Local Community Benefit Sharing Mechanisms for CCS Projects

Large-Scale CCS Constructability and Operational Challenges Assessment: A Decision Tool for New Users

This report describes a process and provides seed information for identifying and evaluating risks pertinent to a hypothetical carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) capture and sequestration (CCS) project. In the envisioned project, the target sequestration reservoir rock is the Potosi Formation of the Knox Supergroup. The Potosi is identified as a potential target formation because (1) at least locally, it contains vuggy to cavernous layers that have very high porosity, and (2) it is present in areas where the deeper Mt. Simon Sandstone (a known potential reservoir unit) is absent or nonporous. The key report content is discussed in Section 3.3, which describes two lists of Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs) that should be considered during the design stage of such a project. These lists primarily highlight risk elements particular to the establishment of the Potosi as the target formation in general. The lists are consciously incomplete with respect to risk elements that would be relevant for essentially all CCS projects regardless of location or geology. In addition, other risk elements specific to a particular future project site would have to be identified. Sources for the FEPs and scenarios listed here include the iconic Quintessa FEPs list developed for the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas (IEAGHG) Programme; previous risk evaluation projects executed by Schlumberger Carbon Services; and new input solicited from experts currently working on aspects of CCS in the Knox geology. The projects used as sources of risk information are primarily those that have targeted carbonate reservoir rocks similar in age, stratigraphy, and mineralogy to the Knox-Potosi. Risks of using the Potosi Formation as the target sequestration reservoir for a CCS project include uncertainties about the levels of porosity and permeability of that rock unit; the lateral consistency and continuity of those properties; and the ability of the project team to identify suitable (i.e., persistently porous and permeable) injection depths within the overall formation. Less direct implications include the vertical position of the Potosi within the rock column and the absence of a laterally extensive shale caprock immediately overlying the Potosi. Based on modeling work done partly in association with this risk report, risks that should also be evaluated include the ability of available methods to predict and track the development of a CO{sub 2} plume as it migrates away from the injection point(s). The geologic and hydrodynamic uncertainties present risks that are compounded at the stage of acquiring necessary drilling and injection permits. It is anticipated that, in the future, a regional geologic study or CO{sub 2}-emitter request may identify a small specific area as a prospective CCS project site. At that point, the FEPs lists provided in this report should be evaluated by experts for their relative levels of risk. A procedure for this evaluation is provided. The higher-risk FEPs should then be used to write project-specific scenarios that may themselves be evaluated for risk. Then, actions to reduce and to manage risk can be described and undertaken. The FEPs lists provided as Appendix 2 should not be considered complete, as potentially the most important risks are ones that have not yet been thought of. But these lists are intended to include the most important risk elements pertinent to a Potosi-target CCS project, and they provide a good starting point for diligent risk identification, evaluation, and management.

The In Salah CO2 Storage Project: Lessons Learned and Knowledge Transfer

There are many gas fields associated with large amount of CO2 concentrations (>50 mol%) in offshore Malaysia. Development of the contaminated gas fields is only possible if a geologically safe storage site is identified for the storage of produced CO2. The critical component of CCS project field development plan is monitoring of the storage site for the long-term containment and conformance security. 4D time- lapse seismic is key in monitoring, measurement, and verification (MMV) plan as it can demonstrate the periodic movement of stored CO2 within storage reservoir. Time-lapse seismic response depends on several parameters ranging from reservoir rock properties, initial fluid and saturation of CO2 during injection period. This study focuses on the different characteristics on 4D seismic attributes for carbonate and clastic reservoirs and discusses to effectively utilize for MMV. The time-lapse 4D seismic has been traditionally used to identify the potential threats associated with reservoirs with enhanced oil recovery plan. The application of 4D seismic would benefits CCS project for monitoring CO2 plume migration along existing or induced fractures. The study was conducted on identified CO2 storage sites in both depleted carbonate gas reservoir and clastic saline aquifer. It highlights two methods applied in the 4D AVO analysis, that quantifies the changes in CO2 saturation within reservoir during injection. The Aki and Richards' approximation were analyzed for the effect of changes in gas saturations on the seismic amplitudes and the Smith and Gidlow's approximation for the reflection coefficient relationship between the AVO gradient/intercept attributes and reservoir fluid/properties. The application of 4D seismic would benefits CCS project for monitoring CO2 plume migration along existing or induced fractures. The study was conducted on identified CO2 storage sites in both depleted carbonate gas reservoir and clastic saline aquifer. It highlights two methods applied in the 4D AVO analysis, that quantifies the changes in CO2 saturation within reservoir during injection. The Aki and Richards' approximation were analyzed for the effect of changes in gas saturations on the seismic amplitudes and the Smith and Gidlow's approximation for the reflection coefficient relationship between the AVO gradient/intercept attributes and reservoir fluid/properties. This study focuses on the different characteristics on 4D seismic attributes for carbonate and clastic reservoirs and discusses to effectively utilize for MMV.

