Leveraging public cloud resources for the processing of CMS open data

Good governance and inclusive development require governments to make their information flows accessible to all citizens. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 advocates the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies, with the emphasis being placed on access to government information. Apart from this Sustainable Development Goal, globally, several open-data initiatives and advocates of freedom of information are pushing governments to open up their data flows. Open data are seen as a driver of public service innovation that generates new knowledge and enables the creation of new electronic services. The narrative about open data assumes that the data are within reach of the citizens to explore and to develop new electronic services based on, for example, statistical, mobility, meteorological, judicial and court data to boost national innovation. However, research shows the contrary that open data are still concentrated in the hands of a few people such as politicians, journalists, system developers and data miners. This raises questions about the openness of the data. In Sweden, most of the interactions that citizens have are with the municipalities because they offer a broad range of public services. This is why the researcher argues that to promote awareness and open data usage by ordinary citizens, the Swedish government should work with the municipalities to create platforms for the exploitation of the data and to facilitate the development of technical expertise. If open data are to be inclusive, the data will require the involvement of citizens in the current open-data developments.

The era of digitalization requires an innovative and accountable government. Tangerang Regency has a variety of applications that are realized to accelerate services and good governance as a whole. One of them is through open government data, which is easily accessible by any party to achieve a goal, namely transparency and disclosure of information. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of digital literacy of the community and the extent of their use of the open data portal. This research uses a mixed method with quantitative analysis using a Likert scale. The population and sample of the study were the people of Tangerang district aged between 18 and 60 years old, domiciled in Tangerang, and had used the district's open data portal. The results of this study indicate that although most people in Tangerang district have relatively high digital literacy skills, they still do not fully utilize this tool in the context of using the open data portal. This is due to several factors such as lack of public awareness, socialization from the government, and features that are not fully optimized.

When focusing on open government data (OGD) publishing and related barriers, there are several complexities present. Largely, current research is focused on publishing and usage of OGD; and we argue that there are a need to investigate and to systematise OGD barrier research in order to understand and outline an expanded scope of the phenomenon. We expand by clarifying barriers linked to the release decision and the data’s organisational context. To investigate the OGD barriers, we conduct a systematic literature review, identifying 34 articles as a point of departure for our analysis. From these articles we create, present and discuss illustrations on historical development, barrier types, and different research focuses on OGD. When analysing the articles, we identify a focus on technical, organisational, and legal barrier types, while studies on open data usage and systems are less frequent. Our analysis also identifies some possible open data research barriers. In the article we also relate barriers to an expanded OGD process (Suitability, Release, Publish, Use, and Evaluation), identifying 46 barriers with possible linkages. The results is an expanded scope and a conceptual illustration of OGD barriers.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC luminosity is constantly increased through upgrades of the accel- erator and its injection chain. Two major upgrades will take place in the next years. The rst upgrade involves the LHC injector chain and allows the collider to achieve a luminosity of about 2 10 34 cm-2 s-1 A further upgrade of the LHC foreseen for 2025 will boost its luminosity to 5 10 34 cm-2 s1. As a consequence of the increased luminosity, the detectors need to be upgraded. In particular, the CMS pixel detector will undergo two upgrades in the next years. The rst upgrade (phase I) consists in the substitution of the current pixel detector in winter 2016/2017. The upgraded pixel detector will implement new readout elec- tronics that allow ecient data taking up to a luminosity of 2 10 34 cm-2s-1,twice as much as the LHC design luminosity. The modules that will constitute the upgraded detector are being produced at dierent institutes. Hamburg (University and DESY) is responsible for the production of 350 pixel modules. The second upgrade (phase II) of the pixel detector is foreseen for 2025. The innermost pixel layer of the upgraded detector will accumulate a radiation damage corresponding to an equivalent uence of eq = 2 10 16 cm-2 and a dose of 10 MGy after an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1. Several groups are investigating sensor designs and congurations able to withstand such high doses and uences. This work is divided into two parts related to important aspects of the upgrades of the CMS pixel detector. For the phase I upgrade, a setup has been developed to provide an absolute energy calibration of the pixel modules that will constitute the detector. The cali- bration is obtained using monochromatic X-rays. The same setup is used to test the buering capabilities of the modules' readout chip. The maximum rate experienced by the modules produced in Hamburg will be 120 MHz/cm 2 . For this rate the modules' eciency has been measured to be 99%. In view of the module production, the energy calibration procedure has been automated. The modules assigned to the Hamburg production center should be completed by the end of February 2016. For the phase II upgrade, thin silicon sensors with an active thickness of 100 m irradi- ated with protons up to eq = 1 : 3 10 16 cm-2 have been characterized. The charge collection eciency has been measured using pad diodes. Charge multiplication eects have been ob- served for both n- and p-bulk sensors. P-bulk strip sensors with an active thickness of 100 and 200 m have been characterized with a beam test. The signal of these sensors lies be- tween 4000 and 5000 e- after a uence of 1 : 3 10 16 cm-2. The 200 m thick sensors require a higher bias voltage than the 100 m thick sensors to reach this signal height. The threshold necessary to obtain 95% detection eciency is found to be around 2000 e- for the 100 m thick sensors

