Lifetime Enhancement of Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Network through Energy Efficient MAC Protocol

Energy efficiency of the MAC protocol is a key design factor for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the importance of the problem, a number of energy efficient MAC protocols have been developed for WSNs. Preamble-sampling based MAC protocols (e.g., B-MAC and X-MAC) have overheads due to their preambles, and are inefficient at large wakeup intervals. SCP-MAC, a very energy efficient scheduling MAC protocol, minimizes the preamble by combining preamble sampling and scheduling techniques; however, it does not prevent energy loss due to overhearing; in addition, due to its synchronization procedure, it results in increased contention and delay. In this paper, we present an energy efficient MAC protocol for WSNs that avoids overhearing and reduces contention and delay by asynchronously scheduling the wakeup time of neighboring nodes. To validate our design and analysis, we implement the proposed scheme on the MicaZ platform. Experimental results show that AS-MAC considerably reduces energy consumption, packet loss and delay when compared with SCP-MAC.

MAC protocol design in Wireless sensor networks becomes vibrant research field for the past several years. In this paper an EE-Hybrid MAC protocol (Energy efficient hybrid Medium Access Control) has been proposed, which is energy efficient and low latency MAC protocol, which uses interrupt method to assign priority for certain wireless sensor nodes assumed to be present in critical loops of industrial process control domain. EE-Hybrid MAC overcomes some of the limitations in the existing approaches. Industrial wireless sensor network require a suitable MAC protocol which offers energy efficiency and capable of handling emergency situations in industrial automation domain. Time critical and mission critical applications demands not only energy efficiency but strict timeliness and reliability. Harsh environmental condition and dynamic network topologies may cause industrial sensor to malfunction, so the developed protocol must adapt to changing topology and harsh environment. Most of the existing MAC protocols have number of limitations for industrial application domain In industrial automation scenario, certain sensor loops are found to be time critical, where data’s have to be transferred without any further delay. The proposed EE-Hybrid MAC protocol is simulated in NS2 environment, from the result it is observed that proposed protocol provides better performance compared to the conventional MAC protocols.

In this paper, we propose a light-weight and adaptive scheduling-based media access control protocol (LASMAC) for wireless sensor networks. Our primary goal is to achieve an energy-efficient and traffic-adaptive TDMA-based MAC protocol with low-overhead slot reservation. In our protocol, each node dynamically and flexibly assigns slots by exchanging information on the number of slots it wants to send within neighbors by contention-based access. The overhead of control packets in slot reservation is reduced. In addition, the duration of active period in random access for slot reservation is dynamically changed based on the traffic. Performance evaluation by simulation shows that our proposed MAC protocol is more energy-efficient than previous methods keeping throughput under hotspot traffic

Energy conservation in MAC protocol is a focal point for researchers for a long time. One of the main reasons is that sensor nodes are left unmonitored for a phase of time with only the inbuilt battery as the sole source of energy power. It’s the onus of MAC protocol to efficiently consume this available source of energy. It must be carefully designed in a way there is no wastage of energy source. Control packets in wireless sensor networks not only degrade packet transmission time but also suck out energy from the energy source built in the wireless sensor nodes. When the control packets collide and there is a need resend the control packets it adds up to further energy loss. A better energy efficient MAC protocol must aim at reducing the adoption of control packets following around the network instead give way for data packets to flow around. The energy efficient deteriorates when the nodes undergo too many overhead steps in MAC protocol thereby transmitting lesser packets in given time. In this paper a new protocol namely IWMAC-invite and wait MAC protocol which leverages efficient use of battery power in wireless sensor nodes. With IWMAC the nodes are enabled to transmit minimal control packets and deliver more data packets in a given time. The energy of the nodes are used primarily in actual data transmissions rather than succumbing to overhead of control packets, channel reservation, back off which drains out the energy source in sensor nodes.

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Performance analysis of an adaptive, energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Low-power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a vital role in different IoT applications. In WSNs, MAC protocols are of paramount importance to improve energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS). This paper proposes a traffic-adaptive, energy-efficient MAC protocol, which combines the Q-Learning algorithm and the more bit scheme to provide low energy consumption together with better QoS without introducing additional overhead to the network. Simulation results show that, on average, QX-MAC offers an energy savings of 23.23% and 79.91% over the X-MAC and the B-MAC protocols respectively. QX-MAC can carry up to 92.78% of traffic, whilst X-MAC and B-MAC can transfer a maximum of 88.5%, and 67.3% traffic respectively. Furthermore, QX-MAC reduces the mean end-to-end packet delivery delay, even in the presence of high traffic loads, and improves the throughput up to 41.67% and 65.05% compared to X-MAC and B-MAC, respectively.

