Lining Solutions for Biodiesel and Renewable Feedstocks

Vegetable oils are renewable feedstock currently being used for production of biofuels from sustainable biomass resources. The existing technology for producing diesel fuel from plant oils, such as rapeseed, soybean, canola and palm oil are largely centered on transesterification of oils with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel. Rapeseed pellet - crushed seed residue from oil extraction is a byproduct of biodiesel production process. As other types of biomass, it can either be burned directly in furnaces or processed to increase its energetic value. The interest to use different types of biomass as fuels has grown rapidly during the last years as a mean to reduce the CO2 emissions of energy production. Biomass is renewable, abundant and has domestic usage, the sources of biomass can help the world reduce its dependence on petroleum products and natural gas. Energetically effective utilization of rapeseed pellet could substantially improve the economic balance of an individual household in which biodiesel for fulfilling the producer’s own energetic demand is obtained. In this article the experimental results of analyzing the emissions levels of different pollutants in exhaust fumes during different stages of biomass boiler operation were presented. It has been proved that that the pellet, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is an excellent renewable and environmentally-friendly energy source, especially viable for use in household tap water heating installations.

Renewable feedstocks, such as lignocelulosic fast pyrolysis oils and both vegetable oil and animal fats, are becoming a viable alternative to petroleum for producing high-quality renewable transportation fuels. However, the presence of phosphorus-containing compounds, mainly from phospholipids, in these renewable feedstocks is known to poison and deactivate hydrotreating catalysts during fuel production. In this work, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) combined with inductively coupled plasma high-resolution mass spectrometry (ICP-HRMS) was used to analyze feedstocks including unprocessed soybean oil, animal fat, and pyrolysis oils from red oak and milorganite to identify phosphorus species. The results have shown the presence of a wide range of different phosphorous compounds among all the samples analysed in this work. The GPC-ICP-HRMS analyses of a vegetable oil and two animal fats have shown different fingerprints based on the molecular weight of each of the samples, highlighting the structural differences among their corresponding phosphorus-containing compounds. While the presence of low-molecular-weight species, such as phospholipids, was expected, several high-molecular-weight species (MW > 10 000 Da) have been found, suggesting that high-molecular-weight micelles or liposomes might have been formed due to the high concentration of phospholipids in these samples. Results obtained through the hydroxylation of a mix of phospholipids (asolectin) and its posterior GPC-ICP-HRMS agree with this hypothesis. With respect to the lignocellulosic catalytic fast pyrolysis oil samples, the GPC-ICP-HRMS results obtained suggest that either aggregation or polymerization reactions might have occurred during the pyrolysis process, yielding phosphorus-containing compounds with an approximate molecular weight above 91 000 kDa. In addition, an aggregation phenomenom has been observed for those phosphorus species present within the fast pyrolysis oils after being stored for 3 months, especially for those pyrolysis oils contaning pre-processed feedstocks, such as milorganite.

The efficacy of multiple-criteria design matrix for biodiesel feedstock selection

Carbohydrates-rich materials are partly degraded during alkaline kraft pulping into a complex mixture of aliphatic carboxylic acids consisting of α-glucoisosaccharinic acid as one of the main acids. On the other hand, crude tall oil, containing significant amounts fatty acids, is obtained as a by-product from kraft pulping. One interesting novel approach is to utilize chemically both these side-streams by producing renewable surfactants from aliphatic carboxylic acids and fatty acids via esterification. In this paper, lauric (C12:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids as well as a mixture of tall oil fatty acids were esterified with α-glucoisosaccharino-1,4-lactone in a microwave-assisted batch reactor using a respective molar ratio of 3:1 in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst to obtain a mixture of the corresponding mono- and diesters (nonionic surfactants) at 70–100 °C for 6–24 h. The total yields varied in the range of 40–62 % and the mass ratio of monoesters to diesters (0.4–2.7) was greatly dependent on the fatty acid feedstock. It seems that relatively high yields of mono- and diesters of typical fatty acids can be obtained when they are esterified with one of the most significant lactones (α-glucoisosaccharino-1,4-lactone) in black liquor from kraft pulping. These esters are potential surfactants based on renewable feedstocks.

