Leveraging heterogeneous device connectivity in a converged 5G-IoT ecosystem

This chapter presents an overview of energy-harvesting (EH) methods that can be used for future Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Wireless sensors in applications such as healthcare systems, automobiles, and building automation systems can be powered by deriving electric energy from the surroundings such as solar energy, mechanical vibration energy, heat energy, and wind energy. Traditionally, these wireless sensors are powered by batteries. But, battery-powered wireless sensors have some critical problems like lower life span and higher battery replacement cost. In some harsh environmental applications, even replacement of batteries at regular intervals of time is very difficult. There comes the need for EH systems. Wireless sensor networks are the basic units of majority of IoT applications. This chapter describes various EH systems that can be used in future IoT applications.

The Internet of Things (IOT) means connecting people, things, and devices in order to create an omnipresent computing world. One of the most important challenges in convincing users to adopt this kind of all-around network is the protection of security and privacy in different applications. This paper presents the results of interviews conducted in a Finnish study during 8/2012-2/2013. In this research, 11 Finnish people working with different aspects of IOT development and 11 ordinary Finnish people were interviewed. The goal was to investigate their feelings on the IOT and its applications, as well as personal opinions on security and individual privacy in the IOT. Most of the answerers in this study believed that we are heading towards the IOT in the future and many IOT applications were seen tempting. However, security and privacy issues, the lack of control, and the actual need for versatile IOT applications were questioned. The people working with the IOT were found to be more critical towards the IOT than the ordinary people. An introduction of the IOT, examples of potential applications, the conducted interviews and collected answers, as well as highlights of the collected free comments are presented in this paper.

Upcoming 5th-generation (5G) systems incorporate physical objects (referred to as things), which sense the presence of components such as gears, gadgets, and sensors. They may transmit many kinds of states in the smart city context, such as new deals at malls, safe distances on roads, patient heart rhythms (especially in hospitals), and logistic control at aerodromes and seaports around the world. These serve to form the so-called future internet of things (IoT). From this futuristic perspective, everything should have its own identity. In this context, radio frequency identification (RFID) plays a specific role, which provides wireless communications in a secure manner. Passive RFID tags carry out work using the energy harvested among massive systems. RFID has been habitually realized as a prerequisite for IoT, the combination of which is called IoT RFID (I-RFID). For the current scenario, such tags should be productive, low-profile, compact, easily mountable, and have eco-friendly features. The presently available tags are not cost-effective and have not been proven as green tags for environmentally friendly IoT in 5G systems nor are they suitable for long-range communications in 5G systems. The proposed I-RFID tag uses the meandering angle technique (MAT) to construct a design that satisfies the features of a lower-cost printed antenna over the worldwide UHF RFID band standard (860–960 MHz). In our research, tag MAT antennas are fabricated on paper-based Korsnäs by screen- and flexo-printing, which have lowest simulated effective outcomes with dielectric variation due to humidity and have a plausible read range (RR) for European (EU; 866–868 MHz) and North American (NA; 902–928 MHz) UHF band standards. The I-RFID tag size is reduced by 36% to 38% w.r.t. a previously published case, the tag gain has been improved by 23.6% to 33.12%, and its read range has been enhanced by 50.9% and 59.6% for EU and NA UHF bands, respectively. It provides impressive performance on some platforms (e.g., plastic, paper, and glass), thereby providing a new state-of-the-art I-RFID tag with better qualities in 5G systems.