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Although existing wakeup scheduling techniques suggest end-to-end delay guarantees for real-time applications, their fixed wakeup schedules may not meet such constraints when multiple sensors compete for the event delivery at the same time. In this paper we propose a new MAC protocol called SPEED-MAC that can provide real-time delay guarantees with much lower energy consumption for both single-source and multi-source events. The main ideas underlying the protocol are twofold. First, we introduce a novel wakeup technique called signaling wakeup, which is small only enough to detect the event occurrence. By employing the signaling wakeup we can minimize the event report latency as well as the idle listening. Second, to resolve the collisions and contentions incurred by multi-source events, the protocol employs adaptive wakeup that combines static scheduling with contention-based media access control depending on the type of traffic. The result of our analytic evaluation confirms that SPEED-MAC can provide real-time delay guarantees even for a large-scale network assuming a low event rate. We have implemented SPEED-MAC on both NS-2 and MICA2 platforms, and evaluated both the energy and the network performance of the protocol for various scenarios including multi-source, multi-sink, source-to-sink, sink-to-source, multi-cast and broadcast traffic. Our experimentation results show that SPEED-MAC can achieve an order of magnitude energy savings while providing near optimal latency compared to the existing solutions.

Division of the entire wireless sensor network geographic area into number of equal sized regions by applying virtual grid and strategy to appoint head node of the cluster in each region improves stability, consistency, and lifetime of the wireless sensor network. Applying the same size of grid to the different size of wireless sensor networks will not give consistent performance. In this paper, we are presenting a protocol which will dynamically determine the size of the virtual grid, which will give optimal performance of any geographic sized wireless sensor network. The protocol also allows to place sink node to any location and not at some fixed specific location. Protocol discussed in this paper can also support multiple sink nodes. Protocol dynamically takes decision to transmit the data directly to the sink node or by using multi-hop transmission by considering distances between sensor nodes internally and sink node(s), which will optimize energy efficiency of the sensor nodes and increases the lifetime of wireless sensor network.

In this paper, we propose energy efficient MAC protocols for data gathering tree structure. The basic concept of the proposed protocol is that it reduces traffic overloads in low depth nodes by introducing full sleep state for one frame. To maximize network performance, we only control traffic from non-relay nodes which are leaf nodes in the tree. We introduce a new superframe structure for pre-scheduling to alleviate contentions and packet collisions between children nodes. In addition, leaf nodes go into a full sleep mode for one superframe in heavy traffic loads by using control packets, which results in a considerable reduction of energy consumption at low depth nodes. Simulation results show the proposed protocol saves more energy and achieves better packet delivery ratio compared to the DMAC with a moderate increase of a latency performance.

Wireless sensor networks have the limitations of energy. An efficient MAC protocol has to be applied to serve the purpose of energy saving and also aiming to make it cost efficient. This paper presents a novel hybrid MAC protocol that uses the information of clusters from routing layer to divide the MAC layer functionality into two types, namely, TDMA based intra-cluster communication and CSMA based inter-cluster communication. A distinctive feature of this approach is its robustness to synchronization errors and the associated power consumptions and delay performances are also computed resulting due to optimized performance of the hybrid mode for cluster organization. Simulation results show that this hybrid MAC layer thus considerably reduces the energy consumption in network nodes thereby increasing the total network lifetime.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), most energy saving asynchronous MAC protocols are custom tailored for unicast communications only.However, broadcast protocols are very commonly used in WSNs for a variety of functionalities, such as gathering network topology information, event monitoring and query processing.In this paper, we propose a novel low-power asynchronous broadcast MAC protocol called Alarm Broadcast (A-CAST).A-CAST employs the strobe preamble that specifies the residual waiting time for the following data transmission.Each receiver goes back to sleep upon hearing the strobe preamble for the residual time duration, to conserve energy and to wake up just before data transmission starts.We compute the energy consumption of A-CAST via rigorous mathematical analysis.The analytic results show that A-CAST outperforms B-CAST, a simple broadcast extension of the well-known B-MAC.We also implement A-CAST on sensor motes and evaluated its performance through real experiments.Our experimental results show that A-CAST reduces the energy consumption by up to 222% compared to the previously proposed protocols.

Energy preservation for effective WSN applications is one of the major challenges, as the small sensor nodes have very limited power, storage, communication and computing resources. The sensors remain unattended, and after deployment, rechargeable batteries are almost difficult. The algorithm proposed to pick a nearest hop node based on the token-ring algorithm, compared with the other current S-MAC, T-MAC and HEED algorithms, which pick the next hop node based on parameters such as shortest-path, maximum residual power or probability. More specifically, it is easier to reduce the total power consumption on a multihop route when driving by carefully choosing suitable intermediate nodes. The combination of cluster-based routing and containerized WSN routing algorithms is proposed to be used as an Advanced Energy Efficient Sensor-based MAC (AES-MAC) protocol. The routing process involves the maintenance of routing and routing. The illustrations show a simple, distributed, localized routing algorithm, which can be easily implemented for various practical applications.

Energy conservation is one of the most important goal when designing a wireless sensor network (WSN). Since the communication task of the sensor node usually requires a large amount of energy for its execution, it is essential to configure the sensor node in such a way that the energy efficient communication can be achieved. In this paper, first the power consumed by the WSN to perform data transmission is investigated. Then it is applied to configure the operation of the sensor nodes as well as the cluster-based WSNs with the incorporation of time scheduling for receiving data in practice. The energy consumption of the sensor nodes and therefore the WSN can be reduced, thereby increasing the network life time. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the efficacy of the network using the proposed configuration strategy. From the experimental test results obtained, the WSN lifetime until the 1st sensor node dies can be extended by around 32% as compared to conventional approach.