Introduction. Wastewater contaminated with oil, demulsifiers, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, phenol, sulfates, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkali, fatty acids, various solutes, etc. is formed at oil refining and petrochemical enterprises. Runoff entering surface and underground water sources can harm water quality, sanitary conditions of life, and water use of the population. Taking this into account, further improvement of scientific approaches to ensure the safety of water bodies that are sources of drinking and recreational use, assessment, and prevention of public health risks caused by water factors is of particular importance. Material and methods. To assess the degree of influence of industrial enterprises on the quality of water sources, we studied the sanitary condition of the Belaya River and its tributaries, as well as underground water lying in the area of oil refining and petrochemical industries. The analysis of the water quality of surface and underground water sources according to the data of laboratory studies of departmental laboratories; the results of scientific and practical research and publications on the studied problem for 1999-2019. Results. Materials of observation data show that wastewater from changes of industrial enterprises the sanitary condition of surface reservoirs: there is a decrease in the content of ammonium nitrogen and biological oxygen consumption indices and a significant increase in the content of nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, and petroleum products. Surface water sources are characterized by unfavorable organoleptic characteristics, high organic pollution, and the presence of specific compounds (petroleum products, surfactants, alpha-methylstyrol, benzene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and hydrogen sulfide) in concentrations higher than their hygiene regulations. Underground waters located on the territories of the main industrial complexes are characterized by high mineralization, extremely high hardness, high content of iron, nitrates, and petroleum products. Conclusion. Refineries and petrochemicals affect the pollution of surface and underground water sources. The water quality of the surveyed water bodies does not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. The priority indices of the influence of the enterprises of branch on water bodies include organoleptic indices of organic pollution indices of total salts composition of water, the content of specific ingredients: oil, benzene, toluene, isopropyl, alpha-methyl styrene, xylene, cresol, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, ethylene, propylene, 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, phenols (volatile), methyl mercaptan, nonionic and anion-active surfactants, biological oxygen consumption indices and others. The research made it possible to assess the level of pollution of water bodies located in the zone of industrial enterprises and develop measures to reduce the man-made impact on the environment and public health.

A new linear saturated terminal diisocyanate was synthesized from oleic acid via Curtius rearrangement, and its chemical structure was identified by FTIR, (1)H and (13)C NMR, and MS. The feasibility of utilizing this new diisocyanate for the production of polyurethanes (PUs) was demonstrated by reacting it with commercial petroleum-derived polyols and canola oil-derived polyols, respectively. The physical properties of the PUs prepared from fatty acid-derived diisocyanate were compared to those prepared from the same polyols with a similar but petroleum-derived commercially available diisocyanate: 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. It was found that the fatty acid-derived diisocyanate was capable of producing PUs with comparable properties within acceptable tolerances. This work is the first that establishes the production of linear saturated terminal diisocyanate derived from fatty acids and corresponding PUs mostly from lipid feedstock.

A photodecarboxylase from Micractinium conductrix active on medium and short-chain fatty acids

Aim. Determination of fatty acid composition of lipids and identification of strains of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, which oxidize crude oil and petroleum products. Methods. The fatty acid analysis of strains of Pseudomonas sp. ONU328 и Pseudomonas sp. ONU329 were carried out by gas chromatography using identification of microorganisms MIDI Sherlock (MIDI, USA). Results. The analysis of the results of gas chromatography showed that long-chain unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and branched structural isomers dominated in profile of fatty acid of the strains of Pseudomonas sp. ONU328 и Pseudomonas sp. ONU329. In the profiles of fatty acid of both strains there were detected hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) and hexadecanoic acid (C16:1 w7c/C16:1 w6c). This short-chain saturated hydroxy acids of the strain of Pseudomonas sp. ONU328 accounted for 12.6%, and the branched structural isomers of short-chain saturated hydroxy acids of the strain of Pseudomonas sp. ONU329 – up to 7% of the total peak areas. For the first time there were established that the closely related species of Pseudomonas were distinguished by the presence of cycloheptadecanoic acid of P. fluorescens ONU328 and 13-methyltetradecane acid (C15:0 iso), 12-methyltetradecane acid (C15:0 anteiso) of P. maltophilia ONU329. A distinctive indicator of their separation is a measure of unsaturations. Conclusion. The fatty acid composition of the investigated strains of Pseudomonas sp. ONU328 и Pseudomonas sp. ONU329 identified as Pseudomonas maltophilia ONU329 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ONU328. The peculiarities of fatty acid profile of the studied microorganisms were systematized and can be used as an auxiliary key for differentiation at the species level (according to a study in cellular fatty acid composition of bacteria in these species.

