Linear Antenna Array Pattern Synthesis Using Multi-Verse Optimization Algorithm

In this research paper, quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm, an algorithm founded on the basic theory of particle cluster and properties of quantum mechanics, has been introduced for design of uniformly spaced scanned linear array antennas with definite value of sidelobe level (SLL), first null beam width (FNBW), and broad null depth. An effort is made such that these parameters are made equal to their related specific values. This is usually done by changing excitation current amplitude of the elements. The expression of array factor is derived by using the property of linear array antennas. One example has been presented with 35 isotropic antennas. Generated Pattern is scanned to an angle of 30°. The obtained results have shown that this technique is able to find required value of SLL, FNBW, and wide null depth. Although, the proposed method is developed and applied to a linear array of isotropic antennas; however, the principle can easily be applied to other types of arrays.

This article introduces an innovative approach to antenna array design, focusing on synthesizing the optimal radiation pattern for fifth-generation (5G) communication. The authors have designed a reliable linear and elliptical antenna array (EEA) of dipole elements by employing sailfish optimization (SFO). 5G technology promises transformative improvements in wireless communication with high data rates, expanded capacity, minimal latency, and exceptional service quality. The crux of 5G lies in the precision of antenna array design, aiming for an emission pattern with minimal side lobe levels (SLLs) and a narrow half-power beam width (HPBW). A narrower HPBW is essential for efficient long-range communication, whereas reducing the SLLs enhances signal clarity. The SFO optimizes the current excitation of each antenna element for reducing the mutual coupling effects and lowering the SLL and HPBW values in linear and EEAs. This paper uses the exact excitation to each element to show the linear antenna arrays (LAA) (10-, 16-element) design examples and EAA (8-, 12-, 20-element) structures. The LAA and EAA design examples obtained with the SFO algorithm establish the advancement in SLL suppression over the uniform antenna array and the methods proclaimed in the recent article.

Reduction of sidelobe level in a concentric ring array results in wide first null beamwidth. The authors propose a pattern synthesis method based on the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to reduce the sidelobe level of a concentric ring array of isotropic antennas while keeping the first null beamwidth (FNBW) fixed and variable by optimizing both ring spacing and interelement distance of each ring.

In this paper, various evolutionary optimization based algorithms like real coded genetic algorithm (RGA), conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO), a proposed craziness particle swarm optimization (CRPSO) have been applied for the optimal design of hyper beamforming of linear antenna array. Hyper beam is derived from sum and difference beam patterns each raised to the power of the hyper beam exponent parameter for the array. CRPSO uses new definition for the velocity vector. The simulation results show CRPSO outperforms RGA and PSO in the optimal hyper beamforming by achieving much greater reduction in sidelobe level (SLL) and much more improved first null beam width (FNBW) keeping the same value of hyper beam exponent. The optimized hyper beam is achieved by optimization of current excitation weights and uniform inter-element spacing. The approach is illustrated through 10-, 14-, and 20-element linear antenna arrays.

This work is concerned with the methodology for improvement of the radiation pattern performance and eliminating the effect of unwanted interference of symmetric time modulated linear antenna array (STMLAA) in the predefined direction. This is achieved using evolutionary technique called Novel Particle Swarm Optimization with Wavelet Mutation (NPSOWM) for various application specific optimization like SLL only reduction, dual broad null and multiple broad null optimization. The optimized results obtained by using NPSOWM are validated by CST-MWS by captivating practical elements of dipole antenna and its array configuration. The numerical results show the effect of the particular (practical) antenna on the array. Various examples have taken for this purpose. A set of 16-element antenna array have designed for SLL only reduction. 16-, 32-, and 64-element STMLAA for incorporating the dual broad nulls in the angular range from 400 to 700 over the elevation plane. A set of 24-, 30-, and 32-element antenna array have occupied for multiple broad nulls. The strength of the adopted algorithm is tested for different number of array antenna configuration, which establish the efficacy of the optimization technique NPSOWM adopted for achieving the interference cancellation in the predefined direction and performance improvement of the antenna array such as simultaneous improvements of broad nulls (BNs), sidelobe level (SLL), sideband level (SBL), and the directivity. From the simulated results it is clear that NPSOWM can perform better than that of un-optimized linear antenna array with respect to BNs, SLL, and SBLs and Directivity.

The radiation properties of 2 X 2 element planar array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna in plasma medium are studied. The array factor and far-zone EM-mode and P-mode radiation fields of the array geometry are derived using vector wave function techniques and pattern multiplication approaches. The total field patterns and various characteristics of pattern such as half power beam width (HPBW), first null beam width (FNBW) and direction of maximum radiation are computed for two different values of progressive phase excitation difference between the elements. The results of this array geometry are obtained both in plasma medium and in free space and compared with those of single element equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna.

The paper presents design and development of a linear microstrip patch antenna array and also, a method to change the radiation pattern of the array by steering null in the desired direction. This is achieved by changing the phase of each of the array element which produces a null in the radiation pattern without significantly affecting the main beam lobe. Different methods can be used for array synthesis. In this paper the Schelkunoff polynomial method is used for the synthesis of array. For an N element array, (N-I) nulls can be formed. The array is designed around a frequency of 930 MHz using four microstrip patch antenna elements of rectangular shape arranged in linear configuration. The theoretical design of the antenna array is presented initially and then the results of the array simulation and the hardware implementation are presented.