For any CCS project, geomechanics plays a key role in determining the containment of the injected CO2. The high potential routes for loss of containment include fracturing the caprock and/or migration along discontinuities through the caprock. Leakage processes are dominated by the in-situ stresses, formation pressures, injection pressures and temperature of the reservoir, all of which vary with time. Whilst injection of gas and fluids in subsurface formations is common practice, we identify key geomechanical challenges associated with CCS projects. These key challenges are explained within the context of the Goldeneye CCS project. Geomechnaical modelling was conducted for assurance of containment for the full life-cycle of the field. Numerical tools have been used to evaluate caprock integrity, reservoir deformation, fault stability and the impact of thermal cooling in terms of fracturing of the reservoir as well as the caprock. We also discuss the impact of thermal cooling adjacent to the injection well and the impact this could have on development of micro-annuli as potential leakage pathways. The results of the geomechanical analysis support injection of CO2 into the depleted Goldeneye reservoir which provides reliable containment over the planned injection period, as well as long-term sequestration within the storage complex.

This study tried to examine econometric analysis of local community’s perception towards protected area management in the case of Borena Sayint National park. Specifically, the study aims to estimate the direct economic value of natural forest, response on the indirect and option values and, econometric analysis of local community’s perception and/or attitude measured based on use value index. The research was conducted in Borena and Mehal Saynt Woredas with severe deforestation and biodiversity loss. Cross sectional research design and stratified-random sampling method were used, following agroclimatic zonation technique. Primary and secondary data were collected from various sources. Data were gathered from a gross total of 396 respondents. Household survey with 360 interviewees using questionnaire, key informants interview with 21 using checklist and, focus group discussion with 15 target individuals using guiding questions. Secondary data obtained from published and unpublished materials, i.e. books, journals and reports, were used. Analysis was performed using analytical tools, descriptive and order logistic regression econometric model in particular. Descriptive analyses tell us to understand the rank of community priorities of the direct, indirect and option benefits. From the direct benefits, honey, livestock, job opportunity, wood, farm tools, housing poles, tourism, timber, hunted meat, medicine, biodiversity, fruit, coffee orderly have been listed from the highest to lowest local community benefits. Similarly, common pole, biodiversity, water source, community heritage, medicine, robbery, wood fuel, carbon sequestration, tourism, livestock feed are orderly selected as their highest to lowest benefits among direct and option benefits. Hence, Local community prefers indirect benefit of park than direct benefits. The econometric analysis of local community‘s perceptions towards protected area management of the natural forest, ‘Denkoro-Chaqa’ in English means “Deaf-Forest”. Information obtained from order logistic regression (Ologit) based on response rate of households to infer the intrinsic value showed consistency between perception, selective socioeconomic and location variables. This implies that education, married, old-aged and location-2 as most important factors that respondents agreed with significant degree, and hence the most constructive idea to enhance local community’s perception in view of major conservation plans. Reputedly, family base awareness creation with formal and informal education, and other media should be done in core area, buffer zone, transitional zone areas of conservation of natural forest along with take full advantage of local community benefits.

Biological sources of carbon sequestration such as revegetation have been highlighted as important avenues to combat climate change and meet global targets by the global community including the Paris Climate Agreement. However, current and projected carbon prices present a considerable barrier to broad-scale adoption of tree planting as a key mitigation strategy. One avenue to provide additional economic and environmental incentives to encourage wider adoption of revegetation is the bundling or stacking of additional co-beneficial ecosystem services that can be realized from tree planting. Using the World's largest land-based carbon credit trading scheme, the Australian Emissions Reduction Scheme (ERF), we examine the potential for three pairs of ecosystem services, where the carbon sequestration value of land use change is paired with an additional co-benefit with strong prospects for local tangible benefits to land owners/providers. Two cases consider agricultural provisioning values that can be realized by the landowners in higher returns: increased pollination services and reduced lamb mortality. The third case examined payments for tree plantings along riparian buffers, with payments to farmers by a water utility who realizes the benefit from reduced treatment cost due to water quality improvements. Economic incentives from these co-benefit case studies were found to be mixed, with avoided treatment costs from water quality paired with carbon payments the most promising, while pollination and reduced lamb mortality paired with carbon payments were unable to bridge the economic gap except under the most optimistic assumptions. We conclude that the economics case for significant land use change are likely to be geographically dispersed and only viable in relatively niche landscape positions in high establishment, high opportunity cost areas even when carbon payments are augmented with the value of co-benefits classified as providing direct and local benefits.

