Linking economic and digital indicators to human development: Evidence from eastern Indonesia

Poverty in Indonesia remains a significant problem. Generally, rural poverty is higher than urban poverty. Therefore, the government has enacted a village fund policy through. Law Number 6 of 2024 to assist development efforts that can reduce rural poverty. However, despite a decline in national poverty, the poverty rate in Sulawesi has fluctuated. In addition to village funds, other variables influence poverty, such as human development index (HDI), gross regional domestic product (GRDP) per capita, and unemployment rate. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of village funds, HDI, GRDP per capita, and unemployment on poverty rates in 70 districts in Sulawesi from 2017 to 2024. Data used are sourced from directorate general of fiscal balance (DJPK) for village funds and BPS for other variables. Panel data regression analysis is used to identify variables that influence poverty rates. Based on FEM, it is known that HDI and GRDP per capita have a negative and significant effect on poverty rates in Sulawesi Island. Village funds are insignificant in reducing poverty due to differences in development levels across regions. Therefore, equitable development and incre

This study aims to examine and analyze the direct and indirect effects of investment in the agricultural sector, regional capital expenditures for the agricultural sector, the Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) on the absorption of labor in the agricultural sector in South Sulawesi Province through the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) ) the agricultural sector and the Human Development Index (IPM). The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) in the form of a time series from 1999 to 2019. In this study using the structural equation regression analysis method using SPSS software . The analysis technique used in this study is Path Analysis. The results of the study show that investment in the agricultural sector has an effect both directly and indirectly on the employment of the agricultural sector in South Sulawesi Province through the agricultural sector's Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Regional capital expenditures for the agricultural sector influence both directly and indirectly the absorption of labor in the agricultural sector in South Sulawesi Province through the agricultural sector's Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and the Human Development Index (IPM). The Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) has no direct or indirect effect on employment in the agricultural sector in South Sulawesi Province through the agricultural sector's Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and the Human Development Index (IPM).

This research aims to determine the factors affecting human development index (HDI) in regency/city in Indonesia. Based on data from BPS (Statistics Indonesia), human development index (HDI) of each regency/city in Indonesia has a heterogeneous achievement value from the low, middle to high categories of HDI. This indicates that there are still underdeveloped areas and inequality in human development in Indonesia. Meanwhile, regional government expenditure on education, health, and economic functions tends to increase considerably each year. The methods used were panel data regressions with time series data from 2011-2017 and cross section data of 465 regencies/cities in Indonesia. Econometrics results show variables that have significant positive effect on HDI, which are regional government expenditure on education function, health function, economic function, GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product), education infrastructure (number of junior high schools), health infrastructure (number of community health center), and BPK (The Audit Board of Indonesia) opinion. While poverty has negative effect, infrastructure (road length) has no effect. To avoid inequality from affecting human development in Indonesia, the government role to prioritize human development in regency/city with HDI achievement values that are still low or underdeveloped is necessary. These contributions can be made by prioritizing expenditure on health, education, and economic functions in the regional budget.

Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the data and information used by the local government to measure the achievement of human development with the basic components of quality of life that is life expectancy that represents health dimension, expected years of schooling (EYS) and mean years of schooling (MYS) represents the educational dimension, and purchasing power parity that represents decent living dimension. HDI especially in eastern Indonesia in the last three years has continued to increase but the figure is always below from the national figure even left behind if compared with West Indonesia. One dimension that is still low achievement is the educational dimension. EYS is one of the indicators on the educational dimension that is still a low achievement. Therefore, this research would like to know the influence of percentage of poor people, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita, net enrollment rate (NER) of junior high school, and a ratio of educational facilities to EYS in eastern Indonesia. Using Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method concluded that the four predictor variables used were able to influence EYS in Eastern Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the influence of poverty levels, allocation of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) for the health sector, and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita on the Human Development Index (HDI) in West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB) during the period 2014 to 2023. The research approach uses a quantitative method with multiple linear regression analysis based on panel data. The results show that partially the variables of poverty levels and GRDP per capita do not significantly influence the HDI. However, the allocation of the APBD for health has a positive and significant influence on the increase in the HDI in NTB, which indicates that the increase in the budget in the health sector contributes significantly to improving the quality of life of the community. Simultaneously, these three variables contribute to changes in the HDI, although the influence is not significant overall. This study recommends strengthening more integrated human development policies, particularly in the allocation of the health budget which has a direct impact on increasing life expectancy and the quality of human resources.

