of PEL in shaping residents' pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) remains underexplored. Drawing on the Norm Activation Model, this study investigated how PEL is associated with PEBs through the mediation of perceived fit (PFT) and the moderation of authenticity evaluation (AUTH).MethodsData were collected via an online survey administered to 823 residents of Hangzhou, one year after the 2023 Hangzhou Asian Games. Structural equation modeling revealed that PFT fully mediated the relationship between PEL and PEBs.ResultsLatent moderated structural modeling showed that AUTH strengthened the direct relationship between PEL and PEBs.DiscussionThe study advances event legacy literature by identifying the psychological pathways associated with the activation of PEBs, which are mediated by PFT and moderated by AUTH. For policymakers and event organizers, the findings underscore the importance of designing environmental legacies that are both authentic and culturally resonant to maximize long-term behavioral impacts. To enhance residents' PEBs, stakeholders in large-scale sports events should prioritize the authenticity and value-fit of their environmental strategies.

Large-scale sports events have a profound impact on the enhancement of residents' national identity. The study takes the Hangzhou Asian Games as an opportunity to investigate the influence of such events on national identity and the underlying factors. The study takes the impact of residents' involvement in the Asian Games on their national identity as the research object, constructs a theoretical model with subjective well-being and city image as the mediator variables, randomly selects 1,096 residents by questionnaire survey, and analyzes their interrelationships as well as deeper influencing factors by using structural equation modeling and bootstrap. The results show that the involvement of Hangzhou residents in the Asian Games has a significant positive impact on national identity, subjective well-being and city image (Estimate = 0.237/0.287/0.3). Furthermore, subjective well-being and city image have a significant positive impact on national identity (Estimate = 0.321/0.141), and city image has a significant positive effect on subjective well-being (Estimate = 0.264). It can be concluded that the degree of involvement in major sports events has a direct positive effect on national identity, and subjective well-being and city image play a partially mediating role in this effect. The results of the study provide a resident's perspective for assessing the impact of large-scale sports events, and provide elements that can be used as a reference for governments, city planners and event organizers to assess large-scale sports events.

Objectives: As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread and smokeless sports influences sports, large-scale sporting events fascinate international and national host-country athletes and millions of travelers, which has a profound impact on large-scale sports events. Based on the methods of literature, case analysis and induction, this paper analyzes the experience of holding smokeless large-scale sports events in the context of PHEIC through the epidemic background, the measures taken by countries and the results of holding large-scale sports events. The result shows that countries took measures to strengthen surveillance of infectious diseases and be fully prepared for any incident during PHEIC. Though it may need added resources and support, these endeavors were beneficial and formed part of the experience of major events. The successful experience of holding smokeless large-scale sports events in the context of PHEIC should not dissipate with the epidemic abating, but should actively upgrade theconcept of crisis management and explore the development path of smoke-free sports events. The path includes the following: International cooperation is the key to the success of large-scale sports events and potential intervention is an effective means to prevent the spread of epidemics. Risk communication provides effective guidance for the evolution of control and prevention of epidemics. The use of digital technology to monitor the outbreak of diseases in sports activities brings new opportunities for the public health prevention and treatment system, aiming to provide support for today's sports events, and then promote the construction of emergency prevention and control systems for large-scale sports events under the trend of globalization and normalization of the epidemic situation.

Delivering community-based benefits is oftentimes cited to justify the high costs associated with hosting large-scale events. The current research is embedded in positive psychology to examine how an event impacts host community members’ PERMA domains, reflected through positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Adopting a longitudinal approach, the authors interviewed 15 host community members before and after a large-scale sport event to determine if and how the event impacted their well-being. The findings uncovered evidence that the event activated positive emotions, relationships, and meaning across both phases, and evidence of accomplishment within the postevent phase. The findings contribute to the knowledge by examining the links between large-scale sport events and well-being throughout the event lifecycle. This research forwards implications for event bidding committees, event organizers, and host community officials to maximize community well-being through hosting large-scale events and to help justify associated expenses from a social–psychological perspective.