Radiation testing of electronics for the CMS endcap muon system

In this thesis, my work in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment on the search for the neutral Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) Higgs decaying into two muons is presented. The search is performed on the full data collected during the years 2011 and 2012 by CMS in proton-proton collisions at CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The MSSM is explored within the most conservative benchmark scenario, m_h^{max}, and within its modified versions, m_h^{mod +} and m_h^{mod -}. The search is sensitive to MSSM Higgs boson production in association with a b\bar{b} quark pair and to the gluon-gluon fusion process. In the m_h^{max} scenario, the results exclude values of tanB larger than 15 in the m_A range 115-200 GeV, and values of tanB greater than 30 in the m_A range up to 300 GeV. There are no significant differences in the results obtained within the three different scenarios considered. Comparisons with other neutral MSSM Higgs searches are shown.

In LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Run 2, the center-of-mass energy for proton-proton collisions is 13 TeV and the instantaneous luminosity has doubled. This has made it more challenging to trigger on interesting events since the number of interactions per crossing (pileup) is significantly larger than in LHC Run 1. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment has installed, commissioned, and is operating the second stage of a two-stage upgrade to the Calorimeter Trigger. This upgrade has improved the trigger algorithms so that the trigger thresholds remain low and physics data is not compromised. The stage-1, which replaced the original CMS Global Calorimeter Trigger, operated successfully in 2015. The completely new stage-2 has replaced the entire calorimeter trigger in 2016 with AMC form-factor boards and optical links operating in a microTCA chassis. It required that updates to the calorimeter back-ends, the source of the trigger primitive data, were also fully installed and operational. The stage-2 system's boards use Xilinx Virtex-7 690T FPGAs and have hundreds of links operating at up to 10 Gbps to maximize data throughput. In addition, a new time-multiplexed architecture was implemented and extensive firmware and software development was necessary. The final commissioning, operation, and performance of the stage-2 calorimeter trigger in 2016 proton collisions are described.

Recent results on studies of hard scattering processes and jet quenching in nuclear collisions from the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reviewed. They are based on high statistics samples of PbPb collisions at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV collected at the LHC in 2011, and pp collisions at √ s = 2.76 TeV and pPb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV collected in 2013. New results for the jet nuclear modification factor, RAA, confirm a strong suppression of jet production. Modifications of jet fragmentation properties in PbPb collisions, are observed. In pPb collisions jets are not strongly modified, but some non-scaling behavior of jet rates in collisions with different centralities is observed by ATLAS. New measurements for the electroweak boson production in pPb collisions allow a more precise testing of parton distributions in lead nuclei with the conclusion that the EPS09 description of nuclear modifications of parton distribution functions is preferred.

Exascale science translates to big data. In the case of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the data is not only immense, it is also globally distributed. Fermilab is host to the LHC Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment's US Tier-1 Center, the largest of the LHC Tier-1s. The Laboratory must deal with both scaling and wide-area distribution challenges in processing its CMS data. Fortunately, evolving technologies in the form of 100Gigabit ethernet, multi-core architectures, and GPU processing provide tools to help meet these challenges. Current Fermilab RaD efforts in these areas include optimization of network I/O handling in multi-core systems, modification of middleware to improve application performance in 100GE network environments, and network path reconfiguration and analysis for effective use of high bandwidth networks. This poster will describe the ongoing network-related RaD activities at Fermilab as a mosaic of efforts that combine to facilitate big data processing and movement.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the general purpose particle detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The challenging constraints on the design of one of its sub-detectors, the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL), required the development of a complex Detector Control System (DCS). In this paper the general features of the CMS ECAL DCS during the period of commissioning and cosmic running will be presented. The feedback from the people involved was used for several upgrades of the system in order to achieve a robust, flexible and stable control system. A description of the newly implemented features for the CMS ECAL DCS subsystems will be given as well.