This study empirically examines and analyzes the impact of several macroeconomic indicators on economic growth, namely the extent to which the variables of poverty, human development index (HDI), foreign direct (FDI) and domestic investments (DMI) affect gross regional domestic product (GRDP) at constant prices in 2010 according to expenditure in Indonesia. By using panel data regression and data sourced from 32 provinces throughout Indonesia, the results show that poverty has a negative but not significant effect, FDI has a positive and significant effect, and HDI has a positive and significant effect. On the other hand, Domestic Investment has a positive but not significant effect on GRDP. In an effort to increase the value of GRDP, HDI, and investment (FDI and HDI) that can reduce poverty, the government, the private sector, and the community play an active role in cooperating in planning and implementing effective and efficient strategic program activities, including maintaining social security stability and politics, sustainable reform in all sectors by encouraging the use of domestic products, empowering elements of society including Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, facilitating various vocational skills training for productive workers and drafting investment-friendly licensing governance regulations. The development of human resources must accompany economic development to reduce the negative impact of economic growth.

The Human Development Index (IPM) measures how people can access development results in obtaining income, health, and education. This study aimed to determine whether Islamic bank financing, poverty, and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) have a relationship and influence the Human Development Index in 15 cities in Java Island for 2015-2021. The quantitative approach uses secondary data from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for Islamic bank financing data. In contrast, Poverty and GRDP data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The data used in this study is annual data from 2015 to 2021. The estimation method used is panel data regression with the Random Effects model. The study results that the Islamic bank financing variable has a significant positive effect on HDI. Meanwhile, the Poverty and GRDP variables significantly and negatively affect the Human Development Index. Simultaneously, the variables of Islamic bank financing, poverty, and GRDP affect the Human Development Index.

The high crime rate will create unrest and losses for the community. One of the provinces with high crime rates is East Java. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence criminality in East Java to ensure appropriate crime prevention and control measures can be taken. The factors that potentially influence crime in East Java studied include population density, the number of poor people, unemployment, Human Development Index (HDI), Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), and per Capita Expenditure, which are associated with geographical conditions in each region (regency/city) collected from BPS East Java in 2022. Meanwhile, the number of crimes is collected from the East Java Regional Police. This research uses a statistical method, namely the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), which is a particular form of the Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR) method with Queen Contiguity weighting by analyzing geographically (spatial processes). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the influential factors were unemployment, HDI, GRDP, and per Capita Expenditure, and the R-square result was obtained at 85.18%. This shows a relationship between spatial accessibility and crime, where unemployment, HDI, GRDP, and per Capita Expenditure in an area can affect regional vulnerability to crime

Poverty is an essential economic matter that is very vital because it can reduce the welfare of people in a region. Government subsidies, gross regional domestic product (GRDP), and the human development index (IPM), unemployment are factors that can influence poverty. Poverty in Banten Province is still relatively higher than other provinces in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze how much influence open unemployment and the Human Development Index have on Poverty in Banten Province. This research is a quantitative research, and the variables used in this research are Open Unemployment and Human Development Index. The analysis used is the panel data method in the form of cross-sectional data for 8 regencies and cities in Banten Province and time series data for 2018-2021 he results of the study show that simultaneously there is influence between the stimulus variable and the human development index on poverty. Then partially the Unemployment variable has a positive and insignificant effect on the poverty variable, while the HDI variable shows insignificant results on the poverty variable.