This paper is a survey about the uprising of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, their evolution, their variety of the application domains of the IoT systems, which includes, but not limits to healthcare domain, smart cities, smart objects, integration of smart sensors, smart home appliances control, etc. and all the technology revolution that this evolution implies and forces to happen. The IoT system's revolution and fast-phased evolution will create and/or cause positive effects in the whole society and technology, like in the case when the IoT domain is redesigning the applied modern healthcare systems, promising and later offering technological, economic, and social benefits. This paper also reviews the state-of-the-art network architectures/platforms employed in the IoT systems, presents different applications, and also the future trends. IoT security and privacy features, including security requirements will be also discussed and presented. Ambient intelligence, and wearables can be leveraged in the IoT healthcare context, sensors are also becoming ubiquitous and very important in everyday life and also generates data at an unprecedented, unseen rate and scale. This article focuses on the current/existing trends in the domain of IoT and on the current stage of development of research for hardware and software solutions, possible future communication capabilities between human beings and machines, and any new technologies that will employ IoT. Future researches on IoT-based systems are based on a set of open issues and challenges; also, there is the vital step from current "Big Data" to "Big Information" that can be improved and faster created with the help and implication of the current and future IoT systems/setups. With the proliferation of IoT, humans will be able to interact with machines/computers and also control a variety of networked electronic devices, including sensors and actuators. Also, the emergence and evolution of wearable Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs), employing directly Electroencephalographyc (EEG) signals, can be a key catalyser of this interaction and evolution of IoT. As smart home appliances, smart sensors, smart glasses and wearable EEG/EMG headsets and any other smart objects are appearing in our lives every day, all of them connected or being a member of the IoT systems, it is important to be able to foresee what is lying ahead of us, as a society in view of the fact that their number grows every day. As the gathered data is growing each day, the computation power from the available IoT devices and infrastructure are becoming more important and more utilized.

Internet of things (IoT) is fascinating; its future architecture is still under construction. Based on the analysis on the basic and essential characters of IoT, this paper deals with Future IoT architecture in two aspects: Unit IoT and Ubiquitous IoT. Focusing on a special application, the architecture of the Unit IoT is built from man like neural network (MLN) model and its modified model. Ubiquitous IoT refers to the global IoT or the integration of multiple Unit IoTs with ubiquitous characters, and its architecture employs social organization framework (SOF) model. The models for Future IoT are not only helpful to interpret the relationship between IoT and reality world, but also beneficial to the implementation of IoT in its current development milieu.

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices is able to communicate with another IoT devices in heterogeneous environments. They are also able to create a network by their own using wireless capabilities without a centralized approach. This network is called wireless mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The MANET facilitate IoT devices to communicate with each other in an infrastructure less network of the Internet of Things environment. The IoT devices can dynamically join, create connection and exchange information among them. The role of cloud in this framework is to store and process the data by IoT devices. The communication Security has been raised as one of the most critical issues of cloud computing where resolving such an issue would result in a constant growth in the use and popularity of cloud. Our purpose of this study is to create a framework for providing the communication in an integrated framework of Cloud and MANET among IoT devices. Our main contribution links a new study that integrates cloud computing to the MANET and provides communication to the internet of things. This study can be used in the framework of the Internet of Things in future.

Internet of Things (IOT) is an extension and expansion of the internet development. The ultimate goal of IOT system is to realize the exchange and communication between human and thing as well as thing to thing. With the constant development of IOT, the intellectual degree of the future IOT would be higher and higher, the application filed would be getting extensive too. IOT plays a very important promoting effect on the logistic service system, corporation production and operation management, the production quality control of the online shopping by consumers and other aspects of the electronic commerce. IOT E-commerce provides extreme convenience to people’s work and life, but its information safety still has some restriction. The character of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is to divide the complicated problem into simple combinations of multiple hierarchies and factors, and group each factor in two for comparison and calculation, according to the calculated result to make judgment and make choice. This article, based on AHP model, establishes information security evaluation model of IOT electronic commerce, evaluates on the five physical measures to protect electronic label by theory analysis on algorithm and AHP model, which has certain referential value to the IOT E-commerce information security evaluation work.

