List of Acronyms

Public Health Nursing Miriam Ames CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.19.5.571 Published Online: August 29, 2011

Căminul cultural „Regele Carol al II-lea“ din Grăjdana, Județul Buzău (1934-1940)

The League of Red Cross Societies is the international federation of the 130 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, which together have a membership of more than 230,000,000. The League is one of the three components of the International Red Cross, the others being the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies. The ICRC acts as a neutral intermediary in humanitarian matters during international conflicts, civil wars and internal disturbances, providing protection and assistance to victims, prisoners of war and civilian detainees. The League objective is to facilitate, encourage and promote the humanitarian activities of its member societies and thus contribute to the promotion of peace in the world.

Attaher Zacka Maïga was born on 10 May 1963 in Bia, Bourem Cercle, Gao Region, Mali. He has spent his life in the service of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, joining the Mali Red Cross as a volunteer in 1987 before working for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as a nutritionist in a pilot centre for nutritional recovery and education in Bourem from January 1988 to June 1990. In 1990 and 1991 he acted as consultant to a number of organizations, including World Vision and UNICEF.In April 1992, Attaher Maïga joined the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as a “resident” (i.e. local) employee. Since then, he has held many positions. From 1996 to 2000, he was in charge of the Gao office, which employed almost 100 staff, both resident and “mobile” (expatriate). He then took charge of the ICRC's programmes in northern Mali from 2001 to 2006, ran the organization's office in the Malian capital Bamako from 2007 to 2008 and was responsible for the Mali communication programme between 2009 and 2011. From November 2011 to November 2014, he was head of the ICRC's northern Mali sub-delegation, one of the first resident employees to lead an ICRC sub-delegation. Since 2015, Attaher Maïga has been Networking Coordinator for the ICRC's Mali delegation.In 1996, Mr Maïga initiated the ICRC's post-conflict programmes in his country, covering the fields of agriculture, veterinary services and health. In 2009, he launched a pilot migrant project in Kidal, northern Mali. These much-appreciated initiatives resulted in his being invited to participate in the 2010 Montreuil meeting, which laid the foundations for the reforms currently underway.Attaher was the first Mali focal point for the ICRC's Unit for Global Affairs. This role gave him a deeper understanding of trends in the Islamic world and enabled him to help the ICRC adjust its dialogue with Jihadist armed groups. Our interview with Mr Maïga highlights his extensive experience with one of the oldest humanitarian organizations and is an opportunity for him to share his understanding of the ICRC's interaction with the armed groups that controlled northern Mali in 2012, when he was representing the ICRC in the region.Attaher Maïga holds a degree in public administration from the Institut de Gestion et des Langues Appliquées aux Métiers, Bamako.

International federation of red cross and red crescent societies was founded in 1919 (as the league of red cross societies). It works on the basis of the principles of the red cross and red crescent movement to inspire, facilitate and promote all forms of humanitarian activities by the national societies, with a view to preventing and alleviating human suffering, and thereby contributing to the maintenance and promotion of peace in the world. The general assembly is the highest authority of the federation and meets every two years in commission sessions (for development, disaster relief, health and community services, and youth) and plenary sessions. It is composed of representatives from all national societies that are members of the federation. The federation supports the establishment of emergency response units that comprise trained specialists and are deployable at short notice for up to a four-month operational period.

In 1903, the Great Korean Empire acceded to the Geneva Convention (the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field), and in October 1905 it established the Red Cross Society (the Korean Red Cross). Soon thereafter, however, the Korean Empire was deprived of its diplomatic sovereignty by the Eulsa Treaty, and the Korean Red Cross was absorbed and merged into the Japanese Red Cross Society in July 1909, one year prior to Korea’s annexation. This article examines how the diplomatic strategy of the Korean Empire was pursued through the International Red Cross and how the loss of national sovereignty resulting from the Eulsa Treaty affected that strategy. It analyzes the stance of the Korean imperial government from its accession to the Geneva Convention to the convention’s revision conference, the characteristics of the Korean Red Cross, and the relationship between the loss of diplomatic rights under the Eulsa Treaty and the Review Conference of the Geneva Convention.

In the scientific research, the scientific interpretation of the concept of «social management» was studied and it was established that today social management is a logical continuation of evolutionary changes in scientific management theories, which reflect changes in the economy and the entire system of socio-economic relations in Ukraine. The author's interpretation of the concept of social management is proposed. The paper considered the history of the foundation of the Red Cross Society in Ukraine. The existing and adopted legal documents and acts, governing the activities of the Red Cross Society takes place on the territory of Ukraine, are described. It was established that since February 24, 2022, when the armed conflict in Ukraine escalated, the Ukrainian Red Cross Society promptly mobilized all forces and resources and began providing assistance to the affected population. Since February 24, 2022, volunteers and employees of the Ukrainian Red Cross Society have been working around the clock in different parts of Ukraine. The article describes the existing activities and analyzes the amount of assistance provided over the past 9 months in Ukraine. It is established that the Red Cross Society in Ukraine is engaged in the following activities: humanitarian aid, evacuation of the population, assistance to liberated cities, assistance to internally displaced persons, assistance at railway stations and border crossing points, assistance to vulnerable groups of the population. The article found out that the patronage service, founded in 1961, aims to provide free medical care, provide care and social and household services to lonely disabled senior citizens, people with disabilities, war and labor veterans, and also conduct educational and preventive programs among the population. The emphasis is placed on the study of such a direction of their activity as social assistance to vulnerable groups of the population (single or conditionally single people who need outside help, receive help with housekeeping, personal hygiene support, delivery of food and medicine purchases, house cleaning, etc.) – Project «Care at home».

