Leveraging Lightweight Machine Learning for RF Jamming Detection in Mobile ad-hoc Networks: A Three-Tier Edge-Fog-Cloud Computing Approach

Energy is an important issue in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network). Nodes in network are working in presence of limited energy. So, energy efficient routing is needed for reducing energy consumption. Energy efficient routing schemes can greatly reduce energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the networks. Multipath routing protocol (AOMDV) having more than one path, if the first one is break then second provides the proper packet delivery, this causes reduced node energy consumption and the topology of MANETs always changes, due to the high mobility of nodes. This makes it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use when they are routed. The location based routing provides the location information of the destination to route a packet toward. This paper provides comparison and study on reduced energy consumption by using multipath protocol and performance which is evaluated by performance metrics in case of AOMDV and energy based AOMDV. Now here DREAM protocol is used with AOMDV to finding location of mobile nodes but not with energy but here measures their performance with both multipath protocols. I. INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic distributed system of mobile formed by means of multi-hop wireless communication without the use of any existing network infrastructure. MANET routing protocols can be classified into two classes. Proactive protocols, they requires the nodes to periodically exchange the table information to update the pre-determine routes between any pair of source destination nodes. Reactive protocols can establish routes only when they require. MANET routing protocols can be classified on the bases of the methods of delivery of data packets from source to destination. Single Path routing protocols learn routes and select a single best route to each destination. These protocols are incapable of load balancing traffic. Multi-path routing protocols learn routes and can select more than one path to a destination. These protocols are better for performing load balancing. This paper provides the comparison between results about Multipath routing in AOMDV (13), AOMDV with location and Energy with AOMDV.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) has mobile and battery operated nodes which can provide communication facility to users irrespective of any infrastructure and centralized control. It is a self-deployed and self-operated communication network having typical applications such as disaster relief, information exchange at conference or classroom and battle field communication etc. MANETs have many challenges such as limited battery power, lack of centralized control and security, the need for special routing protocols etc. Due to highly dynamic and dispersed nature of MANETs, routing becomes one of the important concerns in MANET. The network can get partitioned due to mobility and/or exhaustion of the nodes. Therefore, energy efficient routing is of great importance for the MANETs. This paper presents a simulation study of existing MANET routing protocols like AODV, DSR, and DSDV based on various metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, throughput, overheads, network lifetime and end to end delay to select a suitable protocol for further modification in order to improve the energy efficiency of the nodes. The simulation results show that the DSR protocol performs better than that of AODV and DSDV. Hence DSR protocol is modified based on an algorithm that considers the nodes' residual energy to extend the network lifetime. Implementation of modified protocol shows 22 % increase in the network lifetime and 13 % reduction in energy consumption.

Security has become important to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) due mainly to their use for many mission and life-critical applications. However, the broadcast nature of inter-node communications and node mobility in MANETs make it very challenging to secure MANETs. Moreover, their constantly changing topology causes network node density and neighbor relationships to change dynamically. This paper presents an intrusion detection system (IDS) for MANETs at the application layer. The IDS utilizes (1) both anomaly and misuse detection schemes to identify attacks in MANETs and (2) mobile agents (MAs) to augment each node's intrusion-detection capability. In particular, each node is equipped with a local IDS, and MAs will be dispatched periodically or on-demand to augment each node's IDS. We present the design of this IDS and the overall network structure, as well as the methods for authenticating and dispatching MAs. We also evaluate the trade-offs between different design parameters of MAs.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self‐organized and adaptive wireless network formed by dynamically gathering mobile nodes. Since the topology of the network is constantly changing, the issue of routing packets and energy conservation become challenging tasks. In this paper, we propose a cross‐layer design that jointly considers routing and topology control taking mobility and interference into account for MANETs. We called the proposed protocol as Mobility‐aware Routing and Interference‐aware Topology control (MRIT) protocol. The main objective of the proposed protocol is to increase the network lifetime, reduce energy consumption, and find stable end‐to‐end routes for MANETs. We evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol by comprehensively simulating a set of random MANET environments. The results show that the proposed protocol reduces energy consumption rate, end‐to‐end delay, interference while preserving throughput and network connectivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Emergent Intelligence Based QoS Routing in MANET

