Lifetime determination for delay tolerant communications in sparse vehicular networks

Low density of vehicles in rural areas and during the periods when the vehicle traffic is low in cities (such as at night) makes the classical ad-hoc network algorithms impractical for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. End-to-end connectivity requirement of these algorithms causes this deflection. Connections get broken when a suitable network element isn't available for data transfer. This problem which occurs in the low dense Vehicular Networks can be solved by using delay tolerant approaches in routing algorithms. By using the store-carry-forward method, data is carried by network elements until a suitable network element has been found. By this way, network connectivity is provided in a delayed manner between the vehicles which are momentarily not connected. In this paper, the impact of delayed transfer of data to an end-to-end transfer and the impact of data lifetime to the network performance are examined. Considering the speed of the vehicles and the desired throughput, lifetime of data is determined according to the network connectivity. Results contributes to the fulfilment of the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in Vehicular Network applications.

Objectives: To explored the highlighted obliged QoS routing issue in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Methods/ Statistical Analysis: The issues are tended to firstly by working up an association faithful quality model considering the topological and numerical properties of vehicular advancements and speeds. The VANET correspondence diagram in advancing chart hypothesis is used to model and organize the formed association trustworthiness shown into it. In light of the consequent intensified chart diagram illustrate, the most tried and true course in the framework is picked. However course assurance does not ensure awesome transmission as well. Findings: Vehicular extraordinarily designated Systems (VANETs) are a particular sort of remote framework made by vehicles giving among themselves and with roadside base stations. A broad assortment of organizations has been made for VANETs going from security to infotainment applications. A key need for such organizations is that they are offered with Nature of Administration Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees similar to organization unfaltering quality and availability. QoS routing expect an essential part in recognizing courses that meet the QoS necessities of the offered organization over VANETs. For filtering the achievable courses it subject to various QoS goals is with everything taken into account a NP-difficult issue. Furthermore, the reliability of the routing ought to be given unprecedented thought as correspondence associations, as frequently as conceivable in VANETs. In present situation, the most existing QoS routing calculations are been PSO algorithm for stable VANET system without considering the security and wellbeing of the routing procedure. Along these lines, they are not appropriate for applications in VANETs. Application/Improvements: Low complexity nature advanced administration dependable routing calculation is made to ensure to lessen transmission redundancy with use of Subterranean insect State estimation with better eventual outcomes of course decision and transmission considering better request and sorting calculations in the Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm work calculation for extremely powerful VANET system with less preferred quality in evaluation with favoured data transmission over interchange QoS counts as shown by the results and satisfy QoS requirements of specific traffic using PSO in the VANET routing protocol environments. Meanwhile, an optimized function with PSO is also proposed to make scheduling decisions so that the dropped packet rates are reduced. The results of PSO algorithm simulations are better and feasible as compared to the previous techniques. Keywords: Graph Theory, Optimised Service Reliable Routing Algorithm, Particle Swam Optimization, Quality of Service, Roadside Base Stations, VANET

Analysis and adaptive optimization of vehicular safety message communications at intersections

A survey on Intrusion Detection Systems and Honeypot based proactive security mechanisms in VANETs and VANET Cloud

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a cornerstone component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). VANET applications present a huge potential for improving road safety and travel comfort, hence the growing interest of both academia and industry. The main advantage of VANETs is its ad hoc nature which does not require fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. However, designing scalable information dissemination techniques for VANET applications remains a challenging task due to the inherent nature of such highly dynamic environments. Existing dissemination techniques often resort to simulation for performance evaluation and there are only few studies that offer mathematical modeling. In this paper we provide a comparative study of existing performance modeling approaches for data dissemination techniques designed for different VANET applications.

