Liquid Atomization in another Freezing Liquid Environmental for Fluid Ice Production

The microstructures of the omega phase in Ti-Mo alloy single crystals were investigated using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), image processing and dark-field methods. By image processing, the assembly of linear defects which had been reported was revealed in the region of the superposition of two kinds of omega variant. The superpositions of these omega variants were observed in the dark-field images using two beams from each variant. HREM images of the particles corresponding to the omega phase, which is identified in the dark-field image, suggest that the omega phase is formed by atomic displacements in the four 〈111〉 directions as proposed by de Fontaine and Buck, and that omega phase particles grow parallel to the direction of atomic displacement.

Direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids flowing in a horizontal concentric annulus

Unfortunatly Wolfgang Kunath died January 1990High resolution electron microscopy and image processing are being used to determine the molecular packing within the crystal unit cell of the, organic-azo calcium salt. Due to the beam sensitive nature of the organic moiety which contains both aromatic and and aliphatic components, low dose techniques were used. This concisted of, searching the sample in the diffraction mode to find single crystals exibiting point like reflection to at least .2nm resolution, (fig. 1). Focusing and astigmatism correction was performed by moving the beam of the crystal (off axis). The beam was then moved on axis and a series of four, 10 e/A images taken, (fig. 2). Images were primarily recorded using an on line T.V. recording device. These images were then available for processing using the Semper image processing system. Two crystal orientations were found. Type 1 consisted of thin plate like crystals up to 5um diameter and generally 10nm to 20nm thick. Type 2 were thicker crystals with a 3.2nm lattice spacing. The power specrta of the first low dose images were calculated to asses the quality of the of the structural information present. For the type 1 crystal the power spectrum had to show at least second order reflections in two directions ( fig. 3 ). Type 2 crystals showed the 3.2nm reflection often down to the fith order. These crystals also showed parallel side bands corresponding to a d-spacing of about .8nm. With these results the unit cell was found to be tetragonal with a= .78nm b= 3.2nm c= .78nm. In accordance with the diffraction patterns exibited.

Experimental direct contact heat tranfser in upward air-water developing annular flow

Texture based image databases integrated with effective searching algorithms are useful solutions for many scientific and industrial purposes. Medical image processing of high resolution tissue images is one of the areas, where the cell/tissue classification can rely on such solutions. In this paper we are describing the design, development and usage of a specialized medical texture image database. Our primary aim with this texture database is to provide Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) compatible texture image dataset for cell, gland and epithelium classification in histology. Our solution includes a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) subsystem, which is mainly provide a communication interface (texture image searching and retrieval) and enables image processing algorithms to work more effectively on high resolution tissue slide images. In this paper we describe how our Local Binary Pattern (LBP) based algorithm benefits texture database usage when solving image processing problems in histology and histopathology.

Investigation of mixing and heat transfer characteristics of long-hole SK direct contact heat exchanger

RNA polymerase is an enzyme found in all cellular organisms, and functions to direct the synthesis of RNA using double stranded DNA as a template. The best characterized form of the enzyme is from the enteric gram-negative bacterium, E. coli. Like other RNA polymerases, theE. colienzyme contains several tightly associated subunits; these include two large subunits, β' (155 kDA) and β (150 kDa) , two copies of a smaller subunit, α (35 kDA), and up to two copies of another small subunit, ω (11 kDA). Another more loosely associated subunit, the a factor (70 kDa), is bound to the polymerase only at the initiation step of RNA biosynthesis, and is involved in promoter recognition. The goal of this study was to gain an understanding of the structural organization of the transcribing RNA polymerase, using high resolution electron microscopic imaging and digital image processing, as well as chemical cross-linking methods.

Transvection is the phenomenon by which the expression of a gene can be controlled by its homologous counterpart in trans, presumably due to pairing of alleles in diploid interphase cells. Transvection or trans-sensing phenomena have been reported for several loci in Drosophila, the most thoroughly studied of which is the Bithorax-Complex (BX-C). It is not known how early trans-sensing occurs nor the extent or duration of the underlying physical interactions. We have investigated the physical proximity of homologous genes of the BX-C during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis by applying fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques together with high-resolution confocal light microscopy and digital image processing. The association of homologous alleles of the BX-C starts in nuclear division cycle 13, reaches a plateau of 70% in postgastrulating embryos, and is not perturbed by the transcriptional state of the genes throughout embryogenesis. Pairing frequencies never reach 100%, indicating that the homologous associations are in equilibrium with a dissociated state. We determined the effects of translocations and a zeste protein null mutation, both of which strongly diminish transvection phenotypes, on the extent of diploid homologue pairing. Although translocating one allele of the BX-C from the right arm of chromosome 3 to the left arm of chromosome 3 or to the X chromosome abolished trans-regulation of the Ultrabithorax gene, pairing of homologous alleles surprisingly was reduced only to 20-30%. A zeste protein null mutation neither delayed the onset of pairing nor led to unpairing of the homologous alleles. These data are discussed in the light of different models for trans-regulation. We examined the onset of pairing of the chromosome 4 as well as of loci near the centromere of chromosome 3 and near the telomere of 3R in order to test models for the mechanism of homologue pairing.