Pattern Search optimization with applications on synthesis of linear antenna arrays

An efficient technique for the synthesis of randomly spaced linear antenna (RSLA) array with constraints of spacing between the element and their amplitude excitation coefficient is presented in this paper. The main aim is to obtain best suitable arrangement of randomly spaced element with uniform amplitude excitation on the aperture of RSLA array corresponding to lowest possible peak side lobe level (PSLL). The determination of said arrangement is done by employing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The usefulness of proposed method is validated by considering an example of a 24-element linear array with random inter-element spacings between 0.5λ-1.5λ. This array is numerically studied and results are compared against the equally spaced linear antenna (ESLA) array and further with published articles with similar design cases. It is further aimed that the minimum distance among the elements does not have significant effect on the radiation pattern due to mutual coupling of adjacent elements. This is researched by conducting comprehensive electromagnetic (EM) simulation study with an M-shaped radiating patch element using CST microwave studio software. The EM simulation results of the proposed RSLA array are compared with those of numerical computed and published ones. The obtained results confirm that the proposed algorithm is able to attain better PSLL and valid to design RSLA arrays for practical applications.

In this paper, design of a linear planar dipole antenna array with cosecant square pattern at 1088MHz, wide band, and low sidelobe level is presented. In order to achieve a desired shaped-beam, a planar dipole has designed as an array element for wide bandwidth with return loss less than −15dB. Then, the amplitude and phase values of the current elements of a linear array which produces desired shaped-beam antenna pattern are determined under certain constrains using an adaptable genetic algorithm. As a result of proposed method, a cosecant square pattern with sidelobe level less than −18dB, a wide coverage beyond 30°, wide band (23%) and maximum element-to-element current magnitude ratio equal to 1.85, which minimizes mutual coupling difficulties is achieved. The results are validated by CST STUDIO electromagnetic simulation. The result is very useful in the surveillance radar antenna application.

This paper presents a new optimized fuzzy-PID controller to improve frequency stability in two-area interconnected power system with high voltage direct current (HVDC) link connection. A novel nature-inspired algorithm called Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO) was employed to solve the optimal frequency regulation problem. To show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, the two-area interconnected Hokkaido-Honshu of Eastern Japan 50-Hz power system with Kita-Hon HVDC link was investigated for the simulation. The proposed MVO algorithm was used to satisfy two main objectives. Firstly, MVO was adopted to estimate the unknown parameters of the test system and model the HVDC link for the Load Frequency Control (LFC) analysis. Secondly, MVO was applied to optimize the suggested fuzzy-PID controller parameters including the scaling factors of fuzzy logic and the PID controller gains. The estimated unknown parameters of the simulated model were compared with other existing results in literature. The effects of the HVDC Link on system frequency are analyzed. Moreover, dynamic responses obtained from the simulation satisfy the LFC requirements and reveal that the proposed control strategy based on MVO algorithm enhance the frequency stability in terms of settling time and peak overshoots.

Multi-verse optimizer (MVO) algorithm is one of the recent metaheuristic algorithms used to solve various problems in different fields. However, MVO suffers from a lack of diversity which may trapping of local minima, and premature convergence. This paper introduces two steps of improving the basic MVO algorithm. The first step is using opposition-based learning (OBL) in MVO, called OMVO. The OBL aids to speed up the searching and improving the learning technique for selecting a better generation of candidate solutions of basic MVO. The second stage, called OMVOD, combines the disturbance operator (DO) and OMVO to improve the consistency of the chosen solution by providing a chance to solve the given problem with a high fitness value and increase diversity. To test the performance of the proposed models, fifteen CEC 2015 benchmark functions problems, thirty CEC 2017 benchmark functions problems and seven CEC 2011 real-world problems were used in both phases of the enhancement. The second step, known as OMVOD, incorporates the disruption operator (DO) and OMVO to improve the accuracy of the chosen solution by giving a chance to solve the given problem with a high fitness value while also increasing variety. Fifteen CEC 2015 benchmark functions problems, thirty CEC 2017 benchmark functions problems and seven CEC 2011 real-world problems were used in both phases of the upgrade to assess the accuracy of the proposed models.

This paper proposes a novel nature-inspired algorithm called Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO). The main inspirations of this algorithm are based on three concepts in cosmology: white hole, black hole, and wormhole. The mathematical models of these three concepts are developed to perform exploration, exploitation, and local search, respectively. The MVO algorithm is first benchmarked on 19 challenging test problems. It is then applied to five real engineering problems to further confirm its performance. To validate the results, MVO is compared with four well-known algorithms: Grey Wolf Optimizer, Particle Swarm Optimization, Genetic Algorithm, and Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results prove that the proposed algorithm is able to provide very competitive results and outperforms the best algorithms in the literature on the majority of the test beds. The results of the real case studies also demonstrate the potential of MVO in solving real problems with unknown search spaces. Note that the source codes of the proposed MVO algorithm are publicly available at http://www.alimirjalili.com/MVO.html.

Planar Beam-forming Antenna Array for 60-GHz Broadband Communication

Windowing is a common method in signal analysis and in digital and spatial filter design. In many cases, adjustable windows are preferable since they offer a tradeoff between requirements, usually sidelobe level and mainlobe width. In this paper, we present a straightforward method for the design of windows with prescribed sidelobe level or mainlobe width. The method is based on the transform of a given window into the polynomial, thus enabling the use of polynomial approximation in the window design. Consequently, the method introduces an additional degree of freedom into the design process. The features of the method are illustrated with the design of linear antenna arrays having low dynamic range ratio and high beam efficiency. In particular, the adjustment of Taylor-Kaiser arrays, the design of arrays with minimum dynamic range ratio based on the transformed Gaussian windows, and the combined array design incorporating rectangular and Gaussian window.