In the article, the authors consider the prospects for managing the legacy of the International University Sports Festival 2023 in the context of presenting the factors of legacy analysis and tools for its assessment. Holding large-scale sports events with the involvement of foreign participants is a means of popularizing sports, increasing recognition and image of a region and a country. The tangible heritage of the Festival in the Sverdlovsk Region included new world-class sports facilities, such as the Palace of Water Sports (Yekaterinburg), the Judo Palace (Yekaterinburg), the Sambo Palace (Verkhnyaya Pyshma), the Palace of Rhythmic Gymnastics (Yekaterinburg), as well as a complex of buildings of the Ural Federal University Campus and accompanying urban infrastructure. Among the intangible heritage, special attention is paid to the development of sports (increasing the number of people involved, increasing the number of competitions), increasing the level of provision of citizens with sports facilities, and a high level of competence for organizing various large-scale sports events.

Leveraging sport events for the promotion of human rights in host communities: diffusion of anti-trafficking campaigns at Super Bowl LIV

The purpose of the research. The article examines the current state of public diplomacy research in China. The subject, object, method and purpose of public diplomacy are analyzed. As a resource of national soft power, culture is an important means of implementing public diplomacy. In the article, we analyze the specific Chinese practice of implementing public diplomacy from the point of view of cultural public diplomacy. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the status of public diplomacy in Chinese national diplomacy has increased rapidly. First, with regard to the current state of research, in recent years, the research of Chinese scientists in the field of public diplomacy has focused more on applied research than on theoretical ones, such as the role of public diplomacy in shaping the country’s image and strengthening its soft power. Secondly, with regard to the definition of public diplomacy, Chinese scientists hold different views on the subject, object and method of public diplomacy, but on the purpose of public diplomacy, Chinese scientists believe that public diplomacy, like other types of traditional diplomacy, is aimed at protecting and strengthening national interests. Thirdly, humanitarian exchanges have always been an important part of Xi Jinping’s socialist diplomatic thought with Chinese specifics in the new era and an important pillar of Chinese diplomacy. China has enriched Chinese public diplomacy with the opening of Confucius institutes, exchanges, large-scale cultural events and large-scale sports events, promoted the popularization of Chinese culture, strengthened mutual understanding and cooperation with the peoples of other countries and achieved good results.

The research deeply discovers and observe a brand called SPO. Its unique method of selling products and marketing strategy attract me to find out its effect on promoting the brand’s fans to follow and purchase their products. What’s more, SPO’s creator coconut’s way of setting and managing the brand is really worth working on, it has found out some main strategies and perfect effect of their promoting way. This research could be used and referred by the sports market in the future, especially those who don’t have a huge market scale. Large-scale sporting events are not only platforms for competition but also crucial mediums for promoting a city's image. For instance, Liaoning Province has significantly enhanced its "Sporting Liaoning" city brand through hosting events like the National Games and marathons, leading to increased cultural tourism revenue and investment attraction. Also, focus on the globalization of brands and products, and strive to have a clear and accurate understanding of the actual situation of brand development, to provide a foundation for the brand's future sports marketing and global development.

This paper focuses on the problem of risk assessment method for large scale sports events which is an important problem in modern sports management. The index system for large scale sports events risk assessment is proposed in advance, which is made up of three categories: 1) risk before match, 2) risk in match and 3) risk after match. Particularly, eighteen influencing factors are design which can cover all aspects of the large scale sports events risk assessment. Structure of the hybrid neural network is contructed by three layers, which are "the input layer", "the hidden layer", and "the output layer". Particularly, the output layers can compute the regression function values, and the regression function of the artificial neural network can be computed through a linear integration of some nonlinear basis functions. Afterwards, utilizing a training dataset and its updating version, values of the decision functions of the multi-class support vector classifier can be obtained by the regression functions based on the artificial neural network. Finally, experiments are conducted to test the effectiveness of our algorithm. The conclusions can be drawn that compared with the artificial neural network, the proposed hybrid neural network is more suitable for the risk assessment of large scale sports events.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between physical activity levels and the psychological outcomes of depression and anxiety. In 2022, Hong Kong was still exercising strict measures to control the spread of COVID-19. In this connection, major events and almost all large-scale sports events were suspended. Most recreational facilities were closed and repurposed as vaccination venues. As a result, a reduction in physical activity was expected. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 109 working adults in Hong Kong. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form was adopted as it continues to be the most widely used scale to measure physical activity. Almost a quarter of respondents exercised regularly. On average, respondents engaged in less than an hour's physical activity per week. Findings showed that even low to moderate levels of physical activity were positively associated with perceived self-esteem and perceived mental well-being. More specifically, self-esteem and perceived mental well-being were negatively associated with depression and anxiety. A full mediation effect between engagement in low levels of physical activity and anxiety was found. Light exercises may ultimately lead to lower anxiety via an indirect effect, with perceived mental well-being acting as a mediator. There was no direct relationship between low levels of physical activity and anxiety. In a similar vein, moderate levels of physical activity may lead to amelioration of symptoms related to depression and anxiety through indirect effects, with self-esteem as a mediator. Apart from engagement in low levels of physical activity, moderate levels of physical activity, such as swimming, jogging, and dancing, which have associations with self-esteem and mental health, could also be considered for attention.