Protocol Design 300 Routing protocols for MANETThe growth of laptops and 802.11/Wi-Fi wireless networking has made MANETs a popular research topic since the 1990s.Many academic papers evaluate protocols and abilities assuming varying degrees of mobility within a bounded space, usually with all nodes within a few hops of each other and usually with nodes sending data at a constant rate.Different protocols are then evaluated based on the packet drop rate, average routing load, average end-to-end-delay, and other measures.The proposed solutions for routing protocols could be grouped in three categories: proactive (or table-driven), reactive (or on-demand), and hybrid protocols.Even the reactive protocols have become the main stream for MANET routing.In this chapter, we introduce some popular routing protocols in each of the three categories and for IPv6 networks Applications for MANETAd hoc networks are suited for use in situations where infrastructure is either not available or not trusted, such as a communication network for military soldiers in a field, a mobile network of laptop computers in a conference or campus setting, temporary offices in a campaign headquarters, wireless sensor networks for biological research, mobile social networks such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, and mobile mesh networks for Wi-Fi devices [Lee2009]. Proactive routing protocolsEvery proactive routing protocol usually needs to maintain accurate information in their routing tables.It attempts to continuously evaluate all of the routes within a network.This means the protocol maintains fresh lists of destinations and their routes by periodically distributing routing tables throughout the network.So that when a packet needs to be forwarded, a route is already known and can be used immediately.Once the routing tables are setup, then data (packets) transmissions will be as fast and easy as in the tradition wired networks.Unfortunately, it is a big overhead to maintain routing tables in the mobile ad hoc network environment.Therefore, the proactive routing protocols have the following common disadvantages: 1. Respective amount of data for maintaining routing information.2. Slow reaction on restructuring network and failures of individual nodes.Proactive routing protocols became less popular after more and more reactive routing protocols were introduced.In this section, we introduce three popular proactive routing protocols -DSDV, WRP and OLSR.Besides the three popular protocols, there are many other proactive routing protocols for MNAET, such as CGSR, HSR, MMRP and so on [Wiki2010c][Sholander2002]. Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) is a table-driven routing scheme for ad hoc mobile networks based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.It was developed by C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat in 1994.The main contribution of the algorithm was to solve the routing loop problem.Each entry in the routing table contains a sequence number.If a link presents the sequence numbers are even generally, otherwise an odd number is used.

Portable Ad-hoc Network also referred as Mobile ad-hoc Networks (MANET) is a no established, foundation less system worked for different military, law, salvage activities and these days most prevalent are Online Social networks (OSN). Since the applications where MANET is used for, requires explicit and upgraded security and steering strategies, breaks should be stayed away from for execution improvement in OSN. MANET’s are crucial against different assaults and posture steering and security challenges just as circumstances so the proposed computational Route Amassed (RA) and Adroit Iris Testament (AIT) directing and security approach connects the tradeoff in MANET and beats different impediments winning in customary procedures of MANET. Because of fame and acknowledgment of biometrics against different security ruptures, iris is a standout amongst the most solid and remarkable biometric quality that is used in this chapter for security upgrades in MANET. The proposed Route Amassed approach attaches a focal controller eluded as focal lead, into the MANET task which generally pursues a dispersed methodology. The expansion of a focal lead which is chosen with the assistance of an irregular capacity, renders the quicker location of courses and subsequently, quicker conveyance of parcels, which is further aide with the procedure of course accumulation which enables the courses to be amassed at the focal lead and just the location of the focal lead is publicized in the system and hence it abbreviates the steering tables of different hubs. So the examination approach talked about, broke down and actualized in this chapter initially investigates verified methodology and produces grave biometric signature for beating different security worries through MATLAB test system and afterward further through NS2 test system upgrades QOS parameters like however put (throughput), start to finish deferral (packet delivery ratio) and bundle conveyance proportion (end-to-end delay) through Route Amassed Approach subsequently giving a verified just as course improved methodology for MANET.KeywordsMANETRoute Amassed (RA)Adroit Iris Testament (AIT)BiometricCryptographyQOS

As the number of IoT devices surged past 10.7 billion in 2021, ensuring secure communication within resourceconstrained environments remains a formidable challenge. A particularly critical vulnerability in IoT networks using LPWAN technologies, such as LoRaWAN, lies in the Over-the-Air Activation (OTAA) join process. Attackers can exploit this by performing selective radio frequency (RF) jamming to intercept and block initial Join-Request messages from end devices, preventing them from reaching the Network Server. By subsequently replaying a captured Join-Request, adversaries can cause a resynchronization between the end device, the Network Server, and the Join Server, undermining network integrity and security. This study proposes enhancements to the LoRa OTAA join procedure to mitigate these known vulnerabilities. This study proposes a novel enhancement to the LoRa OTAA join procedure using Truncated Laplace Distribution (TLD)-based timestamp perturbation and threshold-based validation. The TLD mechanism adds noise to the timestamps, effectively mitigating replay attacks while maintaining synchronization between network entities. In the numerical experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism was evaluated under varying conditions of timestamp perturbation and validation thresholds. The results showed that the mechanism effectively prevents LoRaWAN against replayed Join-Requests and reduces the success rate of such attacks to negligible levels while maintaining the execution time.

Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is known for its potential features for leveraging the communication requirement in mobile ad-hoc network. However, there is less number of investigations to confirm its sustainability as well as resiliency against potential threats in mobile ad-hoc network. Hence, this paper presents a modeling of misbehaved nodes to compliment intrusion detection system for mobile nodes using OLSR using the strategic construction of secure routing decision in OLSR protocol. The technique allows each communicating mobile nodes to monitor reputation, suspicion factor, and contingency of threat to compute the degree of its vulnerability. The modeling is quite capable of truly exploring the latent adversaries within the network in the form of normal nodes. The study outcome shows proposed algorithm on OLSR to possess reduced delay, reduced algorithm processing time and maximized throughput in contrast to conventional OLSR.

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of 802.11p-based vehicular communications in the presence of radio frequency (RF) jamming attacks. Specifically, we characterize the transmission success rate of a car-to-car link subject to constant, periodic, and reactive RF jamming. First, we conduct extensive measurements in an anechoic chamber, where we study the benefits of built-in techniques for interference mitigation. In addition, we identify that the periodic transmission of preamble-like jamming signals can hinder successful communication despite being up to five orders of magnitude weaker than the signal of interest. We further provide the rationale behind this remarkably high jamming effectiveness. Additionally, we quantify the impact of reaction delay and interference signal length on the effectiveness of the reactive jammer. Then, by means of outdoor measurements, we evaluate the suitability of using the indoor measurements as a model to characterize the performance of car-to-car communications in the presence of RF jamming. Finally, we conduct outdoor measurements emulating a vehicular platoon and study the threats that RF jamming poses to this vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application. We observe that constant, periodic, but also reactive jamming can hinder communication over large propagation areas, which would threaten road safety.

It is very difficult to find feasible QoS (Quality of service) routes in the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), because of the nature constrains of it, such as dynamic network topology, wireless communication link and limited process capability of nodes. In order to reduce average cost in flooding path discovery scheme of the traditional MANETs routing protocols and increase the probability of success in finding QoS feasible paths and we proposed a heuristic and distributed route discovery method named RLGAMAN that supports QoS requirement for MANETs in this study. This method integrates a distributed route discovery scheme with a reinforcement learning (RL) method that only utilizes the local information for the dynamic network environment; and the route expand scheme based on genetic algorithms (GA) method to find more new feasible paths and avoid the problem of local optimize. We investigate the performance of the RLGAMAN by simulation experiment bed in NS2. Compared with traditional method, the experiment results showed the network performance is improved obviously and RLGAMAN is efficient and effective.

<b>Problem statement:</b> The main idea is to design an energy efficient algorithm for reducing the amount of overhearing based on RSS value in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). <b>Approach:</b> A cross layer framework is designed by combining the physical, MAC and network layer. RSS value is taken from the physical layer and it is used for finding the Mobility Parameter (MP). MP value determines the level of overhearing and rebroadcast probability. The energy conservation is achieved by integrating the 802.11 PSM with DSR. In 802.11 PSM, all the nodes are in low power sleep state, but the disadvantage here is unconditional overhearing. So, a conditional overhearing mechanism is proposed based on mobility parameter to reduce the energy consumption. This mechanism reduces energy consumption but at the same time, the node mobility results in more stale routes in route cache of DSR over a period of time. This occurs due to the lack of route cache updation. In the proposed design, RSS value determines whether to select the link or not prior to the route discovery process. <b>Results:</b> Simulation results are compared for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and energy consumption. MP based conditional overhearing shows a 3.2% PDR improvement. It achieves a 20% power saving, if the pause time crosses 300 sec. For the packet injection rate of 2 packets/sec, under no mobility condition, it utilizes 50 joules lesser energy consumption compared to Random Cast. <b>Conclusion:</b> The NS-2 simulation results reveal that the proposed work is energy efficient by reducing the amount of overhearing and also it eliminates the stale routes compared to the classical methods.

Treatment of natural stones with Phase Change Materials: Experiments and computational approaches

OLSR is a proactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). OLSR uses a concept of MPR selection mechanism to reduce broadcast packets during a flooding process. MPR nodes use more energy than nonMPR nodes. Thus they easily run out their energy since mobile nodes in MANETs are powered by battery with limited energy. This paper proposes a residual energy-based OLSR protocol named REOLSR2. The REOLSR2 selects MPR nodes based on not only reachability and degree but also residual energy of 1-hop neighbors. The aim is to avoid selecting MPR nodes which has small residual energy and concentrating energy consumption in specific nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces energy consumption and enhances network throughput efficiently.

We analyze the problem of storing contextual information across a set of distributed heterogeneous mobile devices. These devices form a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) interconnected to Internet, in which partitions may eventually happen due to mobility. We present a new mechanism called Contextual Hash Table (CHT), which uses the semantic of the contextual information to select which nodes will store that information. Unlike previous general-purpose data replication algoritms, CHT manages to store information in the area of the network in which that information is most likely needed by neighboring nodes.