The technological development has changed the way we live. With the fast pace by which technology is advancing to an ultra-era of computerization, the perception and behavior of our daily life has also got a new direction. With early days of advancement when desktop computers had been perceived as a revolution, people started to rely upon digital transformation. But as the Internet has grown exponentially, desktop is considered as ‘gone are the days’. In the recent emergence of cloud services and Internet of Things (IoT), the various services and applications are applied without having any physical resources at one’s hand. Since, Internet of Things is proved to be very influencing and has become fastest growing technology which is very evident as it is reported that IoT Devices will cross 21 billion by 2025. IoT provides infrastructure for real time objects and also help in keeping track about these objects by connecting devices smartly so that they can share data and resources with other machines. IoT uses various types of sensors embedded in various devices which emit data. These sensors share data using IoT common platform. This chapter aimed at studying different aspects of IoT. With the help of the detail discussion carried out in the work, the researchers can get a clear insight of how IoT can be perceived in future; also what could be the possible ways of utilizing cloud resources in the application of IoT. The study is believed to be useful for the researchers especially seeking research dimension in the field of cloud computing and IoT.

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

This paper describes the first techno-economical study for the deployment of very dense wireless networks for new Internet of things (IoT) applications. We propose mobile optical wireless communication (OWC) also known as light fidelity (LiFi) because it offers unique advantages for the IoT such as robustness through exclusive channel access in the unlicensed optical spectrum, lower latency, and enhanced security. We investigate the deployment of LiFi in an industrial scenario, as currently specified by ITU-T recommendation G.9991, including the required fixed backbone and assuming full coverage. We propose six different LiFi topologies and compare them in different industrial scenarios. The comparison is performed in terms of Bill of Material, and in terms of costs. We show that a fully wired topology requires higher installation costs but incurs in lower operational costs, resulting in lower total costs of ownership (TCO) than other wireless topologies. Furthermore, power consumption has been identified as the cost driver for all topologies (more than 200% of the initial investments), triggering the need for power-saving techniques. Last but not least, the separation of Optical Front Ends (OFEs) has been identified as a critical design parameter, as shorter separation requires higher costs but reduces the cost per delivered bitrate. We discuss promising ways for the deployment of very dense wireless networks as key to bringing LiFi into future IoT applications.

Along with the recent advance in wireless networking and data processing technologies, demands for low latency communication (LLC) are increasing in a wide variety of future-driven autonomous applications such as a smart factory, self-driving cars, and so on. The fifth generation of cellular mobile communications (5G) will cover this need as one of three key capacities in their usage scenarios: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The 5G systems are composed of mobile devices and various internet of things (IoT) devices for sensing, acting, and information services; they configure diverse networking topologies such as direct mobile-to-mobile, also known as device-to-device (D2D). In the 5G D2D network systems, the network topologies are easily broken because of the mobile devices such as smartphones, IoT devices, and so on. Thus, for the highly flexible and extensible 5G D2D network systems, mobility support for the mobile devices is necessary. In this paper, we first explore the mobility issues in beyond 5G D2D. Since there are static and mobile elements in the 5G application domains such as the smart factory, overall mobility would lead to highly frequent topology reconfiguration or connectivity reconstruction. Thus, latency-related problems derived from topology changes and connectivity failures due to the mobility are addressed. To handle the problems, a fast connectivity construction scheme, denoted by LMK, is proposed with a deep neural network dealing with learning on radio signal information in order to achieve the LLC. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide reliable connectivity for the MAC layer link with a low latency data transmission.

This chapter comprehensively surveys the six aspects of the 5G and future 6G internet of things (IoT). First, most of the 5G- and 6G-IoT usage scenarios and key performance indicators are summarized in the forms of tables, pictures, and diagrams to facilitate readers to understand and compare current and future IoT technologies more easily and quickly. Second, 5G- and 6G-IoT access networks, protocols, and standards were briefly analyzed and compared, such as coverage, transfer data speed, energy consumption, operating frequency, and the number of device connectivity. Third and fourth, the impact of 6G-IoT on society's daily life and industry operation, as well as its underlying research were described. Fifth, five types of 6G-IoT challenges were analyzed and discussed in detail in this chapter, namely transmission path loss at THz, wireless network coverage, transfer data rate, latency, security, privacy protection, and energy-efficient and reliable devices/services. Finally, the latest nine IoT business models are described and summarized in tabular form.