Aramis is a major CCS project, currently launching the EPCI phase to be built in the North Sea offshore Netherlands. As one of the most ambitious CCS projects, with an injection capacity of 22 Mtpa, Aramis will play a crucial role in helping the EU achieve its decarbonization goals for industries with high fossil-fuel consumption. The centerpiece of the project is a nearly 200km long transport pipeline entirely buried, connecting emitters to various offshore storage sites. Nearby emitters will supply CO2-rich streams in gas phase directly from their capture facilities into a low-pressure onshore collection network. The gaseous stream will be pressurized in a compressor station and fed into the Aramis pipeline in warm conditions. More remote emitters will supply CO2-rich streams in liquid phase transported by ships (the expected temperature is down to -25 °C) or by a long-distance pipeline (ambient temperature). The mixture of streams from diverse types of emitters and / or sources will result in significant variations in composition and temperature in the Aramis pipeline. A possible large gap between temperatures of the transported CO2-rich stream and the ambience causes a thermal contraction or expansion phenomenon under stagnant conditions. For example, in a situation in which the system is shutdown while the fluid is colder than the ambient temperature, a significant pressure increase can be observed, possibly exceeding the pipeline’s normal operating or design pressures. This pressure increase must be anticipated and managed in both planned and unplanned situations. The equilibrium pressure (also called Settle-Out-Pressure, SOP) and the CO2 phase behavior in these circumstances differ significantly from those observed in hydrocarbon systems. This phenomenon requires special attention for process safety and operating philosophy definition. The lack of industrial benchmarks at Aramis’ scale creates an additional challenge for a safe design. This work describes the flow modeling approach applied to simulate the shutdown operations for this large-scale CO2 transport network. It quantitatively illustrates the relevance of the temperature gradient on the SOP values for different operational scenarios. The main impacts on the operation philosophy and safety engineering design are presented. Moreover, details concerning the simulation methodology, including the selected Equation of State (EoS) and applied safety margin on simulation results, are also presented in this work.

Partial capture from refineries through utilization of existing site energy systems

Characterization of formation properties for geological storage of CO2 – Experiences from the Heletz CO2 injection site and other example sites from the EU FP7 project MUSTANG

CO2 from Natural Gas Sweetening to Kick-start EOR in the North Sea

Through this program Windustry representatives have produced, widely used, and distributed new materials and have participated in a wide variety of wind energy events, meetings, and conferences. In this work Windustry representatives have sought to reach a broad audience and grow interest and enthusiasm for wind energy. At the same time, Windustry representatives have sought to provide tools, detailed case studies, and other technical resources that deepen Windustry constituency's knowledge of wind energy options. All of this has served to facilitate development of many actual wind energy projects, particularly projects that emphasize local and community benefits.

The majority of Africa is characterised by high levels of poverty, high population densities and limited economic development. Botswana is, however, different in having the highest gross domestic product per capita in Africa, relatively low population densities and high levels of socio-economic development. Inequality, however, remains high. A community-based natural resource management programme was introduced in 1989 to ensure that local communities benefit from the country's abundant natural resources, with the hope that they will then protect them. Partnerships between the private sector and local communities evolved from this. Okavango Wilderness Safaris, a private sector ecotourism operator, has relationships with three community trusts: Okavango Community Trust (OCT), Sankuyo Community Development Trust and the Khwai Development Trust. This paper looks specifically at the partnership with the OCT. Based on ecotourism staff and non-staff interview results, an analysis of this relationship reveals that there are socio-economic benefits to be received, but the distribution of these is limited. Socio-economic benefits to individual community households can be substantial, but overall community benefit distribution needs to be reassessed. Overall socio-economic impacts of the partnership are examined and suggestions for enhancing private sector/community relationships are put forward, based on the interview results and personal observations.

Automation in diagnostic microbiology has provided accessibility to technology overcoming the delays inherent in culture-based technology and providing options to centralisation via use of digital imaging to interpret and report culture plates which enables cultures to be shared over the internet opening the virtual diagnostic microbiology laboratory. Automation is a continuous process which precipitates faster results and invites the diagnostic laboratory into a continuous processing, 24/7 world optimising what it has to offer for improved turnaround time (TAT) and improved workload management. While molecular technology was able to decrease TAT of results it was initially specialised and not freely available to the diagnostic microbiology laboratory becoming more a centralised subspeciality. The automation of molecular methods released the technology to be able to be decentralised and provide greater local access and community benefits from the technology and providing equity of community access to the technology. Thanks to automation, diagnostic microbiology is at the forefront of opening the availability of advances in testing to the broader community via decentralising technology and sharing technology in the virtual diagnostic microbiology laboratory.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Towards Best Practice for Community Consent and Benefit Sharing