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) is a subcategory of Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) which is one of the popular emerging research areas. On one side increase in the number of vehicles, and on the other side due to the presence of communication unit i.e. On Board Unit (OBU) in vehicles helped in the creation of a new network called as VANET. VANET is becoming so popular that it is widely used for different applications that may be safety or non-safety applications. An effective routing protocol is required for the efficient use of VANET for different applications which can optimize different generic parameters of VANET like end-to-end delay, number of hops, etc. Altough multiple paths exist between a source and a destination but the routing protocols evaluate a single path for the transmission of information packets based on parameters like shortest distance towards the destination, density of vehicles, number of hops, etc. Different swarm intelligence techniques like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), etc. can be used in VANET to optimize the parameters used in the routing protocol. In this chapter, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is used to establish multiple routes between nodes which is vital in the network where network connectivity is random and is frequently changing. This also helps in the parallel transmission of packets in multi-path which reduces end-to-end delay. For this proposed work, a variation of end-to-end delay with respect to transmission distance and a number of vehicles is compared with the existing VANET routing protocol i.e. Geographic Source Routing (GSR), Anchor based Street Traffic Aware Routing (A-STAR). The comparison shows that the proposed work performs better as compared to GSR and A-STAR. To implement multi-path routes MongoDB—an open source distributed database is used and the corresponding operation on the database is implemented using node-red. Selection of effective route and intermediate hop for the transmission of emergency information is essential. The optimized route in VANET not only saves the overall transmission time but also reduces the end-to-end delay. For the optimization of route and number of hops in VANET, another swarm intelligence technique i.e. Particle Swarm Intelligence (PSO) can be used through which the transmission of emergency information with optimum delay is proposed.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a promising area of research and development as it has remarkable role in improving safety of vehicles on road, efficient traffic management, and providing comfort to commuters. The typical characteristics of VANET environment pose several challenges for VANET application developers. There is always a demand for scalable communication mechanisms suitable for low- and high-speed vehicles, information dissemination techniques that suit sparse and dense traffic conditions. Thus, the reliability of any VANET application strongly depends upon the robustness of the underlying communication architecture. Any VANET communication model shall strictly adhere to the wireless access standards and specifications laid down for vehicular communications. In this work, we have designed and implemented a basic VANET communication model that facilitates both Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication adhering to IEEE 802.11p standards. The Physical and Link Layer extensions of WAVE standard have been integrated to EXata5.1 (network emulator) to support IEEE 802.11p communication. Necessary Graphical User Interface and library level extensions were made to create VANET scenarios. To demonstrate and evaluate our communication model, urban scenarios with different node densities were created in EXata. The communication scenarios were emulated with predefined mobility of nodes, CBR as the traffic application and Bellman Ford as the default routing protocol. Using EXata analyzer, the performance metrics were analyzed and found that our basic VANET communication model offers good throughput at high vehicle densities with a soft delay constraint.

Vehicular Ad Hoc networks (VANETs) have been employed in supporting several applications related to safety and comfort. VANET applications have strict security requirements, as they have direct impact on people comfort and safety. Although many ordinary networks security systems can be applied to provide security services in VANET, the key establishment between legitimate vehicles is the common challenge among all of these systems. This paper proposes a secret key establishment technique for vehicular communications exploiting the special properties and randomness inherent of the wireless channel. Our comprehensive simulations show that the proposed key extraction technique suits VANETs rather than other communication systems, owing to the multi environments operation of VANET which causes more randomness due to fading, noise multipath and velocity variation. The proposed approach can be tuned to extract low or high rate secret key with high entropy rate and less information exchange between legitimate vehicles. The extracted secret key can be employed to support providing security services in VANET.

The growing number of vehicles in cities has a great impact on our quality of life, such as air and noise pollution, traffic jams and traffic accidents. Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) relies on communication technologies to provide innovative services and applications for transportation and traffic management. In the C-ITS context, users, roadside infrastructure and vehicles need to be connected and, for this purpose, a wide variety of wireless technologies can be used (e.g, vehicular WiFi, cellular and visible light communication). In this work we consider a VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork) using vehicular WiFi (based on 802.11p). The communications in VANET networks have been studied for years and several routing algorithms have been developed for such a kind of network. However, a benchmark to compare the performance of such algorithms is still lacking. To fill this gap, the present work proposes a benchmark composed by instances of data routing for different scenarios in the VANET. Moreover, we propose a multi-objective algorithm based on ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) to compare with such benchmark. The results of simulations show the impact of several factors in the VANET connectivity, such as vehicle density, geographical location, propagation and fading models. The results are promising and indicate the importance of choosing appropriated simulation models.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an extension to Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) technology. VANET differs from MANET because it contains high mobility of nodes and large scale of networks. In this paper, real-time maps of certain areas in Shah Alam had been chosen and edited using JAVA Open Street Map editor (JOSM). Mobility Model Generator for VANET (MOVE) and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) are used to create the scenarios and traffics for urban and rural area network. The simulation is done in NS-2 with DSRC and Wi-Fi Direct standard using AODV routing protocol to evaluate various Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) for the selected areas. The main discoveries of this paper are that the throughput and end-to-end delay increases as the number of mobile nodes increases. PDR does not get affected by the number of mobile nodes but instead depends on other factors including coverage of standards and traffic pattern. To summarize, VANET in rural scenario gives better performance as compared to the urban scenario.

VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) is a significant term in ITS (intelligent transportation systems). VANETs are also mentioned as ITN (intelligent transportation Networks), which are used to enhance road safety in growing technology. The connectivity of nodes is a challenging one because of its high mobility and the sparse network connectivity must be handled properly during its initial deployment of a VANET for avoiding accidents. Quality of service (QoS) in VANET becomes a significant term because of its increasing dare about unique features, like poor link quality, high mobility, and inadequate transporting distance. Routing is the foremost issue in the wireless ad hoc network, which is used to transmit data packets significantly. This paper provides a crucial review of the classification of existing QoS routing protocols, cross-layer design approach and classification, and various performance parameters used in QoS routing protocols. The corresponding cross-layer protocols are overviewed, followed by the major techniques in cross-layer protocol design. Moreover, VANET is presented with many exclusive networking research challenges in precise areas such as security, QoS, mobility, effective channel utilization, and scalability. Finally, the paper concluded by various comparison discussion, issues, and challenges of several routing protocols for VANET. No. of publications over the period from 2010 to 2019 in various scientific sources also showed in this review. This survey provided the technical direction for researchers on routing protocols for VANET using QoS.

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), is an emerging technology that holds the opportunity to create potential applications that directly impact peoples' lives, traffic management, and infotainment services. Understanding VANET applications and the available routing protocols can help to infer the most suitable protocols that satisfy VANET application requirements. This paper develops a systematic classification methodology to classify VANET applications from a routing perspective, each application class has different network requirements which are laid down by VANET Projects conducted in different countries. Some of these requirements are related to the routing aspects and need to be satisfied by the selected routing strategies (proactive and reactive). The paper identifies routing strategies performance metrics related to each application class requirement, to efficiently guide the development of these routing strategies towards guaranteeing satisfactory performance for the applications under a wide variety of realistic VANET scenarios. It is also worth mentioning that minimum delay is a requirement needed by time and event-driven application classes. However, high reliability is a requirement needed by on-demand applications. The paper aims to provide a comparative study on the performance of routing strategies in different VANET application classes, to identify which routing strategies have better performance in specific VANET applications class. End-to-end delay is employed as a performance metric to evaluate the short delay requirement, while, the Routing Overhead (RO) is used to assess the reliability requirement. Simulation results showed that proactive routing protocol has a lower delay, which means that it is suitable for delay-sensitive applications such as time-driven and event-driven applications. The result also showed that the reactive routing protocol outperforms the proactive routing protocol in terms of RO, which means that reactive routing protocols can be nominated as proper routing strategies to satisfy the reliability requirement of the On-demand driven applications.

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are self-organizing, self-healing networks that provide wireless communication among vehicles and roadside equipment. Providing safety and comfort for drivers and passengers is a promising goal of these networks. Designing an appropriate routing protocol according to the network application is one of the essential requirements for implementing a successful vehicular network. In this paper, we report the results of a study on routing protocols related to vehicular applications and their communication needs. In general, all VANET communications can be implemented by either unicast or multicast routing protocols. The results of the study showed that multicast protocols, including geocast and mobility-based routing, are more promising than others for fulfilling the application requirements and, consequently, more research of these protocols is needed.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) offer immense potential for revolutionizing modern transportation systems through real-time communication and interaction between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks can significantly enhance traffic management, improve safety, and support various vehicular services. However, ensuring secure communication in VANETs remains a critical challenge due to the highly sensitive nature of the data exchanged, such as location and personal information. Current authentication schemes, including the ANEL scheme, exhibit vulnerabilities like data interception and tracking risks. In this paper, we propose a novel, efficient, and lightweight authentication scheme that leverages elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and message mapping techniques to address these security issues. The proposed solution strengthens encryption, enhances privacy protection, and mitigates risks such as unauthorized access and man-in-the-middle attacks. Furthermore, the scheme offers scalability and distinguishes between regular and priority users, making it adaptable to various VANET applications. This approach significantly improves the overall security and privacy framework of VANET systems while ensuring the efficient use of computational resources in vehicular environments.