The requirements of low latency, low cost, less energy consumption, high flexibility, high network capacity, and high data safety are crucial challenges for future Internet of Things (IoT) wireless networks. Motivated by these challenges, this study deals with a novel design of green-cooperative IoT network, which employed coupled relays consisting of one IoT relay selected for forwarding signals to multiple IoT devices while another IoT relay transmitted jamming signals to an eavesdropper. For flexibility, all IoT nodes were powered by solar energy enough to sustain themselves, in order to consume less energy. To reach low latency, the study adopted the emerging non-orthogonal multiple access technique to serve multiple IoT devices simultaneously. Furthermore, the study adopted the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technique which transmits wireless data for information processing and energy for energy harvesting. The study sketched a novel transmission block time period framework which plotted how a signal could travel via an individual IoT model. Maximizing the achievable bit-rate of IoT devices was considered to improve network capacity and data safety as well. Aiming at enhancing secrecy performance, a rest IoT relay played a role as a friendly jammer to transmit a jamming signal to an eavesdropper using energy harvested from the power splitting protocol. The results achieved in this study showed that the proposed model satisfied the requirements of future green IoT wireless networks. Derivatives leading to closed-form expressions are presented and verified by simulation results. The investigated results demonstrated that a friendly jammer based on radio frequency and energy harvesting strongly forces the intercept probability performance of the eavesdropper towards one, while outage probability performance of IoT devices towards zero showed that the signal to noise ratio tends to infinity.

Massive diffusion of constrained devices communicating through low-power wireless technologies in the future Internet of Things (IoT) will require in many scenarios the deployment of IoT gateways to allow applications to discover and access IoT resources. In this context, Fog/Edge computing will represent an opportunity to deploy IoT gateways in proximity of IoT domains, meeting the requirements of applications needing low-latency interactions with devices. In this paper, we present an edge-centric distributed architecture to provide resource discovery and access services to IoT applications. The proposed approach leverages the CoRE Resource Directory interface and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to expose a standard interface for global discovery and access. Multiple IoT gateways are federated through a peer-to-peer overlay implemented by a distributed hash table, which is exploited to share the information on IoT resources available across multiple domains. The proposed solution is validated by means of a small-scale prototype, and extensively evaluated through emulation in large scale deployment in comparison to a centralized Cloud-based approach. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach guarantees lower latencies than a centralized solution and can ensure scalability for small to medium sized deployments.

The futuristic perception of the Internet of Things (IoT) comprises of billions of interconnected devices that can be positioned almost anywhere, starting from our own bodies to the most distant locations on the globe. Within this setup, the massive number of nodes will be competing for bandwidth. To alleviate the expected spectrum scarcity problem in IoT applications, cognitive radio (CR) technology is proposed. In CR-IoT applications, IoT nodes share the idle channels owned by the primary users (PUs). Hence, efficient channel-assignment algorithms are needed to allow CR devices access to the spectrum without interfering with the PUs. Additionally, as these devices become more intrusive in our daily lives, security concerns are escalating. Thus, addressing CR-IoT security threats is now becoming crucial. One of these security threats is jamming which may result in disrupting data transmission between CR- IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic-based multi-channel assignment algorithm that considers primary user activity, channel conditions, jamming attack levels, and data-rate requirements to provide spectrally efficient data transmission between CR-IoT nodes subject to delay constraints. The algorithm is verified using the open large-scale Future Internet-of-Things (FIT) IoT-LAB testbed. Practical results show that our proposed algorithm is capable of enhancing network performance without requiring additional network resources or power.