A tilted‐slide reactor for fast pyrolysis of the biomass was designed for the production of the biocrude‐oil, in which no fluidizing gas and no electric power are necessary for conveying hot sand. The hot sand and the biomass are mixed together while they slid down on the inner surface of the tilted reactor by gravity force. The biomass is decomposed during the “sliding down” process simultaneously. An 8‐h continuous experiment was conducted to evaluate the reactor's performance for the stable operation. Woody biomass (Douglas fir) was fed into the reactor to study the biocrude‐oil yield and its characteristics. One spray‐type condenser was used to condense the biocrude‐oil by a direct contact heat transfer, and five shell‐and‐tube type condensers were used to collect the biocrude‐oil by an indirect contact heat transfer. The biocrude‐oil yield was achieved about 65 wt % with a feeding rate of 15.5 kg/h at the reactor temperature of 490°C. The characteristics of the biocrude‐oil obtained from each condenser were analyzed and compared with each other. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1405–1410, 2014

Direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids during vaporization. Part I: Measurement of heat transfer coefficient

Direct contact heat transfer with change of phase: Bubble condensation in immiscible liquids

In recent years there has been a shift in the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) steam generation technologies from the traditional Once Through Steam Generator (OTSG) and lime based water softening towards the use of an evaporator and industrial High Pressure (HP) steam boilers. As a result, the available steam temperature and pressure exceeds the steam temperature that is required for injection into the underground formation. This excess steam enthalpy is the driver behind the steam generation method to be proposed. The method described is a revolutionary process for generating additional steam from highly contaminated oily water with an option for zero liquid waste discharge. The industrial boiler superheated steam is used as the driving force for generating additional steam in a direct contact heat transfer with the contaminated water. Fine Tailings from tailing ponds can be also used. The presented technology generates a "tailor made" pressure and temperature steam, as required for injection into the underground oil bearing formation. This newly developed technology allows generation of additional lower temperature steam from waste water in a high efficiency energy process. The simulation results show that an additional 8% – 24% steam (on a mass basis) can be generated from highly contaminated oily water. The amount of additional steam generated increases with the temperature of the driving steam, and with the reduction of the pressure of the formation. For low pressure shallow formations, additional steam can be produced in comparison to deep, high pressure formations. Another option is to recycle a portion of the produced steam through a heater and use it as the driving steam, and by that minimizing the need for external steam as a heat energy source. A portion of the oil component in the water feed will be converted into hydrocarbon gas that is expected to show similar behavior to a solvent. Additional solvents can be added and injected with the steam to improve the oil recovery. The presented technology has a high thermal efficiency capable of consuming contaminated hot produced water, without the need to reduce their heat to allow effective water treatment. The technology "fits" in the gap between the HP superheated steam and the injection steam while allowing the producers to maximize the advantages and benefits from the use of evaporators and steam boilers for SAGD oil production and can convert the existence of oil contaminate within the feed water into an advantage by replacing the solvent. This steam generation direct contact facility can be located in close proximity to the SAGD pads to use the hot produced water and inject the produced steam into the injection wells.

Direct contact heat transfer with change of phase: Co-current flow of immiscible films with surface evaporation

The analytical solution for a model of direct contact evaporation in spray columns

A dilatometric technique was used to determine the total evaporation time of individual drops of furan, isopentane and cyclopentane as they rose in water.The values of total evaporation time were predicted reasonably well for each system by a different equation than was used to correlate the evaporative data for the initial 10% of the evaporative process as reported in Part I of this study. The total evaporation time data were also compared with the correlations given by Klipstein (1), by Sideman and Taitel (2) and with the correlation which was found by the authors to best fit the total evaporative data for the three systems.In agreement with Klipstein (1), the correlation for the overall heat transfer coefficient was found to be one of the form, qA = Cd12.0δt.The rate of rise of an evaporating drop for the conditions used in this study was found to be nearly equal to the instantaneous terminal velocity.