RED CROSS

The article describes the process of formation of the International Movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, and defines the limits of authority of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Red Cross Society of Ukraine. On the basis of the study of international and Ukrainian normative legal acts, the main forms of cooperation of our state with the specified international movement in the conditions of the military conflict in the east of Ukraine are determined. Particular attention is paid to the International Committee of the Red Cross, which provides financial, material, psychological and educational assistance to both the population and the bodies of state executive power and local self-government bodies of Ukraine.The importance of the need to provide assistance to the wounded was realized already at the early stages of the development of human civilization. The article examines the history of the emergence and development of international humanitarian law («laws and customs of war»). However, the author notes that decisive steps were taken here precisely in the 19th century, as the rapid progress in the development of weapons and military art led to a sharp increase in the number of victims of hostilities. In this connection, considerable attention is paid to the figure of Swiss businessman and public figure Henri Dunant. The article notes that it was the activity of the latter that became the basis for the adoption of the famous Geneva Convention (1864) «On the Improvement of the Fate of Wounded and Sick Soldiers in Land War».Based on the conceptual achievements of modern historiography and using a wide range of diverse sources, the author has analyzed historical background of the Ukrainian Red Cross movement, its ideological principles of operation and main directions of development.

The Chinese Red Cross Society was founded in 1904 by a group of Chinese elites intent on helping their countrymen trapped by the Russo-Japanese war in north China. But even before this date, the Red Cross Movement was familiar to the imperial Chinese Government and to a growing cadre of Chinese intellectuals, merchants and officials. How did the Chinese understand the Red Cross Movement? How did they come to adopt a western organisation, permeated by principles and preoccupations foreign to China's own cultural and material context? This chapter uncovers the original Chinese debates regarding China's adherence to the Geneva Conventions and the formation of a Red Cross society sparked by the 1899 meeting at The Hague. These debates reveal important insights and correctives to the idea of 'universality' in the Red Cross principles.

INTRODUCTION:Well-established guidelines and standards are essential for effective disaster management and relief operations.The aim of this study was to review the existing documentation in Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies regarding disaster relief guidelines.METHODS: This narrative review was conducted using a documentary research method in 2023.In order to find articles related to standardization of relief and recommendations, extensive searches were conducted in relevant databases, with a special emphasis on the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) database.The identified documents were analyzed using document analysis and classification techniques. FINDINGS:The most important point in the IFRC review was that the guidelines are divided into two parts: general and specific.It is not necessary to use general guidelines, but specific guidelines are important.IFRC guidelines are usually developed in cooperation with the 190 member states.However, it is recommended that each country adapt these guidelines to its own specific circumstances. CONCLUSION:The results showed that when it comes to specialist areas such as housing and aid workers safety, IFRC recommendations are a valuable resource for countries when developing and updating national disaster relief protocols.While the IFRC principles provide a useful starting point, their successful use requires careful review and modification to meet the unique local conditions and requirements of each country.

The 26th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent was held in Geneva from 3 to 7 December 1995. It was organized jointly, for the first time, by the ICRC and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and brought together approximately 1,200 delegates representing 143 States party to the Geneva Conventions, 166 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the ICRC, and the Federation, as well as 68 governmental and non-governmental organizations and emergent National Societies attending as observers.

The risks of modern society and the emergency incidents of recent years (Haiti 2010, Japan 2011) remind us of the importance of crisis management and the world-wide international movements of the Red Cross and Red Crescent play an important role here.Compared with recent world disasters (e.g.Haiti, 2010 -250,000 dead, 300,000 injured and 1.5 million people made homeless) we can say that the Czech Republic faces emergency incidents with less disastrous consequences, yet they can still be disastrous.In the period from 1997 to 2010, the Czech Republic was affected by 8 floods, during which 116 persons died and the damage was almost 8.5 billion USD.The Czech Red Cross (CRC) is a part of the national emergency system, however, there is no concrete or systematically examined data for its crisis management.Therefore the aim of this paper is to design a survey for emergency preparedness within crisis management, both in the areas of planning and management of the Czech Red Cross crisis management.The results will be the presentation of data from preliminary research, the discussion of the survey design and a final summary of the survey with recommendations and limitations.The proposed survey methods include a description, comparison and the ideal model method.They are used in three stages; (1) preliminary research implemented at the regional level, (2) research on the entire territory of the Czech Republic and (3) examples of Risk Analysis IX 429

On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the adoption on 8 June 1977 of the Protocols additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions by the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, the Review wanted to involve National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in the preparation of a special issue; the intention is to reflect as wide a variety as possible of views from National Societies throughout the world with regard to the Protocols and to show what the Societies have done to have them ratified and ensure that they are more widely known.

The Pan-African Conference of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies took place in Dakar from 21 to 23 November 1988 under the chairmanship of the President of the Senegalese Red Cross, Mrs. Siga Seye Coulibaly. It was attended by representatives of 40 African and 12 other National Societies, of the League and of the ICRC.The ICRC delegation was composed of Mr. Cornelio Sommaruga, President; Mr. Yves Sandoz, Director of the Department of Principles, Law and Relations with the Movement; Mr. Thierry Germond, responsible for the regional delegations in Africa; Mr. Friedrich Steinemann, as future regional delegate in Lagos; and Mrs. Marguerite Contat, regional delegate in Lomé.