9 - Thermochemical conversion methods of bio-derived lignocellulosic waste molecules into renewable fuels

A review on sustainable and scalable biodiesel production using ultra-sonication technology

CO2, SO2, and NO are the main components of flue gas and can cause serious environmental issues. Utilization of these compounds in oleaginous microalgae cultivation not only could reduce air pollution but could also produce feedstock for biodiesel production. However, the continuous input of SO2 and NO inhibits microalgal growth. In this study, the toxicity of simulated flue gas (15% CO2, 0.03% SO2, and 0.03% NO, balanced with N2) was reduced through automatic pH feedback control. Integrated lipid production and CO2 fixation with the removal of SO2 and NO was achieved. Using this technique, a lipid content of 38.0% DW was achieved in Chlorella pyrenoidosa XQ-20044. The lipid composition and fatty acid profile indicated that lipid production by C. pyrenoidosa XQ-20044 cultured with flue gas is suitable as a biodiesel feedstock; 81.2% of the total lipids were neutral lipids and 99.5% of the total fatty acids were C16 and C18. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids in the microalgal lipid content was 74.5%. In addition, CO2, SO2, and NO from the simulated flue gas were fixed and converted to biomass and lipids with a removal efficiency of 95.9%, 100%, and 84.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the utilization efficiencies of CO2, SO2, and NO were equal to or very close to their removal efficiencies. These results provide a novel strategy for combining biodiesel production with biofixation of flue gas.

Microbial lipid produced by Yarrowia lipolytica QU21 using industrial waste: a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.

The growth of algae strains Chlorella sp., Haematococcus sp., Nannochloris sp. and Scenedesmus sp. under mixotrophic conditions in the presence of different concentrations of technical glycerol was investigated with the aim of increasing biomass growth and algae oil content. The highest concentration of lipid obtained in media with 5 g L−1 glycerol for Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Nannochloris sp. and Haematococcus sp. was 17.77, 22.34, 27.55 and 34.22 % larger than during the autotrophic growth of these species. Increases in triacylglycerols of up to ten times was observed for Scenedesmus sp. under mixotrophic conditions (using 10 g L−1 glycerol), whereas an increase of 2.28 times was found for Haematococcus sp. The content of saturated fatty acids of Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Haematococcus and Nannochloris was 67.11, 34.63, 23.39 and 24.23 %, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids was 32.9, 65.06, 79.61 and 75.78 % of total fatty acids, respectively. Growth on technical glycerol of these strains with light produced higher biomass concentrations and lipid content compared with autotrophic growth. The fatty acid content of oils from these species suggests their potential use as biodiesel feedstock.

Renewable fuels such as green diesel from renewable biomass have received attentions because of energy and environmental concerns. Deoxygenation, used to upgrade biomass derived oils has been applied intensively nowadays. To successfully improve this process, fed-batch and following continuous processes on real biomass derived fatty acids need to be investigated. In this study, liquid-phase deoxygenation of vegetable oil derived fatty acids was carried out over 5% Pd/C with cofeeding H2. With sufficient hydrogen, complete hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids occurred, leading to successive deoxygenation of the saturated fatty acids with n-alkane yields of 99% and 88% and average CO2 selectivity of 94.9% and 94.6% in the fed-batch and continuous mode, respectively. After hydrogenation is completed, lower than 5% of effective H2 partial pressure was found to be favorable for the decarboxylation pathway and ideal for deoxygenation of biomass derived fatty acids. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The need to find an environmentally friendly, renewable, and biodegradable fuel to reduce the growing dependence on fossil fuels and its attendant performance and emission inadequacies has increased research in biodiesel. Due to its low cost, availability, and a veritable means of waste disposal, waste vegetable oil from restaurants, waste fats from slaughterhouses, grease from wastewater treatment plants has gained prominence as biodiesel feedstock. This present effort compares the properties and fatty acid (FA) composition of neat palm oil (NPO), waste palm oil (WPO), and waste palm oil methyl ester (WPOME). WPO used to fry fish and chips (WPOFC), and waste palm oil used to fry sausage and chips (WPOSC) were collected at the point of disposal. The WPOFC and WPOSC were converted to WPOMEFC and WPOMESC, respectively, by transesterification and subjected to property determination and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis. The characterization showed that the ratio of saturated FA to unsaturated FA changed from 19.64 %:80.36 % for NPO, to 37.67 %:62.33 % for WPOFC, 54.75 %:45.25 % for WPOSC, 30.43 %:69.58 % for WPOMEFC and 16.2 %:83.8 % for WPOMESC. These outcomes can be attributed to the effect of repeated heating and cooling during frying, contamination from moisture, food fried, and the transesterification reaction. Â