This thesis comprises a precision measurement of the inclusive \Zee production cross section in proton-proton collisions provided by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=7$~TeV and the absolute luminosity based on \Zee decays. The data was collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector near Geneva, Switzerland during the year of 2010 and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $\int\mathcal{L}dt = 35.9\pm 1.4$~pb$^{-1}$. Electronic decays of $Z$ bosons allow one of the first electroweak measurements at the LHC, making the cross section measurement a benchmark of physics performance after the first year of CMS detector and LHC machine operations. It is the first systematic uncertainty limited \Zee cross section measurement performed at $\sqrt{s}=7$~TeV. The measured cross section pertaining to the invariant mass window $M_{ee}\in (60,120)$~GeV is reported as: $\sigma(pp\to Z+X) \times \mathcal{B}( Z\to ee ) = 997 \pm 11 \mathrm{(sta t)} \pm 19 \mathrm{(syst)} \pm 40 \mathrm{(lumi)} \textrm{ pb}$, which agrees with the theoretical prediction calculated to NNLO in QCD. Leveraging \Zee decays as ``standard candles'' for measuring the absolute luminosity at the LHC is examined; they are produced copiously, are well understood, and have clean detector signatures. Thus the consistency of the inclusive \Zee production cross section measurement with the theoretical prediction motivates inverting the measurement to instead use the \Zee signal yield to measure the luminosity. The result, which agrees with the primary relative CMS luminosity measurement calibrated using Van der Meer separation scans, is not only the most precise absolute luminosity measurement performed to date at a hadron collider, but also the first one based on a physics signal at the LHC.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is scheduled to come on-line in 2007. Fermilab will act as the CMS Tier-1 centre for the US and make experiment data available to more than 400 researchers in the US participating in the CMS experiment. The US CMS Users Facility group, based at Fermilab, has initiated a project to develop a model for optimizing movement of CMS experiment data between CERN and the various tiers of US CMS data centres and to design a WAN emulation facility which will enable controlled testing of unmodified or modified CMS applications and TCP implementations locally under conditions that emulate WAN connectivity. The WAN emulator facility is configurable for latency, jitter, and packet loss. The initial implementation is based on the NISTnet software product. In this paper we will describe the status of this project to date, the results of validation and comparison of performance measurements obtained in emulated and real environment for different applications including multistreams GridFTP. We also will introduce future short term and intermediate term plans, as well as outstanding problems and issues.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is operating at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with proton–proton collisions at 13-TeV center-of-mass energy and at a bunch spacing of 25 ns. Challenging running conditions for CMS are expected after the High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC). We review the CMS ECAL crystal calorimeter upgrade and present results from the first test beam studies. Particular challenges at HL-LHC are the harsh radiation environment, the increasing data rates, and the extreme level of pile-up events, with up to 200 simultaneous proton–proton collisions. Precision timing can be exploited to reduce the effect of the pileup. We report on the timing resolution studies performed with test beams. We discuss the new readout and trigger electronics, which must be upgraded due to the increased trigger and latency requirements at the HL-LHC.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) uses Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as a trigger-dedicated muon detector. The RPC subdetector presently consists of 912 chambers, providing a ≈3 ns time resolution for the pseudorapidity region |η| <; 1.6. Up to 18 on-detector Front-End Boards (FEBs) per RPC are responsible for signal processing. Each FEB is configured and monitored through its Inter-Integrated Circuit (I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C) interface to ensure correct and safe detector operation. The resulting ~1.2k I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C lines, serving 3 to 6 FEBs apiece, are accessible through Control Boards (CBs) in token rings. An online control and monitoring system has recently been developed to automatically configure and continuously monitor FEB parameters. A fine-grained software model of hardware and detector components, organized in a dual hierarchical tree structure, facilitates command and data flow. A novel web-based user-interface allows control of and navigation through the system for efficient problem tracing. This paper covers the front-end control and monitoring system for the RPC subdetector; the online software components that allow for flexible configuration and comprehensive monitoring are described.

The Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) silicon tracking detectors (Tracker) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is a software based system designed to monitor the detector and reconstruction performance, to identify problems and to certify the collected data for physics analysis. It uses the framework provided by the central CMS DQM as well as tools developed especially for the CMS Tracker DQM. This paper describes aim, framework conditions, tools and work flows of the CMS Tracker DQM and shows examples of its successful use during the recent commissioning phase of the CMS experiment.