This brief rapid response article suggests a few ways in which modern competitive sport and large-scale sport events have developed in line with the logic of (late) capitalist modernity. It considers the impact of the credit crunch for recent trends in sport and suggests that the sociological study of sport faces the same concerns as other sociological domains of interest during the current economic conditions whilst having its own specific public issues and private troubles to consider.

Research Question Prior event impact research has largely focused on the tangible outcomes of mega- and large-scale sports events. Significantly less work has examined the intangible impacts of such events. This study helps fill this research gap by testing a measurement framework and scale for psychic income in the context of a small-scale sports event (SSSE) in Northern Iran. Research Method We tested and validated five factors thought to encapsulate the main psychic impacts of a small-scale event. Primary data (N = 825 usable questionnaires) were collected among local community residents. The study samples were divided into two sets: one (n = 412) for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA, Varimax Rotation), and two (n = 413) for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results The results showed that community pride and image, community attachment, event excitement, cultural confidence, and community excitement are valid measures for SSSE psychic income. Although prior research has suggested that community infrastructure is a strongly supported intangible event impact, this construct was not influenced here. Implications Examining the psychic income of SSSE’s in a culturally and geographically distinct setting provides and pathway for future work dedicated to smaller, even grassroots and startup, events. Moreover, by refining and extending existing frameworks, a model of evaluating the psychological benefits of SSSE’s is suggested, which event organizers can utilize to entice sponsors, leverage event-related assets, and maximize host community (and regional) benefits.

Big sport events may strengthen negative nationalism or alternatively fuel positive patriotism. The 2006 FIFA World™ Cup held in Germany enabled Germans to express certain types of identities. Given Germany's history, there is the question whether this was accompanied with xenophobia. In South Africa, the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ is in part held to transcend deeply entrenched social cleavages and to help foster national cohesion. This article explores the way in which large-scale sport events such as the FIFA world tournament can influence processes related to national identity construction. Through an analysis of the social effects of the 2006 finals held in Germany some prospects are raised for the 2010 World Cup. Empirical data show that the 2006 tournament did not contribute to sustainable patriotism but it did have small effects in reducing xenophobia. Hereby it enhances a longer-established trend. Although there are cases of violence against foreigners in East Germany, xenophobia has been diminishing since the 1980s. National pride, too, has been growing since then. In South Africa national pride is much stronger, although it is diminishing within the white population. However, national identity is cross-cut by stronger racial identities. In spite of the implementation of certain policies by the national government, xenophobia against African foreigners is becoming a latent phenomenon. Major sport events can be used to promote values such as team spirit and discipline, but also at a wider level, tolerance, multiculturalism and solidarity.

As a new format, the theoretical research of sports event tourism is immature and lacks systematic analysis, especially in China. The purpose of this study is to explore how large-scale sports events can promote the development of tourism, and put forward optimization strategies to promote the effective integration of sports events and tourism. This paper uses qualitative and quantitative methods to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors of sports events on tourism. The results show that sports events can significantly enhance the popularity of the venue and the number of tourists, improve infrastructure, and improve the quality of tourism services. Sports events have an important impact on the supporting system of tourism, the number of tourists, and income. In the future, the tourism development plan of sports events can be made according to the local characteristics, and the management level and service quality can be improved to realize the sustainable development of the industry.