Poverty is a problem in a complex and multidimensional economy. Therefore, solutions are needed to overcome and reduce poverty levels. This research aims to analyze the influence of the independent variables Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), unemployment rate, Human Development Index (HDI) on the amount of poverty in West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2020-2022. Data was obtained from the West Nusa Tenggara Province Central Statistics Agency, namely in various prints of West Nusa Tenggara Province in Figures, Data and Information on West Nusa Tenggara Poverty Issues 2020-2022. .The analysis tool used is panel data regression. In this research, the model used is Fixed Effects, because the Fixed Effects model is better than other models, which have been tested using the F test and the Hausman test. The results show that the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) variable, the Human Development Index (HDI), has a negative and significant effect on the amount of poverty in West Nusa Tenggara, while the Regency/City unemployment rate variable has a significant positive effect on the amount of poverty in West Nusa Tenggara.

Economic growth is very important to measure economic progress as a result of national development. Several factors can be used in calculating economic growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the influence of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), Human Development Index (HDI) and total poor population on economic growth in the Kedu Residency. This research was conducted in districts or cities in the Kedu residency area for 10 years starting from the period 2010-2019. This study uses a fixed effect model. The analysis shows that the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) variable and the Human Development Index (HDI) together have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the Kedu Residency. Variable of poor people has a positive and significant influence on economic growth in the Kedu Residency.

This study aims to analyze the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and the Human Development Index (HDI) in shaping regional output in five provinces on the island of Java. The method used is panel data regression with a random effects approach, where ICT, FDI, and HDI are the independent variables, while Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is the dependent variable. The results show that all three variables have important and complementary roles in driving GRDP during the 2019–2023 period, but ICT has the most significant influence compared to HDI and FDI. This reflects the high technological advancement in Java and the crucial role of ICT in the region's economic growth. Practically, this study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure, improving the quality of human resources through technological literacy, optimizing FDI based on technology transfer, and accelerating digital transformation in the local economic sector through the development of a regional digital economy blueprint to encourage inclusive and sustainable growth. These findings are expected to enrich the literature and serve as a strategic policy reference for local governments in increasing GRDP in the five provinces on the island of Java.

Poverty is a problem in the development process in most countries, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. Analyzing the factors that influence poverty is important in formulating effective and targeted policies. This study aims to analyze the independent variables of village funds, unemployment rate, human development index (HDI), and gross regional domestic product (GRDP) affecting the dependent variable of the number of poor people in Indonesia in 2022. The study used the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model to analyze cross-section data from 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2022. The results show that village funds and GRDP have a significant positive influence on the number of poor people, but HDI and unemployment rate do not have a significant influence. The findings make a significant contribution to understanding the factors that contribute to the poverty rate in Indonesia, as well as providing a basis for formulating more effective development policies to reduce the poverty rate in the future.

This research is an observational case study with 9 Economic Sectors in North Sumatra Province, with a period of 5 years (2003-2014). The research object consists of 3 variables, namely: Domestic Investment, Foreign Investment and Labor. Hypothesis, it is expected that three variables collectively influence Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in North Sumatra. Secondary data was obtained from the publication of survey results related to Indonesian Statistics (BPS) with the 2003-2014 time series, thus forming balance sheet data collected, because data variables across time and in various areas were available with a total of 108 cross-sections of data. Data analysis used log linear regression with the help of statistical tests of the E-views 6.0 application program using the selected Fixed Effect Model regression method. The results of this research show that three variables are thought to influence Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in North Sumatra, assuming ceteris paribus conditions that: Investment, Labor have a positive influence on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in North Sumatra. The percentage of Domestic Investment, Foreign Investment and Labor has a positive effect on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in North Sumatra.

This research analyzes the Gross Regional Domestic Product of all provinces on the island of Java, namely DKI Jakarta, East Java, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta and Banten. The aim of this research is to find out how labor force, industrialization, investment and information technology variables have an impact on gross regional domestic product (GRDP) on the island of Java. The research data is secondary data in the form of a time series from 2018 to 2023 originating from the central statistics agency of each province. The data analysis technique is panel data regression analysis. The selection of the best regression model is carried out through the Chow test, Hausman test and Lagrange multiplier test. The research results show that the labor force has a negative and significant influence on GRDP, the number of large and medium industries and the number of internet users have a positive and significant influence on GRDP, domestic and foreign investment have no influence on GRDP. It is recommended that local governments improve the quality of human resources, increase the number of industries, both large and medium, and make it easier for people to access the internet.